Rheumatology News

TOPLINE: 

More than half of the US peer reviewers for four major medical journals received industry payments between 2020-2022, new research shows. Altogether they received more than $64 million in general, non-research payments, with a median payment per physician of $7614. Research payments — including money paid directly to physicians as well as funds related to research for which a physician was registered as a principal investigator — exceeded $1 billion.

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers identified peer reviewers in 2022 for The BMJ, JAMA, The Lancet, and The New England Journal of Medicine using each journal’s list of reviewers for that year. They included 1962 US-based physicians in their analysis.
• General and research payments made to the peer reviewers between 2020-2022 were extracted from the Open Payments database.

TAKEAWAY:

• Nearly 59% of the peer reviewers received industry payments between 2020-2022.
• Payments included $34.31 million in consulting fees and $11.8 million for speaking compensation unrelated to continuing medical education programs.
• Male reviewers received a significantly higher median total payment than did female reviewers ($38,959 vs $19,586). General payments were higher for men as well ($8663 vs $4183).
• For comparison, the median general payment to all physicians in 2018 was $216, the researchers noted.

IN PRACTICE:

“Additional research and transparency regarding industry payments in the peer review process are needed,” the authors of the study wrote.

SOURCE:

Christopher J. D. Wallis, MD, PhD, with the division of urology at the University of Toronto, Canada, was the corresponding author for the study. The article was published online October 10 in JAMA.

LIMITATIONS: 

Whether the financial ties were relevant to any of the papers that the peer reviewers critiqued is not known. Some reviewers might have received additional payments from insurance and technology companies that were not captured in this study. The findings might not apply to other journals, the researchers noted. 

DISCLOSURES:

Wallis disclosed personal fees from Janssen Oncology, Nanostics, Precision Point Specialty, Sesen Bio, AbbVie, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, EMD Serono, Knight Therapeutics, Merck, Science and Medicine Canada, TerSera, and Tolmar. He and some coauthors also disclosed support and grants from foundations and government institutions.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE: 

More than half of the US peer reviewers for four major medical journals received industry payments between 2020-2022, new research shows. Altogether they received more than $64 million in general, non-research payments, with a median payment per physician of $7614. Research payments — including money paid directly to physicians as well as funds related to research for which a physician was registered as a principal investigator — exceeded $1 billion.

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers identified peer reviewers in 2022 for The BMJ, JAMA, The Lancet, and The New England Journal of Medicine using each journal’s list of reviewers for that year. They included 1962 US-based physicians in their analysis.
• General and research payments made to the peer reviewers between 2020-2022 were extracted from the Open Payments database.

TAKEAWAY:

• Nearly 59% of the peer reviewers received industry payments between 2020-2022.
• Payments included $34.31 million in consulting fees and $11.8 million for speaking compensation unrelated to continuing medical education programs.
• Male reviewers received a significantly higher median total payment than did female reviewers ($38,959 vs $19,586). General payments were higher for men as well ($8663 vs $4183).
• For comparison, the median general payment to all physicians in 2018 was $216, the researchers noted.

IN PRACTICE:

“Additional research and transparency regarding industry payments in the peer review process are needed,” the authors of the study wrote.

SOURCE:

Christopher J. D. Wallis, MD, PhD, with the division of urology at the University of Toronto, Canada, was the corresponding author for the study. The article was published online October 10 in JAMA.

LIMITATIONS: 

Whether the financial ties were relevant to any of the papers that the peer reviewers critiqued is not known. Some reviewers might have received additional payments from insurance and technology companies that were not captured in this study. The findings might not apply to other journals, the researchers noted. 

DISCLOSURES:

Wallis disclosed personal fees from Janssen Oncology, Nanostics, Precision Point Specialty, Sesen Bio, AbbVie, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, EMD Serono, Knight Therapeutics, Merck, Science and Medicine Canada, TerSera, and Tolmar. He and some coauthors also disclosed support and grants from foundations and government institutions.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE: 

More than half of the US peer reviewers for four major medical journals received industry payments between 2020-2022, new research shows. Altogether they received more than $64 million in general, non-research payments, with a median payment per physician of $7614. Research payments — including money paid directly to physicians as well as funds related to research for which a physician was registered as a principal investigator — exceeded $1 billion.

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers identified peer reviewers in 2022 for The BMJ, JAMA, The Lancet, and The New England Journal of Medicine using each journal’s list of reviewers for that year. They included 1962 US-based physicians in their analysis.
• General and research payments made to the peer reviewers between 2020-2022 were extracted from the Open Payments database.

TAKEAWAY:

• Nearly 59% of the peer reviewers received industry payments between 2020-2022.
• Payments included $34.31 million in consulting fees and $11.8 million for speaking compensation unrelated to continuing medical education programs.
• Male reviewers received a significantly higher median total payment than did female reviewers ($38,959 vs $19,586). General payments were higher for men as well ($8663 vs $4183).
• For comparison, the median general payment to all physicians in 2018 was $216, the researchers noted.

IN PRACTICE:

“Additional research and transparency regarding industry payments in the peer review process are needed,” the authors of the study wrote.

SOURCE:

Christopher J. D. Wallis, MD, PhD, with the division of urology at the University of Toronto, Canada, was the corresponding author for the study. The article was published online October 10 in JAMA.

LIMITATIONS: 

Whether the financial ties were relevant to any of the papers that the peer reviewers critiqued is not known. Some reviewers might have received additional payments from insurance and technology companies that were not captured in this study. The findings might not apply to other journals, the researchers noted. 

DISCLOSURES:

Wallis disclosed personal fees from Janssen Oncology, Nanostics, Precision Point Specialty, Sesen Bio, AbbVie, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, EMD Serono, Knight Therapeutics, Merck, Science and Medicine Canada, TerSera, and Tolmar. He and some coauthors also disclosed support and grants from foundations and government institutions.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Words do have power. Names have power. Words are events, they do things, change things. They transform both speaker and hearer ... They feed understanding or emotion back and forth and amplify it. — Ursula K. Le Guin
 

Every medical student should have a class in linguistics. I’m just unsure what it might replace. Maybe physiology? (When was the last time you used Fick’s or Fourier’s Laws anyway?). Even if we don’t supplant any core curriculum, it’s worth noting that we spend more time in our daily work calculating how to communicate things than calculating cardiac outputs. That we can convey so much so consistently and without specific training is a marvel. Making the diagnosis or a plan is often the easy part. The difficulty comes in trying to communicate what we know to patients such that they understand and can act on it.

Linguistics is a broad field. At its essence, it studies how we communicate. It’s fascinating how we use tone, word choice, gestures, syntax, and grammar to explain, reassure, instruct or implore patients. Medical appointments are sometimes high stakes and occur within a huge variety of circumstances. In a single day of clinic, I had a patient with dementia, and one pursuing a PhD in P-Chem. I had English speakers, second language English speakers, and a Vietnamese patient who knew no English. In just one day, I explained things to toddlers and adults, a Black woman from Oklahoma and a Jewish woman from New York. For a brief few minutes, each of them was my partner in a game of medical charades. For each one, I had to figure out how to get them to know what I’m thinking.

Dr. Benabio

I learned of this game of charades concept from a podcast featuring Morten Christiansen, professor of psychology at Cornell University, and professor in Cognitive Science of Language, at Aarhus University, Denmark. The idea is that language can be thought of as a game where speakers constantly improvise based on the topic, each one’s expertise, and the shared understanding. I found this intriguing. In his explanation, grammar and definitions are less important than the mutual understanding of what is being communicated. It helps explain the wide variations of speech even among those speaking the same language. It also flips the idea that brains are designed for language, a concept proposed by linguistic greats such as Noam Chomsky and Steven Pinker. Rather, what we call language is just the best solution our brains could create to convey information.

I thought about how each of us instinctively varies the complexity of sentences and tone of voice based on the ability of each patient to understand. Gestures, storytelling and analogies are linguistic tools we use without thinking about them. We’ve a unique communications conundrum in that we often need patients to understand a complex idea, but only have minutes to get them there. We don’t want them to panic. We also don’t want them to be so dispassionate as to not act. To speed things up, we often use a technique known as chunking, short phrases that capture an idea in one bite. For example, “soak and smear” to get atopic patients to moisturize or “scrape and burn” to describe a curettage and electrodesiccation of a basal cell carcinoma or “a stick and a burn” before injecting them (I never liked that one). These are pithy, efficient. But they don’t always work.

One afternoon I had a 93-year-old woman with glossodynia. She had dementia and her 96-year-old husband was helping. When I explained how she’d “swish and spit” her magic mouthwash, he looked perplexed. Is she swishing a wand or something? I shook my head, “No” and gestured with my hands palms down, waving back and forth. It is just a mouthwash. She should rinse, then spit it out. I lost that round.

Then a 64-year-old woman whom I had to advise that the pink bump on her arm was a cutaneous neuroendocrine tumor. Do I call it a Merkel cell carcinoma? Do I say, “You know, like the one Jimmy Buffett had?” (Nope, not a good use of storytelling). She wanted to know how she got it. Sun exposure, we think. Or, perhaps a virus. Just how does one explain a virus called MCPyV that is ubiquitous but somehow caused cancer just for you? How do you convey, “This is serious, but you might not die like Jimmy Buffett?” I had to use all my language skills to get this right.

Then there is the Henderson-Hasselbalch problem of linguistics: communicating through a translator. When doing so, I’m cognizant of choosing short, simple sentences. Subject, verb, object. First this, then that. This mitigates what’s lost in translation and reduces waiting for translations (especially when your patient is storytelling in paragraphs). But try doing this with an emotionally wrought condition like alopecia. Finding the fewest words to convey that your FSH and estrogen levels are irrelevant to your telogen effluvium to a Vietnamese speaker is tricky. “Yes, I see your primary care physician ordered these tests. No, the numbers do not matter.” Did that translate as they are normal? Or that they don’t matter because she is 54? Or that they don’t matter to me because I didn’t order them?

When you find yourself exhausted at the day’s end, perhaps you’ll better appreciate how it was not only the graduate level medicine you did today; you’ve practically got a PhD in linguistics as well. You just didn’t realize it.

Dr. Benabio is chief of dermatology at Kaiser Permanente San Diego. The opinions expressed in this column are his own and do not represent those of Kaiser Permanente. Dr. Benabio is @Dermdoc on X. Write to him at dermnews@mdedge.com.

Words do have power. Names have power. Words are events, they do things, change things. They transform both speaker and hearer ... They feed understanding or emotion back and forth and amplify it. — Ursula K. Le Guin
 

Every medical student should have a class in linguistics. I’m just unsure what it might replace. Maybe physiology? (When was the last time you used Fick’s or Fourier’s Laws anyway?). Even if we don’t supplant any core curriculum, it’s worth noting that we spend more time in our daily work calculating how to communicate things than calculating cardiac outputs. That we can convey so much so consistently and without specific training is a marvel. Making the diagnosis or a plan is often the easy part. The difficulty comes in trying to communicate what we know to patients such that they understand and can act on it.

Linguistics is a broad field. At its essence, it studies how we communicate. It’s fascinating how we use tone, word choice, gestures, syntax, and grammar to explain, reassure, instruct or implore patients. Medical appointments are sometimes high stakes and occur within a huge variety of circumstances. In a single day of clinic, I had a patient with dementia, and one pursuing a PhD in P-Chem. I had English speakers, second language English speakers, and a Vietnamese patient who knew no English. In just one day, I explained things to toddlers and adults, a Black woman from Oklahoma and a Jewish woman from New York. For a brief few minutes, each of them was my partner in a game of medical charades. For each one, I had to figure out how to get them to know what I’m thinking.

Dr. Benabio

I learned of this game of charades concept from a podcast featuring Morten Christiansen, professor of psychology at Cornell University, and professor in Cognitive Science of Language, at Aarhus University, Denmark. The idea is that language can be thought of as a game where speakers constantly improvise based on the topic, each one’s expertise, and the shared understanding. I found this intriguing. In his explanation, grammar and definitions are less important than the mutual understanding of what is being communicated. It helps explain the wide variations of speech even among those speaking the same language. It also flips the idea that brains are designed for language, a concept proposed by linguistic greats such as Noam Chomsky and Steven Pinker. Rather, what we call language is just the best solution our brains could create to convey information.

I thought about how each of us instinctively varies the complexity of sentences and tone of voice based on the ability of each patient to understand. Gestures, storytelling and analogies are linguistic tools we use without thinking about them. We’ve a unique communications conundrum in that we often need patients to understand a complex idea, but only have minutes to get them there. We don’t want them to panic. We also don’t want them to be so dispassionate as to not act. To speed things up, we often use a technique known as chunking, short phrases that capture an idea in one bite. For example, “soak and smear” to get atopic patients to moisturize or “scrape and burn” to describe a curettage and electrodesiccation of a basal cell carcinoma or “a stick and a burn” before injecting them (I never liked that one). These are pithy, efficient. But they don’t always work.

One afternoon I had a 93-year-old woman with glossodynia. She had dementia and her 96-year-old husband was helping. When I explained how she’d “swish and spit” her magic mouthwash, he looked perplexed. Is she swishing a wand or something? I shook my head, “No” and gestured with my hands palms down, waving back and forth. It is just a mouthwash. She should rinse, then spit it out. I lost that round.

Then a 64-year-old woman whom I had to advise that the pink bump on her arm was a cutaneous neuroendocrine tumor. Do I call it a Merkel cell carcinoma? Do I say, “You know, like the one Jimmy Buffett had?” (Nope, not a good use of storytelling). She wanted to know how she got it. Sun exposure, we think. Or, perhaps a virus. Just how does one explain a virus called MCPyV that is ubiquitous but somehow caused cancer just for you? How do you convey, “This is serious, but you might not die like Jimmy Buffett?” I had to use all my language skills to get this right.

