VIENNA — Ixekizumab (Taltz), an interleukin-17A inhibitor that’s already approved for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis and axial spondyloarthritis in adults appears likely to be granted the same corresponding indications for children, based on initial results from an open-label, phase 3 trial that employed adalimumab as a reference.

With a safety profile comparable with that seen in adult patients, ixekizumab “met the prespecified criterion for success at 16 weeks,” reported Athimalaipet V. Ramanan, MD, PhD, of Bristol Royal Hospital for Children and Translational Health Sciences, Bristol, England.

In this multicenter, randomized, open-label trial called COSPIRIT-JIA, which is still ongoing, investigators enrolled 101 children with active juvenile PsA (JPsA) or enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA), which is akin to spondyloarthritis in adults.

The efficacy and safety data at 16 weeks were presented as a late-breaking abstract at the annual European Congress of Rheumatology. Dr. Ramanan said that the open-label extension to 104 weeks is underway and further follow-up out to 264 weeks is planned.
 

Nearly 90% Achieve ACR30

The trial had an adaptive design in which the first 40 patients without biologics experience were randomized to ixekizumab or adalimumab, stratified by JPsA or ERA diagnosis, and the following 61 patients with either no biologic experience or an inadequate response or intolerance to biologics all received ixekizumab. The drugs were dosed according to weight. Dr. Ramanan explained that a placebo-controlled trial was considered unethical because of the strong evidence of benefit from biologics for JPsA and ERA.

The trial easily met its predefined threshold for success, which required ≥ 80% probability, based on Bayesian analysis, that ≥ 50% of patients would have 30% improvement in American College of Rheumatology response criteria (ACR30) at week 16. ACR30 was achieved in 88.9% of those treated with ixekizumab overall vs 95.0% of those treated with adalimumab, but the trial was not designed as a head-to-head comparison. Rather, adalimumab served as a reference.

When compared for the distinct diseases, the ACR30 rates were also numerically lower for ixekizumab relative to adalimumab for both ERA (88.9% vs 93.8%) and JPsA (88.9% vs 100%), but all of the adalimumab patients were naive to biologics. In comparison, about 75% of patients receiving ixekizumab were biologic-therapy naive.

Response rates to ixekizumab overall were numerically higher for patients without previous biologic experience than for those with experience (90.0% vs 85.7%), and this was also the case for patients with ERA (92.5% vs 78.6%). However, in the JPsA group, biologic-experienced patients had higher numerical response rates to ixekizumab (100% vs 85.0%).

An ACR30 is not a clinical goal that satisfies most patients and clinicians, Dr. Ramanan conceded, but he noted that ACR50 was reached with ixekizumab by 81.5% with ERA and 74.1% with JPsA, and ACR70 was reached by 68.5% and 55.6%, respectively. The highest responses of ACR90 (27.8% and 33.3%) and ACR100 (14.8% and 25.9%) were lower but still substantial in the ERA and JPsA groups, respectively.

Through week 16, 58.0% of those treated with ixekizumab had an adverse event considered treatment-related. Nearly half were of mild severity, and the remainder were moderate. Only 3.7% were considered serious. No patient discontinued study treatment because of an adverse event.

In this study, the presence of at least three active peripheral joints was an inclusion criterion. The median age was about 13 years in the biologic-naive adalimumab and ixekizumab groups and 14 years in the ixekizumab biologic-experienced group. The youngest patient in the study was aged 5 years, and the oldest was aged 18 years. Although about 40% of patients were women in the two biologic-naive subgroups, it was 60% in the biologic-experienced group.

On average, patients in the biologic-naive group were entered about 1 year after diagnosis. In the experienced patients, the average duration of disease at entry was nearly 4 years. About 45% of patients remained on conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs while receiving ixekizumab. The proportion was 35% in the adalimumab reference arm.
 

Ixekizumab Might Fulfill Need for More Options

There are several biologics that have received regulatory approval or are already widely used for the treatment of JPsA or ERA, but more options are needed, according to Dr. Ramanan and the chair of the abstract session in which these data were reported. According to Caroline Ospelt, MD, PhD, a researcher at the Center for Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland, regulatory approval of ixekizumab will depend on sustained efficacy and safety in longer follow-up from the COSPIRIT-JIA trial, but this trial supports continued development.