Then there is the Henderson-Hasselbalch problem of linguistics: communicating through a translator. When doing so, I’m cognizant of choosing short, simple sentences. Subject, verb, object. First this, then that. This mitigates what’s lost in translation and reduces waiting for translations (especially when your patient is storytelling in paragraphs). But try doing this with an emotionally wrought condition like alopecia. Finding the fewest words to convey that your FSH and estrogen levels are irrelevant to your telogen effluvium to a Vietnamese speaker is tricky. “Yes, I see your primary care physician ordered these tests. No, the numbers do not matter.” Did that translate as they are normal? Or that they don’t matter because she is 54? Or that they don’t matter to me because I didn’t order them?

When you find yourself exhausted at the day’s end, perhaps you’ll better appreciate how it was not only the graduate level medicine you did today; you’ve practically got a PhD in linguistics as well. You just didn’t realize it.

Dr. Benabio is chief of dermatology at Kaiser Permanente San Diego. The opinions expressed in this column are his own and do not represent those of Kaiser Permanente. Dr. Benabio is @Dermdoc on X. Write to him at dermnews@mdedge.com.

Words do have power. Names have power. Words are events, they do things, change things. They transform both speaker and hearer ... They feed understanding or emotion back and forth and amplify it. — Ursula K. Le Guin
 

Every medical student should have a class in linguistics. I’m just unsure what it might replace. Maybe physiology? (When was the last time you used Fick’s or Fourier’s Laws anyway?). Even if we don’t supplant any core curriculum, it’s worth noting that we spend more time in our daily work calculating how to communicate things than calculating cardiac outputs. That we can convey so much so consistently and without specific training is a marvel. Making the diagnosis or a plan is often the easy part. The difficulty comes in trying to communicate what we know to patients such that they understand and can act on it.

Linguistics is a broad field. At its essence, it studies how we communicate. It’s fascinating how we use tone, word choice, gestures, syntax, and grammar to explain, reassure, instruct or implore patients. Medical appointments are sometimes high stakes and occur within a huge variety of circumstances. In a single day of clinic, I had a patient with dementia, and one pursuing a PhD in P-Chem. I had English speakers, second language English speakers, and a Vietnamese patient who knew no English. In just one day, I explained things to toddlers and adults, a Black woman from Oklahoma and a Jewish woman from New York. For a brief few minutes, each of them was my partner in a game of medical charades. For each one, I had to figure out how to get them to know what I’m thinking.

Dr. Benabio

I learned of this game of charades concept from a podcast featuring Morten Christiansen, professor of psychology at Cornell University, and professor in Cognitive Science of Language, at Aarhus University, Denmark. The idea is that language can be thought of as a game where speakers constantly improvise based on the topic, each one’s expertise, and the shared understanding. I found this intriguing. In his explanation, grammar and definitions are less important than the mutual understanding of what is being communicated. It helps explain the wide variations of speech even among those speaking the same language. It also flips the idea that brains are designed for language, a concept proposed by linguistic greats such as Noam Chomsky and Steven Pinker. Rather, what we call language is just the best solution our brains could create to convey information.

I thought about how each of us instinctively varies the complexity of sentences and tone of voice based on the ability of each patient to understand. Gestures, storytelling and analogies are linguistic tools we use without thinking about them. We’ve a unique communications conundrum in that we often need patients to understand a complex idea, but only have minutes to get them there. We don’t want them to panic. We also don’t want them to be so dispassionate as to not act. To speed things up, we often use a technique known as chunking, short phrases that capture an idea in one bite. For example, “soak and smear” to get atopic patients to moisturize or “scrape and burn” to describe a curettage and electrodesiccation of a basal cell carcinoma or “a stick and a burn” before injecting them (I never liked that one). These are pithy, efficient. But they don’t always work.

One afternoon I had a 93-year-old woman with glossodynia. She had dementia and her 96-year-old husband was helping. When I explained how she’d “swish and spit” her magic mouthwash, he looked perplexed. Is she swishing a wand or something? I shook my head, “No” and gestured with my hands palms down, waving back and forth. It is just a mouthwash. She should rinse, then spit it out. I lost that round.

Then a 64-year-old woman whom I had to advise that the pink bump on her arm was a cutaneous neuroendocrine tumor. Do I call it a Merkel cell carcinoma? Do I say, “You know, like the one Jimmy Buffett had?” (Nope, not a good use of storytelling). She wanted to know how she got it. Sun exposure, we think. Or, perhaps a virus. Just how does one explain a virus called MCPyV that is ubiquitous but somehow caused cancer just for you? How do you convey, “This is serious, but you might not die like Jimmy Buffett?” I had to use all my language skills to get this right.

Then there is the Henderson-Hasselbalch problem of linguistics: communicating through a translator. When doing so, I’m cognizant of choosing short, simple sentences. Subject, verb, object. First this, then that. This mitigates what’s lost in translation and reduces waiting for translations (especially when your patient is storytelling in paragraphs). But try doing this with an emotionally wrought condition like alopecia. Finding the fewest words to convey that your FSH and estrogen levels are irrelevant to your telogen effluvium to a Vietnamese speaker is tricky. “Yes, I see your primary care physician ordered these tests. No, the numbers do not matter.” Did that translate as they are normal? Or that they don’t matter because she is 54? Or that they don’t matter to me because I didn’t order them?

When you find yourself exhausted at the day’s end, perhaps you’ll better appreciate how it was not only the graduate level medicine you did today; you’ve practically got a PhD in linguistics as well. You just didn’t realize it.

Dr. Benabio is chief of dermatology at Kaiser Permanente San Diego. The opinions expressed in this column are his own and do not represent those of Kaiser Permanente. Dr. Benabio is @Dermdoc on X. Write to him at dermnews@mdedge.com.

Emergencies happen anywhere, anytime, and sometimes, medical professionals find themselves in situations where they are the only ones who can help. Is There a Doctor in the House? is a Medscape Medical News series telling these stories.

I sincerely believe that what goes around comes around. Good things come to good people. And sometimes that saves lives.

My 10-year-old son was in the semifinals of the Little League district championship. And we were losing. My son is an excellent pitcher, and he had started the game. But that night, he was struggling. He just couldn’t find where to throw the ball. Needless to say, he was frustrated.

He was changed to shortstop in the second inning, and the home plate umpire walked over to him. This umpire is well known in the area for his kindness and commitment, how he encourages the kids and helps make baseball fun even when it’s stressful.

We didn’t know him well, but he was really supportive of my kid in that moment, talking to him about how baseball is a team sport and we’re here to have fun. Just being really positive.

As the game continued, I saw the umpire suddenly walk to the side of the field. I hadn’t seen it, but he had been hit by a wild pitch on the side of his neck. He was wearing protective gear, but the ball managed to bounce up the side and caught bare neck. I knew something wasn’t right.

I went down to talk to him, and my medical assistant (MA), who was also at the game, came with me. I could tell the umpire was injured, but he didn’t want to leave the game. I suggested going to the hospital, but he wouldn’t consider it. So I sat there with my arms crossed, watching him.

His symptoms got worse. I could see he was in pain, and it was getting harder for him to speak. My concern was that there was a tracheal injury, a carotid injury, or something of that nature that was expanding.

Again, I strongly urged him to go to the hospital, but again, he said no.

In the sixth inning, things got bad enough that the umpire finally agreed to leave the game. As I was figuring out how to get him to the hospital, he disappeared on me. He had walked up to the second floor of the snack shack. My MA and I got him back downstairs and sat him on a bench behind home plate.

We were in the process of calling 911 ... when he arrested.

Luckily, when he lost vital signs, my MA and I were standing right next to him. We were able to activate ACLS protocol and start CPR within seconds.

Many times in these critical situations — especially if people are scared or have never seen an emergency like this — there’s the potential for chaos. Well, that was the polar opposite of what happened.

As soon as I started to run the code, there was this sense of order. People were keeping their composure and following directions. My MA and I would say, “this is what we need,” and the task would immediately be assigned to someone. It was quiet. There was no yelling. Everyone trusted me, even though some of them had never met me before. It was so surprising. I remember thinking, we’re running an arrest, but it’s so calm.

We were an organized team, and it really worked like clockwork, which was remarkable given where we were. It’s one thing to be in the hospital for an event like that. But to be on a baseball field where you have nothing is a completely different scenario.

Meanwhile, the game went on.

I had requested that all the kids be placed in the dugout when they weren’t on the field. So they saw the umpire walk off, but none of them saw him arrest. Some parents were really helpful with making sure the kids were okay.

The president of Oxford Little League ran across the street to a fire station to get an AED. But the fire department personnel were out on a call. He had to break down the door.

By the time he got back, the umpire’s vital signs were returning. And then EMS arrived.

They loaded him in the ambulance, and I called ahead to the trauma team, so they knew exactly what was happening.

I was pretty worried. My hypothesis was that there was probably compression on the vasculature, which had caused him to lose his vital signs. I thought he probably had an impending airway loss. I wasn’t sure if he was going to make it through the night.

What I didn’t know was that while I was giving CPR, my son stole home, and we won the game. As the ambulance was leaving, the celebration was going on in the outfield.

The umpire was in the hospital for several days. Early on, I got permission from his family to visit him. The first time I saw him, I felt this incredible gratitude and peace.

My dad was an ER doctor, and growing up, it seemed like every time we went on a family vacation, there was an emergency. We would be near a car accident or something, and my father would fly in and save the day. I remember being on the Autobahn somewhere in Europe, and there was a devastating accident between a car and a motorcycle. My father stabilized the guy, had him airlifted out, and apparently, he did fine. I grew up watching things like this and thinking, wow, that’s incredible.

Fast forward to 2 years ago, my father was diagnosed with a lung cancer he never should have had. He never smoked. As a cancer surgeon, I know we did everything in our power to save him. But it didn’t happen. He passed away.

I realize this is superstitious, but seeing the umpire alive, I had this feeling that somehow my dad was there. It was bittersweet but also a joyful moment — like I could breathe again.

I met the umpire’s family that first time, and it was like meeting family that you didn’t know you had but now you have forever. Even though the event was traumatic — I’m still trying not to be on high alert every time I go to a game — it felt like a gift to be part of this journey with them.

Little League’s mission is to teach kids about teamwork, leadership, and making good choices so communities are stronger. Our umpire is a guy who does that every day. He’s not a Little League umpire because he makes any money. He shows up at every single game to support these kids and engage them, to model respect, gratitude, and kindness.

I think our obligation as people is to live with intentionality. We all need to make sure we leave the world a better place, even when we are called upon to do uncomfortable things. Our umpire showed our kids what that looks like, and in that moment when he could have died, we were able to do the same for him.

Jennifer LaFemina, MD, is a surgical oncologist at UMass Memorial Medical Center in Massachusetts.
 

Are you a medical professional with a dramatic story outside the clinic? Medscape Medical News would love to consider your story for Is There a Doctor in the House? Please email your contact information and a short summary to access@webmd.net.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Emergencies happen anywhere, anytime, and sometimes, medical professionals find themselves in situations where they are the only ones who can help. Is There a Doctor in the House? is a Medscape Medical News series telling these stories.

I sincerely believe that what goes around comes around. Good things come to good people. And sometimes that saves lives.

My 10-year-old son was in the semifinals of the Little League district championship. And we were losing. My son is an excellent pitcher, and he had started the game. But that night, he was struggling. He just couldn’t find where to throw the ball. Needless to say, he was frustrated.

He was changed to shortstop in the second inning, and the home plate umpire walked over to him. This umpire is well known in the area for his kindness and commitment, how he encourages the kids and helps make baseball fun even when it’s stressful.

We didn’t know him well, but he was really supportive of my kid in that moment, talking to him about how baseball is a team sport and we’re here to have fun. Just being really positive.

As the game continued, I saw the umpire suddenly walk to the side of the field. I hadn’t seen it, but he had been hit by a wild pitch on the side of his neck. He was wearing protective gear, but the ball managed to bounce up the side and caught bare neck. I knew something wasn’t right.

I went down to talk to him, and my medical assistant (MA), who was also at the game, came with me. I could tell the umpire was injured, but he didn’t want to leave the game. I suggested going to the hospital, but he wouldn’t consider it. So I sat there with my arms crossed, watching him.

His symptoms got worse. I could see he was in pain, and it was getting harder for him to speak. My concern was that there was a tracheal injury, a carotid injury, or something of that nature that was expanding.

Again, I strongly urged him to go to the hospital, but again, he said no.

In the sixth inning, things got bad enough that the umpire finally agreed to leave the game. As I was figuring out how to get him to the hospital, he disappeared on me. He had walked up to the second floor of the snack shack. My MA and I got him back downstairs and sat him on a bench behind home plate.

We were in the process of calling 911 ... when he arrested.

Luckily, when he lost vital signs, my MA and I were standing right next to him. We were able to activate ACLS protocol and start CPR within seconds.

Many times in these critical situations — especially if people are scared or have never seen an emergency like this — there’s the potential for chaos. Well, that was the polar opposite of what happened.

As soon as I started to run the code, there was this sense of order. People were keeping their composure and following directions. My MA and I would say, “this is what we need,” and the task would immediately be assigned to someone. It was quiet. There was no yelling. Everyone trusted me, even though some of them had never met me before. It was so surprising. I remember thinking, we’re running an arrest, but it’s so calm.

We were an organized team, and it really worked like clockwork, which was remarkable given where we were. It’s one thing to be in the hospital for an event like that. But to be on a baseball field where you have nothing is a completely different scenario.

Meanwhile, the game went on.

I had requested that all the kids be placed in the dugout when they weren’t on the field. So they saw the umpire walk off, but none of them saw him arrest. Some parents were really helpful with making sure the kids were okay.

The president of Oxford Little League ran across the street to a fire station to get an AED. But the fire department personnel were out on a call. He had to break down the door.

By the time he got back, the umpire’s vital signs were returning. And then EMS arrived.

They loaded him in the ambulance, and I called ahead to the trauma team, so they knew exactly what was happening.

I was pretty worried. My hypothesis was that there was probably compression on the vasculature, which had caused him to lose his vital signs. I thought he probably had an impending airway loss. I wasn’t sure if he was going to make it through the night.

What I didn’t know was that while I was giving CPR, my son stole home, and we won the game. As the ambulance was leaving, the celebration was going on in the outfield.

The umpire was in the hospital for several days. Early on, I got permission from his family to visit him. The first time I saw him, I felt this incredible gratitude and peace.

My dad was an ER doctor, and growing up, it seemed like every time we went on a family vacation, there was an emergency. We would be near a car accident or something, and my father would fly in and save the day. I remember being on the Autobahn somewhere in Europe, and there was a devastating accident between a car and a motorcycle. My father stabilized the guy, had him airlifted out, and apparently, he did fine. I grew up watching things like this and thinking, wow, that’s incredible.

Fast forward to 2 years ago, my father was diagnosed with a lung cancer he never should have had. He never smoked. As a cancer surgeon, I know we did everything in our power to save him. But it didn’t happen. He passed away.

I realize this is superstitious, but seeing the umpire alive, I had this feeling that somehow my dad was there. It was bittersweet but also a joyful moment — like I could breathe again.

I met the umpire’s family that first time, and it was like meeting family that you didn’t know you had but now you have forever. Even though the event was traumatic — I’m still trying not to be on high alert every time I go to a game — it felt like a gift to be part of this journey with them.

Little League’s mission is to teach kids about teamwork, leadership, and making good choices so communities are stronger. Our umpire is a guy who does that every day. He’s not a Little League umpire because he makes any money. He shows up at every single game to support these kids and engage them, to model respect, gratitude, and kindness.

I think our obligation as people is to live with intentionality. We all need to make sure we leave the world a better place, even when we are called upon to do uncomfortable things. Our umpire showed our kids what that looks like, and in that moment when he could have died, we were able to do the same for him.

Jennifer LaFemina, MD, is a surgical oncologist at UMass Memorial Medical Center in Massachusetts.
 

Are you a medical professional with a dramatic story outside the clinic? Medscape Medical News would love to consider your story for Is There a Doctor in the House? Please email your contact information and a short summary to access@webmd.net.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Emergencies happen anywhere, anytime, and sometimes, medical professionals find themselves in situations where they are the only ones who can help. Is There a Doctor in the House? is a Medscape Medical News series telling these stories.

I sincerely believe that what goes around comes around. Good things come to good people. And sometimes that saves lives.

My 10-year-old son was in the semifinals of the Little League district championship. And we were losing. My son is an excellent pitcher, and he had started the game. But that night, he was struggling. He just couldn’t find where to throw the ball. Needless to say, he was frustrated.

He was changed to shortstop in the second inning, and the home plate umpire walked over to him. This umpire is well known in the area for his kindness and commitment, how he encourages the kids and helps make baseball fun even when it’s stressful.

We didn’t know him well, but he was really supportive of my kid in that moment, talking to him about how baseball is a team sport and we’re here to have fun. Just being really positive.

As the game continued, I saw the umpire suddenly walk to the side of the field. I hadn’t seen it, but he had been hit by a wild pitch on the side of his neck. He was wearing protective gear, but the ball managed to bounce up the side and caught bare neck. I knew something wasn’t right.

I went down to talk to him, and my medical assistant (MA), who was also at the game, came with me. I could tell the umpire was injured, but he didn’t want to leave the game. I suggested going to the hospital, but he wouldn’t consider it. So I sat there with my arms crossed, watching him.

His symptoms got worse. I could see he was in pain, and it was getting harder for him to speak. My concern was that there was a tracheal injury, a carotid injury, or something of that nature that was expanding.

Again, I strongly urged him to go to the hospital, but again, he said no.

In the sixth inning, things got bad enough that the umpire finally agreed to leave the game. As I was figuring out how to get him to the hospital, he disappeared on me. He had walked up to the second floor of the snack shack. My MA and I got him back downstairs and sat him on a bench behind home plate.

We were in the process of calling 911 ... when he arrested.

Luckily, when he lost vital signs, my MA and I were standing right next to him. We were able to activate ACLS protocol and start CPR within seconds.

Many times in these critical situations — especially if people are scared or have never seen an emergency like this — there’s the potential for chaos. Well, that was the polar opposite of what happened.

As soon as I started to run the code, there was this sense of order. People were keeping their composure and following directions. My MA and I would say, “this is what we need,” and the task would immediately be assigned to someone. It was quiet. There was no yelling. Everyone trusted me, even though some of them had never met me before. It was so surprising. I remember thinking, we’re running an arrest, but it’s so calm.

We were an organized team, and it really worked like clockwork, which was remarkable given where we were. It’s one thing to be in the hospital for an event like that. But to be on a baseball field where you have nothing is a completely different scenario.

Meanwhile, the game went on.

I had requested that all the kids be placed in the dugout when they weren’t on the field. So they saw the umpire walk off, but none of them saw him arrest. Some parents were really helpful with making sure the kids were okay.

The president of Oxford Little League ran across the street to a fire station to get an AED. But the fire department personnel were out on a call. He had to break down the door.

By the time he got back, the umpire’s vital signs were returning. And then EMS arrived.

They loaded him in the ambulance, and I called ahead to the trauma team, so they knew exactly what was happening.

I was pretty worried. My hypothesis was that there was probably compression on the vasculature, which had caused him to lose his vital signs. I thought he probably had an impending airway loss. I wasn’t sure if he was going to make it through the night.

What I didn’t know was that while I was giving CPR, my son stole home, and we won the game. As the ambulance was leaving, the celebration was going on in the outfield.

The umpire was in the hospital for several days. Early on, I got permission from his family to visit him. The first time I saw him, I felt this incredible gratitude and peace.

My dad was an ER doctor, and growing up, it seemed like every time we went on a family vacation, there was an emergency. We would be near a car accident or something, and my father would fly in and save the day. I remember being on the Autobahn somewhere in Europe, and there was a devastating accident between a car and a motorcycle. My father stabilized the guy, had him airlifted out, and apparently, he did fine. I grew up watching things like this and thinking, wow, that’s incredible.

Fast forward to 2 years ago, my father was diagnosed with a lung cancer he never should have had. He never smoked. As a cancer surgeon, I know we did everything in our power to save him. But it didn’t happen. He passed away.

I realize this is superstitious, but seeing the umpire alive, I had this feeling that somehow my dad was there. It was bittersweet but also a joyful moment — like I could breathe again.

I met the umpire’s family that first time, and it was like meeting family that you didn’t know you had but now you have forever. Even though the event was traumatic — I’m still trying not to be on high alert every time I go to a game — it felt like a gift to be part of this journey with them.

Little League’s mission is to teach kids about teamwork, leadership, and making good choices so communities are stronger. Our umpire is a guy who does that every day. He’s not a Little League umpire because he makes any money. He shows up at every single game to support these kids and engage them, to model respect, gratitude, and kindness.

I think our obligation as people is to live with intentionality. We all need to make sure we leave the world a better place, even when we are called upon to do uncomfortable things. Our umpire showed our kids what that looks like, and in that moment when he could have died, we were able to do the same for him.

Jennifer LaFemina, MD, is a surgical oncologist at UMass Memorial Medical Center in Massachusetts.
 

Are you a medical professional with a dramatic story outside the clinic? Medscape Medical News would love to consider your story for Is There a Doctor in the House? Please email your contact information and a short summary to access@webmd.net.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) — the practice of using laboratory testing to measure blood levels of drugs — has garnered growing interest among rheumatologists in managing patients on disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), but that hasn’t exactly translated to widespread practice.

While TDM has made some inroads with patients taking monoclonal antibodies, specifically infliximab, its uptake has encountered a number of headwinds, not the least of which is a lack of evidence and clinical guidelines, uneven access and standards of assays, and even an uncertainty about how to interpret laboratory results.

“In some fields, such as neurology, TDM is accepted for antiepileptics,” Michelle Petri, MD, MPH, director of the Johns Hopkins Lupus Center, Baltimore, told Medscape Medical News. “In rheumatology, though, TDM is underutilized and not adequately championed by the American College of Rheumatology.”

Johns Hopkins University

Duke University

Reactive vs Proactive TDM

Among the few trials that examined TDM in rheumatology patients are the NOR-DRUM A and B trials in Norway. Marthe Brun, MD, PhD, a rheumatologist at the Center for Treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases at Diakonhjemmet Hospital in Oslo, Norway, and a coauthor of the NOR-DRUM trials, told Medscape Medical News that the trials found an overall benefit to TDM during infliximab maintenance therapy. The trials included not only patients with inflammatory arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and spondyloarthritis) but also patients with inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis, Brun said.

Nicolas Tourrenc

Brun explained that two types of TDM exist: Reactive and proactive. “Reactive TDM is when you use it to find the reason for a patient having a flare or disease worsening,” she told Medscape Medical News. “Proactive TDM would be regular testing to keep a patient within a therapeutic range to avoid flare because of low drug concentrations.”

Gastroenterologists are more inclined than rheumatologists and dermatologists to use reactive TDM, she said. “There have been no recommendations regarding proactive TDM because of the lack of data.”

In Europe, Wallace noted that European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) recommendations consider the use of TDM in specific clinical scenarios, such as when treatment fails or to evaluate immunogenicity of a reaction, but they are limited. The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) does not have any recommendations for the use of TDM.

Based on the NOR-DRUM trials, rheumatologists in Norway have published their own guidelines for TDM for infliximab in rheumatologic disease, but they are in Norwegian and have not yet been taken up by EULAR, Brun noted. Publication of those recommendations in English is pending, she said.

“But for other subcutaneously administered TNF inhibitors, there’s a lack of data,” Brun added.
 

The State of the Evidence

NOR-DRUM A did not support the use of proactive TDM in the 30-week induction period as a way to improve disease remission in patients with chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disease. NOR-DRUM B, which evaluated TDM over a year, found the approach was more likely to lead to sustained disease control for that period.

Brun’s group recently published an analysis of the trials. “We did not find an overall effect during the initial phase of the treatment, the first 30 weeks,” she told Medscape Medical News.

“Then we looked at subgroups, and we found that the patients that developed antidrug antibodies [ADAs] had an effect, and ADA are associated with poorer outcomes as well as infusion reactions for patients treated with infliximab.

“So, it’s probably a benefit to be able to detect these ADA early before the patient experiences a disease flare or infusion reaction,” Brun added. “It facilitates for the clinician to take action to, for example, increase the dosing or switch therapy.”

However, the quality of the data supporting TDM in rheumatology is limited, Balevic said. “There’s very good observational data, but we have very few clinical trials that actually leverage TDM,” he said.

NOR-DRUM is the exception, he said. “Ideally, we need more of these dose-optimization trials to help guide clinical practice,” he said. But it stands alone.

Wallace noted several take-home messages from the NOR-DRUM trials, namely that using TDM to prevent ADA may be more effective during the maintenance phase of treatment than the induction phase. However, he said, the evidence is still emerging.

“It’s reasonable to say that we’re at an early stage of the evidence,” he said. “If you look at the large trials that have been done in rheumatology, they’ve combined patients with many different types of conditions, and a lot of our recommendations in rheumatology are disease-specific — in rheumatoid arthritis, in vasculitis. There’s a lack of data in specific diseases to guide or examine what the role of TDM might be.”

In the meantime, no fewer than four clinical trials evaluating TDM with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors in rheumatologic diseases are ongoing or have completed but not yet released results, according to Wallace. Three Adalimumab Drug Optimization in Rheumatoid Arthritis trials are underway: The first is evaluating drug tapering vs disease activity score; the second is testing low or usual drug concentration; and the third is studying switches to etanercept or a non-TNF inhibitor drug (abatacept, rituximab, tocilizumab, or sarilumab) in patients failing treatment. Another trial called Tocilizumab Drug Levels to Optimized Treatment in RA is randomizing patients with high drug levels to dose maintenance or dose reduction. All four trials are sponsored by the Reade Rheumatology Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Until clearer answers emerge from clinical trials, a number of barriers to and questions about the potential for TDM in rheumatology persist.
 

Barriers to Wider Use of TDM

“The biggest barrier with TDM is simply just a lack of what to do with the data,” Balevic said. “The clinician needs clear-cut guidance on what to do with the drug level. So, in other words, what is the target concentration for the drug? And if that target is not the goal, how should that dose be adjusted?”

The optimal drug levels, particularly for the older conventional synthetic DMARDs, simply have not been validated by clinical trials, he said.

“Different studies may report different target drug levels, and this could be due to different underlying population, or a different matrix — a measure of whole blood vs plasma — or even the timing of the sample,” he said. Balevic led a pharmacokinetic study earlier this year that proposed an algorithm for determining the number of missed hydroxychloroquine doses.

“This really goes back to the clinician needing to draw on a lot of pharmacology training to interpret the literature,” Balevic added.

That gets to the need for more education among rheumatologists, as Brun pointed out. “The physician needs to be educated about therapeutic ranges, when to assess concentrations of drug antibodies, and how to react to the results,” Brun said.

Which ADAs to identify is also problematic. “For antidrug antibodies, it’s especially challenging because there are so many assay formats in use, and it’s a bit complicated to analyze these antidrug antibodies,” Brun said. “There’s no consensus on what calibrators to use, and there’s no standardization of how to report the results, so you can’t really compare results from different assays. You need to know what your laboratory is using and how to interpret results from that particular assay, so that’s a challenge.”

Variability in drug tolerance also exists across assays, Wallace noted. “One of the challenges that have come up in the discussion of therapeutic drug monitoring is understanding what the target level is,” he said. “Defining what the target level might be for a specific condition is not something that’s well understood.”

Breaking down the science, he noted that an ADA can bind to a monoclonal antibody, forming an immune complex that avoids detection. Drug-sensitive assays may detect high concentrations of ADAs but miss low or moderate concentrations. Drug-tolerant assays may be more likely to detect low concentrations at ADAs, but the clinical significance is unclear.
 

Cost and Patient Trust as Barriers

“The costs vary a lot from assay to assay,” Brun said. “Some commercial assays can be really expensive.” In Norway, a dedicated lab with its own in-house assays helps to keep costs down, she said.