Despite a novel mechanism of action, “the data so far suggest a level of efficacy similar to that of anti-TNF [anti-tumor necrosis factor] biologics,” said Dr. Ospelt, who, in addition to moderating the late-breaking session, served as Scientific Program Chair of EULAR 2024.

While Dr. Ospelt emphasized that she is a researcher involved in translational rheumatology studies and not a clinician, she said there was consensus within the program committee to select this abstract from other high-quality latebreaker submissions on the basis of its potential clinical significance.

Dr. Ramanan reported financial relationships with AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, SOBI, UCB, and Eli Lilly, which provided funding for this study. Dr. Ospelt reported no potential conflicts of interest.
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

VIENNA — Ixekizumab (Taltz), an interleukin-17A inhibitor that’s already approved for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis and axial spondyloarthritis in adults appears likely to be granted the same corresponding indications for children, based on initial results from an open-label, phase 3 trial that employed adalimumab as a reference.

With a safety profile comparable with that seen in adult patients, ixekizumab “met the prespecified criterion for success at 16 weeks,” reported Athimalaipet V. Ramanan, MD, PhD, of Bristol Royal Hospital for Children and Translational Health Sciences, Bristol, England.

In this multicenter, randomized, open-label trial called COSPIRIT-JIA, which is still ongoing, investigators enrolled 101 children with active juvenile PsA (JPsA) or enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA), which is akin to spondyloarthritis in adults.

The efficacy and safety data at 16 weeks were presented as a late-breaking abstract at the annual European Congress of Rheumatology. Dr. Ramanan said that the open-label extension to 104 weeks is underway and further follow-up out to 264 weeks is planned.
 

Nearly 90% Achieve ACR30

The trial had an adaptive design in which the first 40 patients without biologics experience were randomized to ixekizumab or adalimumab, stratified by JPsA or ERA diagnosis, and the following 61 patients with either no biologic experience or an inadequate response or intolerance to biologics all received ixekizumab. The drugs were dosed according to weight. Dr. Ramanan explained that a placebo-controlled trial was considered unethical because of the strong evidence of benefit from biologics for JPsA and ERA.

The trial easily met its predefined threshold for success, which required ≥ 80% probability, based on Bayesian analysis, that ≥ 50% of patients would have 30% improvement in American College of Rheumatology response criteria (ACR30) at week 16. ACR30 was achieved in 88.9% of those treated with ixekizumab overall vs 95.0% of those treated with adalimumab, but the trial was not designed as a head-to-head comparison. Rather, adalimumab served as a reference.

When compared for the distinct diseases, the ACR30 rates were also numerically lower for ixekizumab relative to adalimumab for both ERA (88.9% vs 93.8%) and JPsA (88.9% vs 100%), but all of the adalimumab patients were naive to biologics. In comparison, about 75% of patients receiving ixekizumab were biologic-therapy naive.

Response rates to ixekizumab overall were numerically higher for patients without previous biologic experience than for those with experience (90.0% vs 85.7%), and this was also the case for patients with ERA (92.5% vs 78.6%). However, in the JPsA group, biologic-experienced patients had higher numerical response rates to ixekizumab (100% vs 85.0%).

An ACR30 is not a clinical goal that satisfies most patients and clinicians, Dr. Ramanan conceded, but he noted that ACR50 was reached with ixekizumab by 81.5% with ERA and 74.1% with JPsA, and ACR70 was reached by 68.5% and 55.6%, respectively. The highest responses of ACR90 (27.8% and 33.3%) and ACR100 (14.8% and 25.9%) were lower but still substantial in the ERA and JPsA groups, respectively.

Through week 16, 58.0% of those treated with ixekizumab had an adverse event considered treatment-related. Nearly half were of mild severity, and the remainder were moderate. Only 3.7% were considered serious. No patient discontinued study treatment because of an adverse event.

In this study, the presence of at least three active peripheral joints was an inclusion criterion. The median age was about 13 years in the biologic-naive adalimumab and ixekizumab groups and 14 years in the ixekizumab biologic-experienced group. The youngest patient in the study was aged 5 years, and the oldest was aged 18 years. Although about 40% of patients were women in the two biologic-naive subgroups, it was 60% in the biologic-experienced group.

On average, patients in the biologic-naive group were entered about 1 year after diagnosis. In the experienced patients, the average duration of disease at entry was nearly 4 years. About 45% of patients remained on conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs while receiving ixekizumab. The proportion was 35% in the adalimumab reference arm.
 