But that’s not the case in the United States, where insurance coverage can be a question mark, Shivani Garg, MD, a rheumatologist at the University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison and director of the UW-Madison Health Lupus and Lupus Nephritis Clinics, told Medscape Medical News. “A lot of insurances are covering therapeutic drug monitoring, but for the high-deductible plans, there should be a way to offer these important tests to patients at a lower cost or figure out a way for coverage for those patients so that they can show that there are benefits of therapeutic drug monitoring without being sent a really big bill,” she said.

UW Health

Who May Benefit Most From TDM?

In the NOR-DRUM trials, patients at risk of developing ADA early on, before a disease flare or infusion reaction, seemed to benefit most from TDM. But who are those patients?

“We looked at risk factors for developing antidrug antibodies, and we found that patients with high disease activity when starting treatment, smokers, and patients with rheumatoid arthritis had a higher risk than other patients, as did patients who are not using concomitant immunosuppressive therapy,” Brun said.

“During treatment, we also found that low serum drug levels and drug holidays above 11 weeks were also risk factors,” she added.

The NOR-DRUM researchers also evaluated genetic risk factors and found that patients with the HLA-DQ2 gene variant were also at increased risk of developing ADA.

While NOR-DRUM evaluated only infliximab, some of its lessons may be applied to other DMARDs, Brun said. “We think that for other subcutaneously administered TNF inhibitors, you would probably see the same effect of proactive TDM, but we currently do not have data on that,” she said. A study similar to the NOR-DRUM design will evaluate this in Norway, Brun added.

She explained why the findings with infliximab may extend to adalimumab, which may be the second most immunogenic TNF inhibitor after infliximab. “The administration is different; it’s administered more often than infliximab; that would also make the results more uncertain to generalize to the other treatments, but I would guess there are also benefits of using TDM in other treatments.”
 

Potential Risks for TDM

Wallace has noted that TDM, with the current state of evidence, carries a number of potential risks. “The potential risks might be that you unnecessarily discontinue a medication because you detected an antibody, or the level seems low and you’re not able to get it higher, but the patient is otherwise doing fine,” he said. “You might end up increasing doses of the medicine that would put the patient at potentially increased risk of infection, as well as obviously more costs.”

That would also lead to more utilization of resources and costs, he said. “Some of those reasons are why there has been hesitation with therapeutic drug monitoring,” Wallace added.

A number of questions also surround the use of biosimilars and ADA levels, Wallace said. While a review of clinical trials found no meaningful differences in terms of immunogenicity between biosimilars and reference products, it did note discrepancies in how the agents were evaluated.
 

What DMARDs Are Most Suitable for TDM?

Petri said TDM would be useful for monitoring patients on mycophenolate mofetil. “A trough level can at least tell us if a patient is taking it,” she said. “Tacrolimus, used for lupus nephritis, has well-accepted peak and trough trends due to widespread use in transplant.”

Drugs with a wide variability in pharmacokinetics may also be suitable for TDM, Balevic said. That would include hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine, mycophenolate, or even cyclophosphamide. Drugs that have a narrow therapeutic index, such as tacrolimus, cyclosporine, or again, cyclophosphamide, might also be amenable to TDM, he said.
 

Why Do TDM?

“The two main reasons why somebody would go on to detect drug levels: The first may be to assess medication adherence, and this applies virtually to any drug that rheumatologists use; the second reason is to optimize dozing, either for efficacy purposes or to prevent toxicity,” Balevic said.

“When it comes to optimizing dosing, you should really think about TDM as one tool in our toolbelt,” he said.

Dose is “just a surrogate,” he said. “When we prescribe a drug, what truly matters is the amount of active unbound drug at the site of action. That’s what’s responsible for a drug’s pharmacologic effect.”

However, the same dose, or even the same weight-based dose, does not necessarily mean similar patients will achieve the same amount of exposure to the drug, but TDM can help determine that, he said.
 

What’s Next

Studies into the use of TDM in rheumatology are ongoing. Brun said her group is currently conducting a cost-effective analysis from the NOR-DRUM trials.

“There’s going to be more studies coming out in the next few years, looking at what impact the use of therapeutic drug monitoring might have on outcomes,” Wallace said.

“As we accumulate more and more evidence, we might see organizations like ACR and EULAR start to weigh in more on whether or not therapeutic drug monitoring can or should be used.”

Petri, Brun, and Garg had no relevant disclosures. Wallace disclosed financial relationships with Amgen, Alexion, BioCryst, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Medpace, Novartis, Sanofi, Viela Bio, Visterra, Xencor, and Zenas. Balevic disclosed relationships with the National Institutes of Health, the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance, and UCB.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) — the practice of using laboratory testing to measure blood levels of drugs — has garnered growing interest among rheumatologists in managing patients on disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), but that hasn’t exactly translated to widespread practice.

While TDM has made some inroads with patients taking monoclonal antibodies, specifically infliximab, its uptake has encountered a number of headwinds, not the least of which is a lack of evidence and clinical guidelines, uneven access and standards of assays, and even an uncertainty about how to interpret laboratory results.

“In some fields, such as neurology, TDM is accepted for antiepileptics,” Michelle Petri, MD, MPH, director of the Johns Hopkins Lupus Center, Baltimore, told Medscape Medical News. “In rheumatology, though, TDM is underutilized and not adequately championed by the American College of Rheumatology.”

Johns Hopkins University

Duke University

Reactive vs Proactive TDM

Among the few trials that examined TDM in rheumatology patients are the NOR-DRUM A and B trials in Norway. Marthe Brun, MD, PhD, a rheumatologist at the Center for Treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases at Diakonhjemmet Hospital in Oslo, Norway, and a coauthor of the NOR-DRUM trials, told Medscape Medical News that the trials found an overall benefit to TDM during infliximab maintenance therapy. The trials included not only patients with inflammatory arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and spondyloarthritis) but also patients with inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis, Brun said.

Nicolas Tourrenc

Brun explained that two types of TDM exist: Reactive and proactive. “Reactive TDM is when you use it to find the reason for a patient having a flare or disease worsening,” she told Medscape Medical News. “Proactive TDM would be regular testing to keep a patient within a therapeutic range to avoid flare because of low drug concentrations.”

Gastroenterologists are more inclined than rheumatologists and dermatologists to use reactive TDM, she said. “There have been no recommendations regarding proactive TDM because of the lack of data.”

In Europe, Wallace noted that European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) recommendations consider the use of TDM in specific clinical scenarios, such as when treatment fails or to evaluate immunogenicity of a reaction, but they are limited. The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) does not have any recommendations for the use of TDM.

Based on the NOR-DRUM trials, rheumatologists in Norway have published their own guidelines for TDM for infliximab in rheumatologic disease, but they are in Norwegian and have not yet been taken up by EULAR, Brun noted. Publication of those recommendations in English is pending, she said.

“But for other subcutaneously administered TNF inhibitors, there’s a lack of data,” Brun added.
 

The State of the Evidence

NOR-DRUM A did not support the use of proactive TDM in the 30-week induction period as a way to improve disease remission in patients with chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disease. NOR-DRUM B, which evaluated TDM over a year, found the approach was more likely to lead to sustained disease control for that period.

Brun’s group recently published an analysis of the trials. “We did not find an overall effect during the initial phase of the treatment, the first 30 weeks,” she told Medscape Medical News.

“Then we looked at subgroups, and we found that the patients that developed antidrug antibodies [ADAs] had an effect, and ADA are associated with poorer outcomes as well as infusion reactions for patients treated with infliximab.

“So, it’s probably a benefit to be able to detect these ADA early before the patient experiences a disease flare or infusion reaction,” Brun added. “It facilitates for the clinician to take action to, for example, increase the dosing or switch therapy.”

However, the quality of the data supporting TDM in rheumatology is limited, Balevic said. “There’s very good observational data, but we have very few clinical trials that actually leverage TDM,” he said.

NOR-DRUM is the exception, he said. “Ideally, we need more of these dose-optimization trials to help guide clinical practice,” he said. But it stands alone.

Wallace noted several take-home messages from the NOR-DRUM trials, namely that using TDM to prevent ADA may be more effective during the maintenance phase of treatment than the induction phase. However, he said, the evidence is still emerging.

“It’s reasonable to say that we’re at an early stage of the evidence,” he said. “If you look at the large trials that have been done in rheumatology, they’ve combined patients with many different types of conditions, and a lot of our recommendations in rheumatology are disease-specific — in rheumatoid arthritis, in vasculitis. There’s a lack of data in specific diseases to guide or examine what the role of TDM might be.”

In the meantime, no fewer than four clinical trials evaluating TDM with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors in rheumatologic diseases are ongoing or have completed but not yet released results, according to Wallace. Three Adalimumab Drug Optimization in Rheumatoid Arthritis trials are underway: The first is evaluating drug tapering vs disease activity score; the second is testing low or usual drug concentration; and the third is studying switches to etanercept or a non-TNF inhibitor drug (abatacept, rituximab, tocilizumab, or sarilumab) in patients failing treatment. Another trial called Tocilizumab Drug Levels to Optimized Treatment in RA is randomizing patients with high drug levels to dose maintenance or dose reduction. All four trials are sponsored by the Reade Rheumatology Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Until clearer answers emerge from clinical trials, a number of barriers to and questions about the potential for TDM in rheumatology persist.
 

Barriers to Wider Use of TDM

“The biggest barrier with TDM is simply just a lack of what to do with the data,” Balevic said. “The clinician needs clear-cut guidance on what to do with the drug level. So, in other words, what is the target concentration for the drug? And if that target is not the goal, how should that dose be adjusted?”

The optimal drug levels, particularly for the older conventional synthetic DMARDs, simply have not been validated by clinical trials, he said.

“Different studies may report different target drug levels, and this could be due to different underlying population, or a different matrix — a measure of whole blood vs plasma — or even the timing of the sample,” he said. Balevic led a pharmacokinetic study earlier this year that proposed an algorithm for determining the number of missed hydroxychloroquine doses.

“This really goes back to the clinician needing to draw on a lot of pharmacology training to interpret the literature,” Balevic added.

That gets to the need for more education among rheumatologists, as Brun pointed out. “The physician needs to be educated about therapeutic ranges, when to assess concentrations of drug antibodies, and how to react to the results,” Brun said.

Which ADAs to identify is also problematic. “For antidrug antibodies, it’s especially challenging because there are so many assay formats in use, and it’s a bit complicated to analyze these antidrug antibodies,” Brun said. “There’s no consensus on what calibrators to use, and there’s no standardization of how to report the results, so you can’t really compare results from different assays. You need to know what your laboratory is using and how to interpret results from that particular assay, so that’s a challenge.”

Variability in drug tolerance also exists across assays, Wallace noted. “One of the challenges that have come up in the discussion of therapeutic drug monitoring is understanding what the target level is,” he said. “Defining what the target level might be for a specific condition is not something that’s well understood.”

Breaking down the science, he noted that an ADA can bind to a monoclonal antibody, forming an immune complex that avoids detection. Drug-sensitive assays may detect high concentrations of ADAs but miss low or moderate concentrations. Drug-tolerant assays may be more likely to detect low concentrations at ADAs, but the clinical significance is unclear.
 

Cost and Patient Trust as Barriers

“The costs vary a lot from assay to assay,” Brun said. “Some commercial assays can be really expensive.” In Norway, a dedicated lab with its own in-house assays helps to keep costs down, she said.

But that’s not the case in the United States, where insurance coverage can be a question mark, Shivani Garg, MD, a rheumatologist at the University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison and director of the UW-Madison Health Lupus and Lupus Nephritis Clinics, told Medscape Medical News. “A lot of insurances are covering therapeutic drug monitoring, but for the high-deductible plans, there should be a way to offer these important tests to patients at a lower cost or figure out a way for coverage for those patients so that they can show that there are benefits of therapeutic drug monitoring without being sent a really big bill,” she said.

UW Health

Who May Benefit Most From TDM?

In the NOR-DRUM trials, patients at risk of developing ADA early on, before a disease flare or infusion reaction, seemed to benefit most from TDM. But who are those patients?

“We looked at risk factors for developing antidrug antibodies, and we found that patients with high disease activity when starting treatment, smokers, and patients with rheumatoid arthritis had a higher risk than other patients, as did patients who are not using concomitant immunosuppressive therapy,” Brun said.

“During treatment, we also found that low serum drug levels and drug holidays above 11 weeks were also risk factors,” she added.

The NOR-DRUM researchers also evaluated genetic risk factors and found that patients with the HLA-DQ2 gene variant were also at increased risk of developing ADA.

While NOR-DRUM evaluated only infliximab, some of its lessons may be applied to other DMARDs, Brun said. “We think that for other subcutaneously administered TNF inhibitors, you would probably see the same effect of proactive TDM, but we currently do not have data on that,” she said. A study similar to the NOR-DRUM design will evaluate this in Norway, Brun added.

She explained why the findings with infliximab may extend to adalimumab, which may be the second most immunogenic TNF inhibitor after infliximab. “The administration is different; it’s administered more often than infliximab; that would also make the results more uncertain to generalize to the other treatments, but I would guess there are also benefits of using TDM in other treatments.”
 

Potential Risks for TDM

Wallace has noted that TDM, with the current state of evidence, carries a number of potential risks. “The potential risks might be that you unnecessarily discontinue a medication because you detected an antibody, or the level seems low and you’re not able to get it higher, but the patient is otherwise doing fine,” he said. “You might end up increasing doses of the medicine that would put the patient at potentially increased risk of infection, as well as obviously more costs.”

That would also lead to more utilization of resources and costs, he said. “Some of those reasons are why there has been hesitation with therapeutic drug monitoring,” Wallace added.

A number of questions also surround the use of biosimilars and ADA levels, Wallace said. While a review of clinical trials found no meaningful differences in terms of immunogenicity between biosimilars and reference products, it did note discrepancies in how the agents were evaluated.
 

What DMARDs Are Most Suitable for TDM?

Petri said TDM would be useful for monitoring patients on mycophenolate mofetil. “A trough level can at least tell us if a patient is taking it,” she said. “Tacrolimus, used for lupus nephritis, has well-accepted peak and trough trends due to widespread use in transplant.”

Drugs with a wide variability in pharmacokinetics may also be suitable for TDM, Balevic said. That would include hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine, mycophenolate, or even cyclophosphamide. Drugs that have a narrow therapeutic index, such as tacrolimus, cyclosporine, or again, cyclophosphamide, might also be amenable to TDM, he said.
 

Why Do TDM?

“The two main reasons why somebody would go on to detect drug levels: The first may be to assess medication adherence, and this applies virtually to any drug that rheumatologists use; the second reason is to optimize dozing, either for efficacy purposes or to prevent toxicity,” Balevic said.

“When it comes to optimizing dosing, you should really think about TDM as one tool in our toolbelt,” he said.

Dose is “just a surrogate,” he said. “When we prescribe a drug, what truly matters is the amount of active unbound drug at the site of action. That’s what’s responsible for a drug’s pharmacologic effect.”

However, the same dose, or even the same weight-based dose, does not necessarily mean similar patients will achieve the same amount of exposure to the drug, but TDM can help determine that, he said.
 

What’s Next

Studies into the use of TDM in rheumatology are ongoing. Brun said her group is currently conducting a cost-effective analysis from the NOR-DRUM trials.

“There’s going to be more studies coming out in the next few years, looking at what impact the use of therapeutic drug monitoring might have on outcomes,” Wallace said.

“As we accumulate more and more evidence, we might see organizations like ACR and EULAR start to weigh in more on whether or not therapeutic drug monitoring can or should be used.”

Petri, Brun, and Garg had no relevant disclosures. Wallace disclosed financial relationships with Amgen, Alexion, BioCryst, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Medpace, Novartis, Sanofi, Viela Bio, Visterra, Xencor, and Zenas. Balevic disclosed relationships with the National Institutes of Health, the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance, and UCB.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) — the practice of using laboratory testing to measure blood levels of drugs — has garnered growing interest among rheumatologists in managing patients on disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), but that hasn’t exactly translated to widespread practice.

While TDM has made some inroads with patients taking monoclonal antibodies, specifically infliximab, its uptake has encountered a number of headwinds, not the least of which is a lack of evidence and clinical guidelines, uneven access and standards of assays, and even an uncertainty about how to interpret laboratory results.

“In some fields, such as neurology, TDM is accepted for antiepileptics,” Michelle Petri, MD, MPH, director of the Johns Hopkins Lupus Center, Baltimore, told Medscape Medical News. “In rheumatology, though, TDM is underutilized and not adequately championed by the American College of Rheumatology.”

Johns Hopkins University

Duke University

Reactive vs Proactive TDM

Among the few trials that examined TDM in rheumatology patients are the NOR-DRUM A and B trials in Norway. Marthe Brun, MD, PhD, a rheumatologist at the Center for Treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases at Diakonhjemmet Hospital in Oslo, Norway, and a coauthor of the NOR-DRUM trials, told Medscape Medical News that the trials found an overall benefit to TDM during infliximab maintenance therapy. The trials included not only patients with inflammatory arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and spondyloarthritis) but also patients with inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis, Brun said.

Nicolas Tourrenc

Brun explained that two types of TDM exist: Reactive and proactive. “Reactive TDM is when you use it to find the reason for a patient having a flare or disease worsening,” she told Medscape Medical News. “Proactive TDM would be regular testing to keep a patient within a therapeutic range to avoid flare because of low drug concentrations.”

Gastroenterologists are more inclined than rheumatologists and dermatologists to use reactive TDM, she said. “There have been no recommendations regarding proactive TDM because of the lack of data.”

In Europe, Wallace noted that European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) recommendations consider the use of TDM in specific clinical scenarios, such as when treatment fails or to evaluate immunogenicity of a reaction, but they are limited. The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) does not have any recommendations for the use of TDM.

Based on the NOR-DRUM trials, rheumatologists in Norway have published their own guidelines for TDM for infliximab in rheumatologic disease, but they are in Norwegian and have not yet been taken up by EULAR, Brun noted. Publication of those recommendations in English is pending, she said.

“But for other subcutaneously administered TNF inhibitors, there’s a lack of data,” Brun added.
 

The State of the Evidence

NOR-DRUM A did not support the use of proactive TDM in the 30-week induction period as a way to improve disease remission in patients with chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disease. NOR-DRUM B, which evaluated TDM over a year, found the approach was more likely to lead to sustained disease control for that period.

Brun’s group recently published an analysis of the trials. “We did not find an overall effect during the initial phase of the treatment, the first 30 weeks,” she told Medscape Medical News.

“Then we looked at subgroups, and we found that the patients that developed antidrug antibodies [ADAs] had an effect, and ADA are associated with poorer outcomes as well as infusion reactions for patients treated with infliximab.

“So, it’s probably a benefit to be able to detect these ADA early before the patient experiences a disease flare or infusion reaction,” Brun added. “It facilitates for the clinician to take action to, for example, increase the dosing or switch therapy.”

However, the quality of the data supporting TDM in rheumatology is limited, Balevic said. “There’s very good observational data, but we have very few clinical trials that actually leverage TDM,” he said.

NOR-DRUM is the exception, he said. “Ideally, we need more of these dose-optimization trials to help guide clinical practice,” he said. But it stands alone.

Wallace noted several take-home messages from the NOR-DRUM trials, namely that using TDM to prevent ADA may be more effective during the maintenance phase of treatment than the induction phase. However, he said, the evidence is still emerging.

“It’s reasonable to say that we’re at an early stage of the evidence,” he said. “If you look at the large trials that have been done in rheumatology, they’ve combined patients with many different types of conditions, and a lot of our recommendations in rheumatology are disease-specific — in rheumatoid arthritis, in vasculitis. There’s a lack of data in specific diseases to guide or examine what the role of TDM might be.”

In the meantime, no fewer than four clinical trials evaluating TDM with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors in rheumatologic diseases are ongoing or have completed but not yet released results, according to Wallace. Three Adalimumab Drug Optimization in Rheumatoid Arthritis trials are underway: The first is evaluating drug tapering vs disease activity score; the second is testing low or usual drug concentration; and the third is studying switches to etanercept or a non-TNF inhibitor drug (abatacept, rituximab, tocilizumab, or sarilumab) in patients failing treatment. Another trial called Tocilizumab Drug Levels to Optimized Treatment in RA is randomizing patients with high drug levels to dose maintenance or dose reduction. All four trials are sponsored by the Reade Rheumatology Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Until clearer answers emerge from clinical trials, a number of barriers to and questions about the potential for TDM in rheumatology persist.
 

Barriers to Wider Use of TDM

“The biggest barrier with TDM is simply just a lack of what to do with the data,” Balevic said. “The clinician needs clear-cut guidance on what to do with the drug level. So, in other words, what is the target concentration for the drug? And if that target is not the goal, how should that dose be adjusted?”

The optimal drug levels, particularly for the older conventional synthetic DMARDs, simply have not been validated by clinical trials, he said.

“Different studies may report different target drug levels, and this could be due to different underlying population, or a different matrix — a measure of whole blood vs plasma — or even the timing of the sample,” he said. Balevic led a pharmacokinetic study earlier this year that proposed an algorithm for determining the number of missed hydroxychloroquine doses.

“This really goes back to the clinician needing to draw on a lot of pharmacology training to interpret the literature,” Balevic added.

That gets to the need for more education among rheumatologists, as Brun pointed out. “The physician needs to be educated about therapeutic ranges, when to assess concentrations of drug antibodies, and how to react to the results,” Brun said.

Which ADAs to identify is also problematic. “For antidrug antibodies, it’s especially challenging because there are so many assay formats in use, and it’s a bit complicated to analyze these antidrug antibodies,” Brun said. “There’s no consensus on what calibrators to use, and there’s no standardization of how to report the results, so you can’t really compare results from different assays. You need to know what your laboratory is using and how to interpret results from that particular assay, so that’s a challenge.”

Variability in drug tolerance also exists across assays, Wallace noted. “One of the challenges that have come up in the discussion of therapeutic drug monitoring is understanding what the target level is,” he said. “Defining what the target level might be for a specific condition is not something that’s well understood.”

Breaking down the science, he noted that an ADA can bind to a monoclonal antibody, forming an immune complex that avoids detection. Drug-sensitive assays may detect high concentrations of ADAs but miss low or moderate concentrations. Drug-tolerant assays may be more likely to detect low concentrations at ADAs, but the clinical significance is unclear.
 

Cost and Patient Trust as Barriers

“The costs vary a lot from assay to assay,” Brun said. “Some commercial assays can be really expensive.” In Norway, a dedicated lab with its own in-house assays helps to keep costs down, she said.

But that’s not the case in the United States, where insurance coverage can be a question mark, Shivani Garg, MD, a rheumatologist at the University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison and director of the UW-Madison Health Lupus and Lupus Nephritis Clinics, told Medscape Medical News. “A lot of insurances are covering therapeutic drug monitoring, but for the high-deductible plans, there should be a way to offer these important tests to patients at a lower cost or figure out a way for coverage for those patients so that they can show that there are benefits of therapeutic drug monitoring without being sent a really big bill,” she said.

UW Health

Who May Benefit Most From TDM?

In the NOR-DRUM trials, patients at risk of developing ADA early on, before a disease flare or infusion reaction, seemed to benefit most from TDM. But who are those patients?

“We looked at risk factors for developing antidrug antibodies, and we found that patients with high disease activity when starting treatment, smokers, and patients with rheumatoid arthritis had a higher risk than other patients, as did patients who are not using concomitant immunosuppressive therapy,” Brun said.

“During treatment, we also found that low serum drug levels and drug holidays above 11 weeks were also risk factors,” she added.

The NOR-DRUM researchers also evaluated genetic risk factors and found that patients with the HLA-DQ2 gene variant were also at increased risk of developing ADA.

While NOR-DRUM evaluated only infliximab, some of its lessons may be applied to other DMARDs, Brun said. “We think that for other subcutaneously administered TNF inhibitors, you would probably see the same effect of proactive TDM, but we currently do not have data on that,” she said. A study similar to the NOR-DRUM design will evaluate this in Norway, Brun added.

She explained why the findings with infliximab may extend to adalimumab, which may be the second most immunogenic TNF inhibitor after infliximab. “The administration is different; it’s administered more often than infliximab; that would also make the results more uncertain to generalize to the other treatments, but I would guess there are also benefits of using TDM in other treatments.”
 

Potential Risks for TDM

Wallace has noted that TDM, with the current state of evidence, carries a number of potential risks. “The potential risks might be that you unnecessarily discontinue a medication because you detected an antibody, or the level seems low and you’re not able to get it higher, but the patient is otherwise doing fine,” he said. “You might end up increasing doses of the medicine that would put the patient at potentially increased risk of infection, as well as obviously more costs.”

That would also lead to more utilization of resources and costs, he said. “Some of those reasons are why there has been hesitation with therapeutic drug monitoring,” Wallace added.

A number of questions also surround the use of biosimilars and ADA levels, Wallace said. While a review of clinical trials found no meaningful differences in terms of immunogenicity between biosimilars and reference products, it did note discrepancies in how the agents were evaluated.
 

What DMARDs Are Most Suitable for TDM?

Petri said TDM would be useful for monitoring patients on mycophenolate mofetil. “A trough level can at least tell us if a patient is taking it,” she said. “Tacrolimus, used for lupus nephritis, has well-accepted peak and trough trends due to widespread use in transplant.”

Drugs with a wide variability in pharmacokinetics may also be suitable for TDM, Balevic said. That would include hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine, mycophenolate, or even cyclophosphamide. Drugs that have a narrow therapeutic index, such as tacrolimus, cyclosporine, or again, cyclophosphamide, might also be amenable to TDM, he said.
 

Why Do TDM?

“The two main reasons why somebody would go on to detect drug levels: The first may be to assess medication adherence, and this applies virtually to any drug that rheumatologists use; the second reason is to optimize dozing, either for efficacy purposes or to prevent toxicity,” Balevic said.

“When it comes to optimizing dosing, you should really think about TDM as one tool in our toolbelt,” he said.

Dose is “just a surrogate,” he said. “When we prescribe a drug, what truly matters is the amount of active unbound drug at the site of action. That’s what’s responsible for a drug’s pharmacologic effect.”

However, the same dose, or even the same weight-based dose, does not necessarily mean similar patients will achieve the same amount of exposure to the drug, but TDM can help determine that, he said.
 

What’s Next

Studies into the use of TDM in rheumatology are ongoing. Brun said her group is currently conducting a cost-effective analysis from the NOR-DRUM trials.

“There’s going to be more studies coming out in the next few years, looking at what impact the use of therapeutic drug monitoring might have on outcomes,” Wallace said.

“As we accumulate more and more evidence, we might see organizations like ACR and EULAR start to weigh in more on whether or not therapeutic drug monitoring can or should be used.”

Petri, Brun, and Garg had no relevant disclosures. Wallace disclosed financial relationships with Amgen, Alexion, BioCryst, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Medpace, Novartis, Sanofi, Viela Bio, Visterra, Xencor, and Zenas. Balevic disclosed relationships with the National Institutes of Health, the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance, and UCB.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors had a marginally superior effect on pain relief when compared with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), particularly when used as monotherapy and in those previously treated with at least two biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), but their pain reduction effects were similar to those of non–TNF inhibitor biologic DMARDs.

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers aimed to compare the effect of JAK inhibitors and each class of biologic DMARDs such as TNF inhibitors, rituximab, abatacept, and interleukin (IL)-6 inhibitors on pain in patients with RA in clinical practice.
• They included 8430 patients with RA who were initiated on either a JAK inhibitor (n = 1827), TNF inhibitor (n = 6422), IL-6 inhibitor (n = 887), abatacept (n = 1102), or rituximab (n = 1149) in 2017-2019.
• Differences in the change in pain, assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS; 0-100 mm), from baseline to 3 months were compared between the treatment arms.
• The proportion of patients who continued their initial treatment with low pain levels (VAS pain, < 20 mm) at 12 months was also evaluated.
• The comparisons of treatment responses between JAK inhibitors and biologic DMARDs were analyzed using multivariate linear regression, adjusted for patient characteristics, comorbidities, current co-medication, and previous treatment.