Ixekizumab Might Fulfill Need for More Options

There are several biologics that have received regulatory approval or are already widely used for the treatment of JPsA or ERA, but more options are needed, according to Dr. Ramanan and the chair of the abstract session in which these data were reported. According to Caroline Ospelt, MD, PhD, a researcher at the Center for Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland, regulatory approval of ixekizumab will depend on sustained efficacy and safety in longer follow-up from the COSPIRIT-JIA trial, but this trial supports continued development.

Despite a novel mechanism of action, “the data so far suggest a level of efficacy similar to that of anti-TNF [anti-tumor necrosis factor] biologics,” said Dr. Ospelt, who, in addition to moderating the late-breaking session, served as Scientific Program Chair of EULAR 2024.

While Dr. Ospelt emphasized that she is a researcher involved in translational rheumatology studies and not a clinician, she said there was consensus within the program committee to select this abstract from other high-quality latebreaker submissions on the basis of its potential clinical significance.

Dr. Ramanan reported financial relationships with AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, SOBI, UCB, and Eli Lilly, which provided funding for this study. Dr. Ospelt reported no potential conflicts of interest.
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

VIENNA — Ixekizumab (Taltz), an interleukin-17A inhibitor that’s already approved for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis and axial spondyloarthritis in adults appears likely to be granted the same corresponding indications for children, based on initial results from an open-label, phase 3 trial that employed adalimumab as a reference.

With a safety profile comparable with that seen in adult patients, ixekizumab “met the prespecified criterion for success at 16 weeks,” reported Athimalaipet V. Ramanan, MD, PhD, of Bristol Royal Hospital for Children and Translational Health Sciences, Bristol, England.

In this multicenter, randomized, open-label trial called COSPIRIT-JIA, which is still ongoing, investigators enrolled 101 children with active juvenile PsA (JPsA) or enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA), which is akin to spondyloarthritis in adults.

The efficacy and safety data at 16 weeks were presented as a late-breaking abstract at the annual European Congress of Rheumatology. Dr. Ramanan said that the open-label extension to 104 weeks is underway and further follow-up out to 264 weeks is planned.
 

Nearly 90% Achieve ACR30

The trial had an adaptive design in which the first 40 patients without biologics experience were randomized to ixekizumab or adalimumab, stratified by JPsA or ERA diagnosis, and the following 61 patients with either no biologic experience or an inadequate response or intolerance to biologics all received ixekizumab. The drugs were dosed according to weight. Dr. Ramanan explained that a placebo-controlled trial was considered unethical because of the strong evidence of benefit from biologics for JPsA and ERA.

The trial easily met its predefined threshold for success, which required ≥ 80% probability, based on Bayesian analysis, that ≥ 50% of patients would have 30% improvement in American College of Rheumatology response criteria (ACR30) at week 16. ACR30 was achieved in 88.9% of those treated with ixekizumab overall vs 95.0% of those treated with adalimumab, but the trial was not designed as a head-to-head comparison. Rather, adalimumab served as a reference.

When compared for the distinct diseases, the ACR30 rates were also numerically lower for ixekizumab relative to adalimumab for both ERA (88.9% vs 93.8%) and JPsA (88.9% vs 100%), but all of the adalimumab patients were naive to biologics. In comparison, about 75% of patients receiving ixekizumab were biologic-therapy naive.

Response rates to ixekizumab overall were numerically higher for patients without previous biologic experience than for those with experience (90.0% vs 85.7%), and this was also the case for patients with ERA (92.5% vs 78.6%). However, in the JPsA group, biologic-experienced patients had higher numerical response rates to ixekizumab (100% vs 85.0%).

An ACR30 is not a clinical goal that satisfies most patients and clinicians, Dr. Ramanan conceded, but he noted that ACR50 was reached with ixekizumab by 81.5% with ERA and 74.1% with JPsA, and ACR70 was reached by 68.5% and 55.6%, respectively. The highest responses of ACR90 (27.8% and 33.3%) and ACR100 (14.8% and 25.9%) were lower but still substantial in the ERA and JPsA groups, respectively.

Through week 16, 58.0% of those treated with ixekizumab had an adverse event considered treatment-related. Nearly half were of mild severity, and the remainder were moderate. Only 3.7% were considered serious. No patient discontinued study treatment because of an adverse event.