TAKEAWAY:

• Pain scores improved from baseline to 3 months in all the treatment arms, with mean changes ranging from −20.1 mm (95% CI, −23.1 to −17.2) for IL-6 inhibitors to −16.6 mm (95% CI, −19.1 to −14.0) for rituximab.
• At 3 months, JAK inhibitors reduced pain scores by 4.0 mm (95% CI, 1.7-6.3) more than TNF inhibitors and by 3.9 mm (95% CI, 0.9-6.9) more than rituximab; however, the change in pain was not significantly different on comparing JAK inhibitors with abatacept or IL-6 inhibitors.
• The superior pain-reducing effects of JAK inhibitors over those of TNF inhibitors were more prominent in those who were previously treated with at least two biologic DMARDs and when the treatments were used as monotherapy.
• At 12 months, 19.5% of the patients receiving JAK inhibitors continued their treatment and achieved low pain levels, with the corresponding proportions ranging from 17% to 26% for biologic DMARDs; JAK inhibitors were more effective in reducing pain than TNF inhibitors, although the difference was not statistically significant.

IN PRACTICE:

“JAK inhibitors yield slightly better pain outcomes than TNF inhibitors. The magnitude of these effects is unlikely to be clinically meaningful in unselected groups of patients with RA,” experts from Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, wrote in an accompanying editorial. “Specific subgroups, such as those who have tried at least two DMARDs, may experience greater effects,” they added.

SOURCE:

The study was led by Anna Eberhard, MD, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. It was published online on September 22, 2024, in Arthritis & Rheumatology.

LIMITATIONS:

The study had a significant amount of missing data, particularly for follow-up evaluations, which may have introduced bias. The majority of patients were treated using baricitinib, potentially limiting the generalizability to other JAK inhibitors. Residual confounding could not be excluded despite adjustments for multiple relevant patient characteristics.

DISCLOSURES:

This study was supported by grants from The Swedish Research Council, The Swedish Rheumatism Association, and Lund University. Some authors declared receiving consulting fees, payments or honoraria, or grants or having other ties with pharmaceutical companies and other sources.
 

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors had a marginally superior effect on pain relief when compared with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), particularly when used as monotherapy and in those previously treated with at least two biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), but their pain reduction effects were similar to those of non–TNF inhibitor biologic DMARDs.

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers aimed to compare the effect of JAK inhibitors and each class of biologic DMARDs such as TNF inhibitors, rituximab, abatacept, and interleukin (IL)-6 inhibitors on pain in patients with RA in clinical practice.
• They included 8430 patients with RA who were initiated on either a JAK inhibitor (n = 1827), TNF inhibitor (n = 6422), IL-6 inhibitor (n = 887), abatacept (n = 1102), or rituximab (n = 1149) in 2017-2019.
• Differences in the change in pain, assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS; 0-100 mm), from baseline to 3 months were compared between the treatment arms.
• The proportion of patients who continued their initial treatment with low pain levels (VAS pain, < 20 mm) at 12 months was also evaluated.
• The comparisons of treatment responses between JAK inhibitors and biologic DMARDs were analyzed using multivariate linear regression, adjusted for patient characteristics, comorbidities, current co-medication, and previous treatment.

TAKEAWAY:

• Pain scores improved from baseline to 3 months in all the treatment arms, with mean changes ranging from −20.1 mm (95% CI, −23.1 to −17.2) for IL-6 inhibitors to −16.6 mm (95% CI, −19.1 to −14.0) for rituximab.
• At 3 months, JAK inhibitors reduced pain scores by 4.0 mm (95% CI, 1.7-6.3) more than TNF inhibitors and by 3.9 mm (95% CI, 0.9-6.9) more than rituximab; however, the change in pain was not significantly different on comparing JAK inhibitors with abatacept or IL-6 inhibitors.
• The superior pain-reducing effects of JAK inhibitors over those of TNF inhibitors were more prominent in those who were previously treated with at least two biologic DMARDs and when the treatments were used as monotherapy.
• At 12 months, 19.5% of the patients receiving JAK inhibitors continued their treatment and achieved low pain levels, with the corresponding proportions ranging from 17% to 26% for biologic DMARDs; JAK inhibitors were more effective in reducing pain than TNF inhibitors, although the difference was not statistically significant.

IN PRACTICE:

“JAK inhibitors yield slightly better pain outcomes than TNF inhibitors. The magnitude of these effects is unlikely to be clinically meaningful in unselected groups of patients with RA,” experts from Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, wrote in an accompanying editorial. “Specific subgroups, such as those who have tried at least two DMARDs, may experience greater effects,” they added.

SOURCE:

The study was led by Anna Eberhard, MD, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. It was published online on September 22, 2024, in Arthritis & Rheumatology.

LIMITATIONS:

The study had a significant amount of missing data, particularly for follow-up evaluations, which may have introduced bias. The majority of patients were treated using baricitinib, potentially limiting the generalizability to other JAK inhibitors. Residual confounding could not be excluded despite adjustments for multiple relevant patient characteristics.

DISCLOSURES:

This study was supported by grants from The Swedish Research Council, The Swedish Rheumatism Association, and Lund University. Some authors declared receiving consulting fees, payments or honoraria, or grants or having other ties with pharmaceutical companies and other sources.
 

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors had a marginally superior effect on pain relief when compared with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), particularly when used as monotherapy and in those previously treated with at least two biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), but their pain reduction effects were similar to those of non–TNF inhibitor biologic DMARDs.

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers aimed to compare the effect of JAK inhibitors and each class of biologic DMARDs such as TNF inhibitors, rituximab, abatacept, and interleukin (IL)-6 inhibitors on pain in patients with RA in clinical practice.
• They included 8430 patients with RA who were initiated on either a JAK inhibitor (n = 1827), TNF inhibitor (n = 6422), IL-6 inhibitor (n = 887), abatacept (n = 1102), or rituximab (n = 1149) in 2017-2019.
• Differences in the change in pain, assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS; 0-100 mm), from baseline to 3 months were compared between the treatment arms.
• The proportion of patients who continued their initial treatment with low pain levels (VAS pain, < 20 mm) at 12 months was also evaluated.
• The comparisons of treatment responses between JAK inhibitors and biologic DMARDs were analyzed using multivariate linear regression, adjusted for patient characteristics, comorbidities, current co-medication, and previous treatment.

TAKEAWAY:

• Pain scores improved from baseline to 3 months in all the treatment arms, with mean changes ranging from −20.1 mm (95% CI, −23.1 to −17.2) for IL-6 inhibitors to −16.6 mm (95% CI, −19.1 to −14.0) for rituximab.
• At 3 months, JAK inhibitors reduced pain scores by 4.0 mm (95% CI, 1.7-6.3) more than TNF inhibitors and by 3.9 mm (95% CI, 0.9-6.9) more than rituximab; however, the change in pain was not significantly different on comparing JAK inhibitors with abatacept or IL-6 inhibitors.
• The superior pain-reducing effects of JAK inhibitors over those of TNF inhibitors were more prominent in those who were previously treated with at least two biologic DMARDs and when the treatments were used as monotherapy.
• At 12 months, 19.5% of the patients receiving JAK inhibitors continued their treatment and achieved low pain levels, with the corresponding proportions ranging from 17% to 26% for biologic DMARDs; JAK inhibitors were more effective in reducing pain than TNF inhibitors, although the difference was not statistically significant.

IN PRACTICE:

“JAK inhibitors yield slightly better pain outcomes than TNF inhibitors. The magnitude of these effects is unlikely to be clinically meaningful in unselected groups of patients with RA,” experts from Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, wrote in an accompanying editorial. “Specific subgroups, such as those who have tried at least two DMARDs, may experience greater effects,” they added.

SOURCE:

The study was led by Anna Eberhard, MD, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. It was published online on September 22, 2024, in Arthritis & Rheumatology.

LIMITATIONS:

The study had a significant amount of missing data, particularly for follow-up evaluations, which may have introduced bias. The majority of patients were treated using baricitinib, potentially limiting the generalizability to other JAK inhibitors. Residual confounding could not be excluded despite adjustments for multiple relevant patient characteristics.

DISCLOSURES:

This study was supported by grants from The Swedish Research Council, The Swedish Rheumatism Association, and Lund University. Some authors declared receiving consulting fees, payments or honoraria, or grants or having other ties with pharmaceutical companies and other sources.
 

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) who exhibit abnormal small bowel transit are more likely to be men, experience more severe cardiac involvement, have a higher mortality risk, and show fewer sicca symptoms.

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers enrolled 130 patients with SSc having gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms (mean age at symptom onset, 56.8 years; 90% women; 81% White) seen at the Johns Hopkins Scleroderma Center, Baltimore, from October 2014 to May 2022.
• Clinical data and serum samples were longitudinally collected from all actively followed patients at the time of enrollment and every 6 months thereafter (median disease duration, 8.4 years).
• Participants underwent whole gut transit scintigraphy for the assessment of small bowel motility.
• A cross-sectional analysis compared the clinical features of patients with (n = 22; mean age at symptom onset, 61.4 years) and without (n = 108; mean age at symptom onset, 55.8 years) abnormal small bowel transit.

TAKEAWAY:

• Men with SSc (odds ratio [OR], 3.70; P = .038) and those with severe cardiac involvement (OR, 3.98; P = .035) were more likely to have abnormal small bowel transit.
• Sicca symptoms were negatively associated with abnormal small bowel transit in patients with SSc (adjusted OR, 0.28; P = .043).
• Patients with abnormal small bowel transit reported significantly worse  (P = .028) and social functioning (P = .015) than those having a normal transit.
• A multivariate analysis showed that patients with abnormal small bowel transit had higher mortality than those with a normal transit (adjusted hazard ratio, 5.03; P = .005).

IN PRACTICE:

“Our findings improve our understanding of risk factors associated with abnormal small bowel transit in SSc patients and shed light on the lived experience of patients with this GI [gastrointestinal] complication,” the authors wrote. “Overall, these findings are important for patient risk stratification and monitoring and will help to identify a more homogeneous group of patients for future clinical and translational studies,” they added.

SOURCE:

The study was led by Jenice X. Cheah, MD, University of California, Los Angeles. It was published online on October 7, 2024, in Rheumatology.

LIMITATIONS:

The study may be subject to referral bias as it was conducted at a tertiary referral center, potentially including patients with a more severe disease status. Furthermore, this study was retrospective in nature, and whole gut transit studies were not conducted in all the patients seen at the referral center. Additionally, the cross-sectional design limited the ability to establish causality between the clinical features and abnormal small bowel transit.

DISCLOSURES:

The study was supported by grants from the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.
 

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) who exhibit abnormal small bowel transit are more likely to be men, experience more severe cardiac involvement, have a higher mortality risk, and show fewer sicca symptoms.

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers enrolled 130 patients with SSc having gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms (mean age at symptom onset, 56.8 years; 90% women; 81% White) seen at the Johns Hopkins Scleroderma Center, Baltimore, from October 2014 to May 2022.
• Clinical data and serum samples were longitudinally collected from all actively followed patients at the time of enrollment and every 6 months thereafter (median disease duration, 8.4 years).
• Participants underwent whole gut transit scintigraphy for the assessment of small bowel motility.
• A cross-sectional analysis compared the clinical features of patients with (n = 22; mean age at symptom onset, 61.4 years) and without (n = 108; mean age at symptom onset, 55.8 years) abnormal small bowel transit.

TAKEAWAY:

• Men with SSc (odds ratio [OR], 3.70; P = .038) and those with severe cardiac involvement (OR, 3.98; P = .035) were more likely to have abnormal small bowel transit.
• Sicca symptoms were negatively associated with abnormal small bowel transit in patients with SSc (adjusted OR, 0.28; P = .043).
• Patients with abnormal small bowel transit reported significantly worse  (P = .028) and social functioning (P = .015) than those having a normal transit.
• A multivariate analysis showed that patients with abnormal small bowel transit had higher mortality than those with a normal transit (adjusted hazard ratio, 5.03; P = .005).

IN PRACTICE:

“Our findings improve our understanding of risk factors associated with abnormal small bowel transit in SSc patients and shed light on the lived experience of patients with this GI [gastrointestinal] complication,” the authors wrote. “Overall, these findings are important for patient risk stratification and monitoring and will help to identify a more homogeneous group of patients for future clinical and translational studies,” they added.

SOURCE:

The study was led by Jenice X. Cheah, MD, University of California, Los Angeles. It was published online on October 7, 2024, in Rheumatology.

LIMITATIONS:

The study may be subject to referral bias as it was conducted at a tertiary referral center, potentially including patients with a more severe disease status. Furthermore, this study was retrospective in nature, and whole gut transit studies were not conducted in all the patients seen at the referral center. Additionally, the cross-sectional design limited the ability to establish causality between the clinical features and abnormal small bowel transit.

DISCLOSURES:

The study was supported by grants from the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.
 

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) who exhibit abnormal small bowel transit are more likely to be men, experience more severe cardiac involvement, have a higher mortality risk, and show fewer sicca symptoms.

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers enrolled 130 patients with SSc having gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms (mean age at symptom onset, 56.8 years; 90% women; 81% White) seen at the Johns Hopkins Scleroderma Center, Baltimore, from October 2014 to May 2022.
• Clinical data and serum samples were longitudinally collected from all actively followed patients at the time of enrollment and every 6 months thereafter (median disease duration, 8.4 years).
• Participants underwent whole gut transit scintigraphy for the assessment of small bowel motility.
• A cross-sectional analysis compared the clinical features of patients with (n = 22; mean age at symptom onset, 61.4 years) and without (n = 108; mean age at symptom onset, 55.8 years) abnormal small bowel transit.

TAKEAWAY:

• Men with SSc (odds ratio [OR], 3.70; P = .038) and those with severe cardiac involvement (OR, 3.98; P = .035) were more likely to have abnormal small bowel transit.
• Sicca symptoms were negatively associated with abnormal small bowel transit in patients with SSc (adjusted OR, 0.28; P = .043).
• Patients with abnormal small bowel transit reported significantly worse  (P = .028) and social functioning (P = .015) than those having a normal transit.
• A multivariate analysis showed that patients with abnormal small bowel transit had higher mortality than those with a normal transit (adjusted hazard ratio, 5.03; P = .005).

IN PRACTICE:

“Our findings improve our understanding of risk factors associated with abnormal small bowel transit in SSc patients and shed light on the lived experience of patients with this GI [gastrointestinal] complication,” the authors wrote. “Overall, these findings are important for patient risk stratification and monitoring and will help to identify a more homogeneous group of patients for future clinical and translational studies,” they added.

SOURCE:

The study was led by Jenice X. Cheah, MD, University of California, Los Angeles. It was published online on October 7, 2024, in Rheumatology.

LIMITATIONS:

The study may be subject to referral bias as it was conducted at a tertiary referral center, potentially including patients with a more severe disease status. Furthermore, this study was retrospective in nature, and whole gut transit studies were not conducted in all the patients seen at the referral center. Additionally, the cross-sectional design limited the ability to establish causality between the clinical features and abnormal small bowel transit.

DISCLOSURES:

The study was supported by grants from the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.
 

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Diagnostic errors are common in hospitals and are largely preventable, according to a new observational study led by Anuj K. Dalal, MD, from the Division of General Internal Medicine at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School in Boston, published in BMJ Quality & Safety.

Dalal and his colleagues found that 1 in 14 general medicine patients (7%) suffer harm due to diagnostic errors, and up to 85% of these cases could be prevented.
 

Few Studies on Diagnostic Errors

The study found that adverse event surveillance in hospital underestimated the prevalence of harmful diagnostic errors.

“It is difficult to quantify and characterize diagnostic errors, which have been studied less than medication errors,” Micaela La Regina, MD, an internist and head of the Clinical Governance and Risk Management Unit at ASL 5 in La Spezia, Italy, told Univadis Italy. “Generally, it is estimated that around 50% of diagnostic errors are preventable, but the authors of this study went beyond simply observing the hospital admission period and followed their sample for 90 days after discharge. Their findings will need to be verified in other studies, but they seem convincing.”

The researchers in Boston selected a random sample of 675 hospital patients from a total of 9147 eligible cases who received general medical care between July 2019 and September 2021, excluding the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic (April-December 2020). They retrospectively reviewed the patients’ electronic health records using a structured method to evaluate the diagnostic process for potential errors and then estimated the impact and severity of any harm.

Cases sampled were those featuring transfer to intensive care more than 24 hours after admission (100% of 130 cases), death within 90 days of hospital admission or after discharge (38.5% of 141 cases), complex clinical problems without transfer to intensive care or death within 90 days of admission (7% of 298 cases), and 2.4% of 106 cases without high-risk criteria.

Each case was reviewed by two experts trained in the use of diagnostic error evaluation and research taxonomy, modified for acute care. Harm was classified as mild, moderate, severe, or fatal. The review assessed whether diagnostic error contributed to the harm and whether it was preventable. Cases with discrepancies or uncertainties regarding the diagnostic error or its impact were further examined by an expert panel.
 

Most Frequent Situations

Among all the cases examined, diagnostic errors were identified in 160 instances in 154 patients. The most frequent situations with diagnostic errors involved transfer to intensive care (54 cases), death within 90 days (34 cases), and complex clinical problems (52 cases). Diagnostic errors causing harm were found in 84 cases (82 patients), of which 37 (28.5%) occurred in those transferred to intensive care; 18 (13%) among patients who died within 90 days; 23 (8%) among patients with complex clinical issues; and 6 (6%) in low-risk cases.

The severity of harm was categorized as minor in 5 cases (6%), moderate in 36 (43%), major in 25 (30%), and fatal in 18 cases (21.5%). Overall, the researchers estimated that the proportion of harmful, preventable diagnostic errors with serious harm in general medicine patients was slightly more than 7%, 6%, and 1%, respectively.
 

Most Frequent Diagnoses

The most common diagnoses associated with diagnostic errors in the study included heart failure, acute kidney injury, sepsis, pneumonia, respiratory failure, altered mental state, abdominal pain, and hypoxemia. Dalal and colleagues emphasize the need for more attention to diagnostic error analysis, including the adoption of artificial intelligence–based tools for medical record screening.

“The technological approach, with alert-based systems, can certainly be helpful, but more attention must also be paid to continuous training and the well-being of healthcare workers. It is also crucial to encourage greater listening to caregivers and patients,” said La Regina. She noted that in the past, a focus on error prevention has often led to an increased workload and administrative burden on healthcare workers. However, the well-being of healthcare workers is key to ensuring patient safety.

“Countermeasures to reduce diagnostic errors require a multimodal approach, targeting professionals, the healthcare system, and organizational aspects, because even waiting lists are a critical factor,” she said. As a clinical risk expert, she recently proposed an adaptation of the value-based medicine formula in the International Journal for Quality in Health Care to include healthcare professionals’ care experience as one of the elements that contribute to determining high-value healthcare interventions. “Experiments are already underway to reimburse healthcare costs based on this formula, which also allows the assessment of the value of skills and expertise acquired by healthcare workers,” concluded La Regina.
 

This story was translated from Univadis Italy using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Diagnostic errors are common in hospitals and are largely preventable, according to a new observational study led by Anuj K. Dalal, MD, from the Division of General Internal Medicine at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School in Boston, published in BMJ Quality & Safety.

Dalal and his colleagues found that 1 in 14 general medicine patients (7%) suffer harm due to diagnostic errors, and up to 85% of these cases could be prevented.
 

Few Studies on Diagnostic Errors

The study found that adverse event surveillance in hospital underestimated the prevalence of harmful diagnostic errors.

“It is difficult to quantify and characterize diagnostic errors, which have been studied less than medication errors,” Micaela La Regina, MD, an internist and head of the Clinical Governance and Risk Management Unit at ASL 5 in La Spezia, Italy, told Univadis Italy. “Generally, it is estimated that around 50% of diagnostic errors are preventable, but the authors of this study went beyond simply observing the hospital admission period and followed their sample for 90 days after discharge. Their findings will need to be verified in other studies, but they seem convincing.”

The researchers in Boston selected a random sample of 675 hospital patients from a total of 9147 eligible cases who received general medical care between July 2019 and September 2021, excluding the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic (April-December 2020). They retrospectively reviewed the patients’ electronic health records using a structured method to evaluate the diagnostic process for potential errors and then estimated the impact and severity of any harm.

Cases sampled were those featuring transfer to intensive care more than 24 hours after admission (100% of 130 cases), death within 90 days of hospital admission or after discharge (38.5% of 141 cases), complex clinical problems without transfer to intensive care or death within 90 days of admission (7% of 298 cases), and 2.4% of 106 cases without high-risk criteria.

Each case was reviewed by two experts trained in the use of diagnostic error evaluation and research taxonomy, modified for acute care. Harm was classified as mild, moderate, severe, or fatal. The review assessed whether diagnostic error contributed to the harm and whether it was preventable. Cases with discrepancies or uncertainties regarding the diagnostic error or its impact were further examined by an expert panel.
 

Most Frequent Situations

Among all the cases examined, diagnostic errors were identified in 160 instances in 154 patients. The most frequent situations with diagnostic errors involved transfer to intensive care (54 cases), death within 90 days (34 cases), and complex clinical problems (52 cases). Diagnostic errors causing harm were found in 84 cases (82 patients), of which 37 (28.5%) occurred in those transferred to intensive care; 18 (13%) among patients who died within 90 days; 23 (8%) among patients with complex clinical issues; and 6 (6%) in low-risk cases.

The severity of harm was categorized as minor in 5 cases (6%), moderate in 36 (43%), major in 25 (30%), and fatal in 18 cases (21.5%). Overall, the researchers estimated that the proportion of harmful, preventable diagnostic errors with serious harm in general medicine patients was slightly more than 7%, 6%, and 1%, respectively.
 

Most Frequent Diagnoses

The most common diagnoses associated with diagnostic errors in the study included heart failure, acute kidney injury, sepsis, pneumonia, respiratory failure, altered mental state, abdominal pain, and hypoxemia. Dalal and colleagues emphasize the need for more attention to diagnostic error analysis, including the adoption of artificial intelligence–based tools for medical record screening.

“The technological approach, with alert-based systems, can certainly be helpful, but more attention must also be paid to continuous training and the well-being of healthcare workers. It is also crucial to encourage greater listening to caregivers and patients,” said La Regina. She noted that in the past, a focus on error prevention has often led to an increased workload and administrative burden on healthcare workers. However, the well-being of healthcare workers is key to ensuring patient safety.

“Countermeasures to reduce diagnostic errors require a multimodal approach, targeting professionals, the healthcare system, and organizational aspects, because even waiting lists are a critical factor,” she said. As a clinical risk expert, she recently proposed an adaptation of the value-based medicine formula in the International Journal for Quality in Health Care to include healthcare professionals’ care experience as one of the elements that contribute to determining high-value healthcare interventions. “Experiments are already underway to reimburse healthcare costs based on this formula, which also allows the assessment of the value of skills and expertise acquired by healthcare workers,” concluded La Regina.
 

This story was translated from Univadis Italy using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Diagnostic errors are common in hospitals and are largely preventable, according to a new observational study led by Anuj K. Dalal, MD, from the Division of General Internal Medicine at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School in Boston, published in BMJ Quality & Safety.

Dalal and his colleagues found that 1 in 14 general medicine patients (7%) suffer harm due to diagnostic errors, and up to 85% of these cases could be prevented.
 

Few Studies on Diagnostic Errors

The study found that adverse event surveillance in hospital underestimated the prevalence of harmful diagnostic errors.

“It is difficult to quantify and characterize diagnostic errors, which have been studied less than medication errors,” Micaela La Regina, MD, an internist and head of the Clinical Governance and Risk Management Unit at ASL 5 in La Spezia, Italy, told Univadis Italy. “Generally, it is estimated that around 50% of diagnostic errors are preventable, but the authors of this study went beyond simply observing the hospital admission period and followed their sample for 90 days after discharge. Their findings will need to be verified in other studies, but they seem convincing.”

The researchers in Boston selected a random sample of 675 hospital patients from a total of 9147 eligible cases who received general medical care between July 2019 and September 2021, excluding the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic (April-December 2020). They retrospectively reviewed the patients’ electronic health records using a structured method to evaluate the diagnostic process for potential errors and then estimated the impact and severity of any harm.

Cases sampled were those featuring transfer to intensive care more than 24 hours after admission (100% of 130 cases), death within 90 days of hospital admission or after discharge (38.5% of 141 cases), complex clinical problems without transfer to intensive care or death within 90 days of admission (7% of 298 cases), and 2.4% of 106 cases without high-risk criteria.

Each case was reviewed by two experts trained in the use of diagnostic error evaluation and research taxonomy, modified for acute care. Harm was classified as mild, moderate, severe, or fatal. The review assessed whether diagnostic error contributed to the harm and whether it was preventable. Cases with discrepancies or uncertainties regarding the diagnostic error or its impact were further examined by an expert panel.
 

Most Frequent Situations

Among all the cases examined, diagnostic errors were identified in 160 instances in 154 patients. The most frequent situations with diagnostic errors involved transfer to intensive care (54 cases), death within 90 days (34 cases), and complex clinical problems (52 cases). Diagnostic errors causing harm were found in 84 cases (82 patients), of which 37 (28.5%) occurred in those transferred to intensive care; 18 (13%) among patients who died within 90 days; 23 (8%) among patients with complex clinical issues; and 6 (6%) in low-risk cases.

The severity of harm was categorized as minor in 5 cases (6%), moderate in 36 (43%), major in 25 (30%), and fatal in 18 cases (21.5%). Overall, the researchers estimated that the proportion of harmful, preventable diagnostic errors with serious harm in general medicine patients was slightly more than 7%, 6%, and 1%, respectively.
 

Most Frequent Diagnoses

The most common diagnoses associated with diagnostic errors in the study included heart failure, acute kidney injury, sepsis, pneumonia, respiratory failure, altered mental state, abdominal pain, and hypoxemia. Dalal and colleagues emphasize the need for more attention to diagnostic error analysis, including the adoption of artificial intelligence–based tools for medical record screening.

“The technological approach, with alert-based systems, can certainly be helpful, but more attention must also be paid to continuous training and the well-being of healthcare workers. It is also crucial to encourage greater listening to caregivers and patients,” said La Regina. She noted that in the past, a focus on error prevention has often led to an increased workload and administrative burden on healthcare workers. However, the well-being of healthcare workers is key to ensuring patient safety.

“Countermeasures to reduce diagnostic errors require a multimodal approach, targeting professionals, the healthcare system, and organizational aspects, because even waiting lists are a critical factor,” she said. As a clinical risk expert, she recently proposed an adaptation of the value-based medicine formula in the International Journal for Quality in Health Care to include healthcare professionals’ care experience as one of the elements that contribute to determining high-value healthcare interventions. “Experiments are already underway to reimburse healthcare costs based on this formula, which also allows the assessment of the value of skills and expertise acquired by healthcare workers,” concluded La Regina.
 

This story was translated from Univadis Italy using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

This transcript has been edited for clarity. 

What do we do if we don’t like patients? We take the Hippocratic Oath as young students in Glasgow. We do that just before our graduation ceremony; we hold our hands up and repeat the Hippocratic Oath: “First, do no harm,” and so on.

What happens if we intensely dislike a patient? Is it possible to offer them the very best care? I was thinking back over a long career. I’ve been a cancer doctor for 40 years and I quite like saying that.

I can only think genuinely over a couple of times in which I’ve acted reflexively when a patient has done something awful. The couple of times it happened, it was just terrible racist comments to junior doctors who were with me. Extraordinarily dreadful things such as, “I don’t want to be touched by ...” or something of that sort.

Without really thinking about it, you react as a normal citizen and say, “That’s absolutely awful. Apologize immediately or leave the consultation room, and never ever come back again.” 