In this study, the presence of at least three active peripheral joints was an inclusion criterion. The median age was about 13 years in the biologic-naive adalimumab and ixekizumab groups and 14 years in the ixekizumab biologic-experienced group. The youngest patient in the study was aged 5 years, and the oldest was aged 18 years. Although about 40% of patients were women in the two biologic-naive subgroups, it was 60% in the biologic-experienced group.

On average, patients in the biologic-naive group were entered about 1 year after diagnosis. In the experienced patients, the average duration of disease at entry was nearly 4 years. About 45% of patients remained on conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs while receiving ixekizumab. The proportion was 35% in the adalimumab reference arm.
 

Ixekizumab Might Fulfill Need for More Options

There are several biologics that have received regulatory approval or are already widely used for the treatment of JPsA or ERA, but more options are needed, according to Dr. Ramanan and the chair of the abstract session in which these data were reported. According to Caroline Ospelt, MD, PhD, a researcher at the Center for Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland, regulatory approval of ixekizumab will depend on sustained efficacy and safety in longer follow-up from the COSPIRIT-JIA trial, but this trial supports continued development.

Despite a novel mechanism of action, “the data so far suggest a level of efficacy similar to that of anti-TNF [anti-tumor necrosis factor] biologics,” said Dr. Ospelt, who, in addition to moderating the late-breaking session, served as Scientific Program Chair of EULAR 2024.

While Dr. Ospelt emphasized that she is a researcher involved in translational rheumatology studies and not a clinician, she said there was consensus within the program committee to select this abstract from other high-quality latebreaker submissions on the basis of its potential clinical significance.

Dr. Ramanan reported financial relationships with AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, SOBI, UCB, and Eli Lilly, which provided funding for this study. Dr. Ospelt reported no potential conflicts of interest.
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

ORLANDO, FLA. — The diabetes and weight loss drug tirzepatide (Mounjaro for type 2 diabetes; Zepbound for obesity) was so effective at reducing sleep disruptions in patients with obesity and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) that 40%-50% no longer needed to use a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device, according to two new studies.

Tirzepatide, a long-acting glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonist and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, also lowered C-reactive protein levels and systolic blood pressure. And patients taking the medication lost 18%-20% of their body weight. 

The SURMOUNT-OSA studies “mark a significant milestone in the treatment of OSA, offering a promising new therapeutic option that addresses both respiratory and metabolic complications,” said lead author Atul Malhotra, MD, professor of medicine at the University of California, San Diego, and director of sleep medicine at UC San Diego Health. 

The two double-blind, randomized, controlled trials in patients with obesity and moderate to severe OSA were conducted at 60 sites in nine countries. The results were presented at the American Diabetes Association (ADA) 84th Scientific Sessions and simultaneously published online in the New England Journal of Medicine.

OSA affects 1 billion people worldwide and 30 million American adults, many of whom are undiagnosed. Obesity is a common risk factor. According to the ADA, 40% of those with obesity have OSA and 70% of those with OSA have obesity. 

CPAP is an effective and the most-used intervention for OSA, but many patients refuse to use the device, stop using it, or cannot use it. Should tirzepatide eventually gain Food and Drug Administration approval for OSA, it would be the first drug approved for the condition.

“This new drug treatment offers a more accessible alternative for individuals who cannot tolerate or adhere to existing therapies,” said Dr. Malhotra.
 

Huge Reduction in Episodes, Severity

For the two studies, patients were enrolled who had moderate to severe OSA, defined as more than 15 events per hour (using the apnea-hypopnea index [AHI]) and a body mass index of 30 kg/m² or greater. Those not using a CPAP device were enrolled in study 1, and those using a CPAP device were enrolled in study 2. 

Participants received either the maximum tolerated dose of tirzepatide (10 or 15 mg by once-weekly injection) or placebo for 1 year. In study 1, 114 individuals received tirzepatide and 120 received placebo. For study 2, 119 patients received tirzepatide and 114 received placebo. All participants received regular lifestyle counseling sessions about nutrition and were instructed to reduce food intake by 500 kcal/day and to engage in at least 150 min/week of physical activity.

Enrollment was limited to 70% men to ensure adequate representation of women.

At baseline, 65%-70% of participants had severe OSA, with more than 30 events/hour on the AHI scale and a mean of 51.5 events/hour.

By 1 year, patients taking tirzepatide had 27-30 fewer events/hour, compared with 4-6 fewer events/hour for those taking placebo.