I remember that it happened once in Glasgow and once when I was a young professor in Birmingham, and it’s just an automatic gut reaction. The patient got a fright, and I immediately apologized and groveled around. In that relationship, we hold all the power, don’t we? Rather than being gentle about it, I was genuinely angry because of these ridiculous comments. 

Otherwise, I think most of the doctor-patient relationships are predicated on nonromantic love. I think patients want us to love them as one would a son, mother, father, or daughter, because if we do, then we will do better for them and we’ll pull out all the stops. “Placebo” means “I will please.” I think in the vast majority of cases, at least in our National Health Service (NHS), patients come with trust and a sense of wanting to build that relationship. That may be changing, but not for me. 

What about putting the boot on the other foot? What if the patients don’t like us rather than vice versa? As part of our accreditation appraisal process, from time to time we have to take patient surveys as to whether the patients felt that, after they had been seen in a consultation, they were treated with dignity, the quality of information given was appropriate, and they were treated with kindness. 

It’s an excellent exercise. Without bragging about it, patients objectively, according to these measures, appreciate the service that I give. It’s like getting five-star reviews on Trustpilot, or whatever these things are, that allow you to review car salesmen and so on. I have always had five-star reviews across the board. 

That, again, I thought was just a feature of that relationship, of patients wanting to please. These are patients who had been treated, who were in the outpatient department, who were in the midst of battle. Still, the scores are very high. I speak to my colleagues and that’s not uniformly the case. Patients actually do use these feedback forms, I think in a positive rather than negative way, reflecting back on the way that they were treated.

It has caused some of my colleagues to think quite hard about their personal style and approach to patients. That sense of feedback is important. 

What about losing trust? If that’s at the heart of everything that we do, then what would be an objective measure of losing trust? Again, in our healthcare system, it has been exceedingly unusual for a patient to request a second opinion. Now, that’s changing. The government is trying to change it. Leaders of the NHS are trying to change it so that patients feel assured that they can seek second opinions.

Again, in all the years I’ve been a cancer doctor, it has been incredibly infrequent that somebody has sought a second opinion after I’ve said something. That may be a measure of trust. Again, I’ve lived through an NHS in which seeking second opinions was something of a rarity. 

I’d be really interested to see what you think. In your own sphere of healthcare practice, is it possible for us to look after patients that we don’t like, or should we be honest and say, “I don’t like you. Our relationship has broken down. I want you to be seen by a colleague,” or “I want you to be nursed by somebody else”?

Has that happened? Is that something that you think is common or may become more common? What about when trust breaks down the other way? Can you think of instances in which the relationship, for whatever reason, just didn’t work and the patient had to move on because of that loss of trust and what underpinned it? I’d be really interested to know. 

I seek to be informed rather than the other way around. Can we truly look after patients that we don’t like or can we rise above it as Hippocrates might have done? 

Thanks for listening, as always. For the time being, over and out.

Dr. Kerr, Professor, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, University of Oxford; Professor of Cancer Medicine, Oxford Cancer Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom, disclosed ties with Celleron Therapeutics, Oxford Cancer Biomarkers, Afrox, GlaxoSmithKline, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Genomic Health, Merck Serono, and Roche.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

This transcript has been edited for clarity. 

What do we do if we don’t like patients? We take the Hippocratic Oath as young students in Glasgow. We do that just before our graduation ceremony; we hold our hands up and repeat the Hippocratic Oath: “First, do no harm,” and so on.

What happens if we intensely dislike a patient? Is it possible to offer them the very best care? I was thinking back over a long career. I’ve been a cancer doctor for 40 years and I quite like saying that.

I can only think genuinely over a couple of times in which I’ve acted reflexively when a patient has done something awful. The couple of times it happened, it was just terrible racist comments to junior doctors who were with me. Extraordinarily dreadful things such as, “I don’t want to be touched by ...” or something of that sort.

Without really thinking about it, you react as a normal citizen and say, “That’s absolutely awful. Apologize immediately or leave the consultation room, and never ever come back again.” 

I remember that it happened once in Glasgow and once when I was a young professor in Birmingham, and it’s just an automatic gut reaction. The patient got a fright, and I immediately apologized and groveled around. In that relationship, we hold all the power, don’t we? Rather than being gentle about it, I was genuinely angry because of these ridiculous comments. 

Otherwise, I think most of the doctor-patient relationships are predicated on nonromantic love. I think patients want us to love them as one would a son, mother, father, or daughter, because if we do, then we will do better for them and we’ll pull out all the stops. “Placebo” means “I will please.” I think in the vast majority of cases, at least in our National Health Service (NHS), patients come with trust and a sense of wanting to build that relationship. That may be changing, but not for me. 

What about putting the boot on the other foot? What if the patients don’t like us rather than vice versa? As part of our accreditation appraisal process, from time to time we have to take patient surveys as to whether the patients felt that, after they had been seen in a consultation, they were treated with dignity, the quality of information given was appropriate, and they were treated with kindness. 

It’s an excellent exercise. Without bragging about it, patients objectively, according to these measures, appreciate the service that I give. It’s like getting five-star reviews on Trustpilot, or whatever these things are, that allow you to review car salesmen and so on. I have always had five-star reviews across the board. 

That, again, I thought was just a feature of that relationship, of patients wanting to please. These are patients who had been treated, who were in the outpatient department, who were in the midst of battle. Still, the scores are very high. I speak to my colleagues and that’s not uniformly the case. Patients actually do use these feedback forms, I think in a positive rather than negative way, reflecting back on the way that they were treated.

It has caused some of my colleagues to think quite hard about their personal style and approach to patients. That sense of feedback is important. 

What about losing trust? If that’s at the heart of everything that we do, then what would be an objective measure of losing trust? Again, in our healthcare system, it has been exceedingly unusual for a patient to request a second opinion. Now, that’s changing. The government is trying to change it. Leaders of the NHS are trying to change it so that patients feel assured that they can seek second opinions.

Again, in all the years I’ve been a cancer doctor, it has been incredibly infrequent that somebody has sought a second opinion after I’ve said something. That may be a measure of trust. Again, I’ve lived through an NHS in which seeking second opinions was something of a rarity. 

I’d be really interested to see what you think. In your own sphere of healthcare practice, is it possible for us to look after patients that we don’t like, or should we be honest and say, “I don’t like you. Our relationship has broken down. I want you to be seen by a colleague,” or “I want you to be nursed by somebody else”?

Has that happened? Is that something that you think is common or may become more common? What about when trust breaks down the other way? Can you think of instances in which the relationship, for whatever reason, just didn’t work and the patient had to move on because of that loss of trust and what underpinned it? I’d be really interested to know. 

I seek to be informed rather than the other way around. Can we truly look after patients that we don’t like or can we rise above it as Hippocrates might have done? 

Thanks for listening, as always. For the time being, over and out.

Dr. Kerr, Professor, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, University of Oxford; Professor of Cancer Medicine, Oxford Cancer Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom, disclosed ties with Celleron Therapeutics, Oxford Cancer Biomarkers, Afrox, GlaxoSmithKline, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Genomic Health, Merck Serono, and Roche.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

This transcript has been edited for clarity. 

What do we do if we don’t like patients? We take the Hippocratic Oath as young students in Glasgow. We do that just before our graduation ceremony; we hold our hands up and repeat the Hippocratic Oath: “First, do no harm,” and so on.

What happens if we intensely dislike a patient? Is it possible to offer them the very best care? I was thinking back over a long career. I’ve been a cancer doctor for 40 years and I quite like saying that.

I can only think genuinely over a couple of times in which I’ve acted reflexively when a patient has done something awful. The couple of times it happened, it was just terrible racist comments to junior doctors who were with me. Extraordinarily dreadful things such as, “I don’t want to be touched by ...” or something of that sort.

Without really thinking about it, you react as a normal citizen and say, “That’s absolutely awful. Apologize immediately or leave the consultation room, and never ever come back again.” 

I remember that it happened once in Glasgow and once when I was a young professor in Birmingham, and it’s just an automatic gut reaction. The patient got a fright, and I immediately apologized and groveled around. In that relationship, we hold all the power, don’t we? Rather than being gentle about it, I was genuinely angry because of these ridiculous comments. 

Otherwise, I think most of the doctor-patient relationships are predicated on nonromantic love. I think patients want us to love them as one would a son, mother, father, or daughter, because if we do, then we will do better for them and we’ll pull out all the stops. “Placebo” means “I will please.” I think in the vast majority of cases, at least in our National Health Service (NHS), patients come with trust and a sense of wanting to build that relationship. That may be changing, but not for me. 

What about putting the boot on the other foot? What if the patients don’t like us rather than vice versa? As part of our accreditation appraisal process, from time to time we have to take patient surveys as to whether the patients felt that, after they had been seen in a consultation, they were treated with dignity, the quality of information given was appropriate, and they were treated with kindness. 

It’s an excellent exercise. Without bragging about it, patients objectively, according to these measures, appreciate the service that I give. It’s like getting five-star reviews on Trustpilot, or whatever these things are, that allow you to review car salesmen and so on. I have always had five-star reviews across the board. 

That, again, I thought was just a feature of that relationship, of patients wanting to please. These are patients who had been treated, who were in the outpatient department, who were in the midst of battle. Still, the scores are very high. I speak to my colleagues and that’s not uniformly the case. Patients actually do use these feedback forms, I think in a positive rather than negative way, reflecting back on the way that they were treated.

It has caused some of my colleagues to think quite hard about their personal style and approach to patients. That sense of feedback is important. 

What about losing trust? If that’s at the heart of everything that we do, then what would be an objective measure of losing trust? Again, in our healthcare system, it has been exceedingly unusual for a patient to request a second opinion. Now, that’s changing. The government is trying to change it. Leaders of the NHS are trying to change it so that patients feel assured that they can seek second opinions.

Again, in all the years I’ve been a cancer doctor, it has been incredibly infrequent that somebody has sought a second opinion after I’ve said something. That may be a measure of trust. Again, I’ve lived through an NHS in which seeking second opinions was something of a rarity. 

I’d be really interested to see what you think. In your own sphere of healthcare practice, is it possible for us to look after patients that we don’t like, or should we be honest and say, “I don’t like you. Our relationship has broken down. I want you to be seen by a colleague,” or “I want you to be nursed by somebody else”?

Has that happened? Is that something that you think is common or may become more common? What about when trust breaks down the other way? Can you think of instances in which the relationship, for whatever reason, just didn’t work and the patient had to move on because of that loss of trust and what underpinned it? I’d be really interested to know. 

I seek to be informed rather than the other way around. Can we truly look after patients that we don’t like or can we rise above it as Hippocrates might have done? 

Thanks for listening, as always. For the time being, over and out.

Dr. Kerr, Professor, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, University of Oxford; Professor of Cancer Medicine, Oxford Cancer Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom, disclosed ties with Celleron Therapeutics, Oxford Cancer Biomarkers, Afrox, GlaxoSmithKline, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Genomic Health, Merck Serono, and Roche.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

The Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX), with bone mineral density, predicts the risk for major osteoporotic fractures and hip fractures in patients with cancer, but FRAX without bone mineral density slightly overestimates these risks, a new analysis found.

METHODOLOGY:

• Cancer-specific guidelines recommend using FRAX to assess fracture risk, but its applicability in patients with cancer remains unclear.
• This retrospective cohort study included 9877 patients with cancer (mean age, 67.1 years) and 45,875 matched control individuals without cancer (mean age, 66.2 years). All participants had dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans.
• Researchers collected data on bone mineral density and fractures. The 10-year probabilities of major osteoporotic fractures and hip fractures were calculated using FRAX, and the observed 10-year probabilities of these fractures were compared with FRAX-derived probabilities.
• Compared with individuals without cancer, patients with cancer had a shorter mean follow-up duration (8.5 vs 7.6 years), a slightly higher mean body mass index, and a higher percentage of parental hip fractures (7.0% vs 8.2%); additionally, patients with cancer were more likely to have secondary causes of osteoporosis (10% vs 38.4%) and less likely to receive osteoporosis medication (9.9% vs 4.2%).

TAKEAWAY:

• Compared with individuals without cancer, patients with cancer had a significantly higher incidence rate of major fractures (12.9 vs 14.5 per 1000 person-years) and hip fractures (3.5 vs 4.2 per 1000 person-years).
• FRAX with bone mineral density exhibited excellent calibration for predicting major osteoporotic fractures (slope, 1.03) and hip fractures (0.97) in patients with cancer, regardless of the site of cancer diagnosis. FRAX without bone mineral density, however, underestimated the risk for both major (0.87) and hip fractures (0.72).
• In patients with cancer, FRAX with bone mineral density findings were associated with incident major osteoporotic fractures (hazard ratio [HR] per SD, 1.84) and hip fractures (HR per SD, 3.61).
• When models were adjusted for FRAX with bone mineral density, patients with cancer had an increased risk for both major osteoporotic fractures (HR, 1.17) and hip fractures (HR, 1.30). No difference was found in the risk for fracture between patients with and individuals without cancer when the models were adjusted for FRAX without bone mineral density, even when considering osteoporosis medication use.

IN PRACTICE:

“This retrospective cohort study demonstrates that individuals with cancer are at higher risk of fracture than individuals without cancer and that FRAX, particularly with BMD [bone mineral density], may accurately predict fracture risk in this population. These results, along with the known mortality risk of osteoporotic fractures among cancer survivors, further emphasize the clinical importance of closing the current osteoporosis care gap among cancer survivors,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE:

This study, led by Carrie Ye, MD, MPH, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, was published online in JAMA Oncology.

LIMITATIONS:

This study cohort included a selected group of cancer survivors who were referred for DXA scans and may not represent the general cancer population. The cohort consisted predominantly of women, limiting the generalizability to men with cancer. Given the heterogeneity of the population, the findings may not be applicable to all cancer subgroups. Information on cancer stage or the presence of bone metastases at the time of fracture risk assessment was lacking, which could have affected the findings.

DISCLOSURES:

This study was funded by the CancerCare Manitoba Foundation. Three authors reported having ties with various sources, including two who received grants from various organizations.
 

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.