Up to half of those who received tirzepatide in both trials had less than 5 events/hour or 5-14 AHI events/hour and an Epworth Sleepiness Scale score of 10 or less. Those thresholds “represent a level at which CPAP therapy may not be recommended,” wrote the authors.

Patients in the tirzepatide group also had a decrease in systolic blood pressure from baseline of 9.7 mm Hg in study 1 and 7.6 mm Hg in study 2 at week 48.

The most common adverse events were diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting, which occurred in approximately a quarter of patients taking tirzepatide. There were two adjudicated-confirmed cases of acute pancreatitis in those taking tirzepatide in study 2. 

Patients who received tirzepatide also reported fewer daytime and nighttime disturbances, as measured using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Short Form scale for Sleep-Related Impairment and Sleep Disturbance.
 

Tirzepatide Plus CPAP Are Best

Writing in an accompanying editorial, Sanjay R. Patel, MD, noted that, although clinical guidelines have recommended that weight loss strategies be incorporated as part of OSA treatment, “the integration of obesity management into the approaches to care for obstructive sleep apnea has lagged.”

As many as half of patients abandon CPAP therapy within 3 years, wrote Dr. Patel, who is professor of medicine and epidemiology at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and medical director of the UPMC Comprehensive Sleep Disorders program. “An effective medication to treat obesity is thus an obvious avenue to pursue.”

Dr. Patel noted the large reductions in the number of events on the AHI scale. He wrote that the improvement in systolic blood pressure “was substantially larger than effects seen with CPAP therapy alone and indicate that tirzepatide may be an attractive option for those patients who seek to reduce their cardiovascular risk.”

Dr. Patel raised concerns about whether patients outside of a trial would stick with therapy, noting studies have shown high rates of discontinuation of GLP-1 receptor agonists.

And, he wrote, “racial disparities in the use of GLP-1 receptor agonists among patients with diabetes arouse concern that the addition of tirzepatide as a treatment option for obstructive sleep apnea without directly addressing policies relative to coverage of care will only further exacerbate already pervasive disparities in clinical care for obstructive sleep apnea.”

Commenting on the study during the presentation of the results, Louis Aronne, MD, said he believes the trials demonstrate “the treatment of obesity with tirzepatide plus CPAP is really the optimal treatment for obstructive sleep apnea and obesity-related cardiometabolic risks.” Dr. Aronne is the Sanford I. Weill professor of metabolic research at Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City.

Dr. Aronne added there is still much to learn. It is still not clear whether tirzepatide had an independent effect in the OSA trial — as has been seen in other studies where the drug clearly reduced cardiovascular risk — or whether the positive results were primarily caused by weight loss.

“I believe that over time we’ll see that this particular effect in sleep apnea is related to weight,” he said. 

The study was supported by Eli Lilly. Dr. Malhotra has reported being a paid consultant for Lilly and ZOLL Medical and a cofounder of Healcisio. 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
 

ORLANDO, FLA. — The diabetes and weight loss drug tirzepatide (Mounjaro for type 2 diabetes; Zepbound for obesity) was so effective at reducing sleep disruptions in patients with obesity and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) that 40%-50% no longer needed to use a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device, according to two new studies.

Tirzepatide, a long-acting glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonist and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, also lowered C-reactive protein levels and systolic blood pressure. And patients taking the medication lost 18%-20% of their body weight. 

The SURMOUNT-OSA studies “mark a significant milestone in the treatment of OSA, offering a promising new therapeutic option that addresses both respiratory and metabolic complications,” said lead author Atul Malhotra, MD, professor of medicine at the University of California, San Diego, and director of sleep medicine at UC San Diego Health. 

The two double-blind, randomized, controlled trials in patients with obesity and moderate to severe OSA were conducted at 60 sites in nine countries. The results were presented at the American Diabetes Association (ADA) 84th Scientific Sessions and simultaneously published online in the New England Journal of Medicine.

OSA affects 1 billion people worldwide and 30 million American adults, many of whom are undiagnosed. Obesity is a common risk factor. According to the ADA, 40% of those with obesity have OSA and 70% of those with OSA have obesity. 

CPAP is an effective and the most-used intervention for OSA, but many patients refuse to use the device, stop using it, or cannot use it. Should tirzepatide eventually gain Food and Drug Administration approval for OSA, it would be the first drug approved for the condition.

“This new drug treatment offers a more accessible alternative for individuals who cannot tolerate or adhere to existing therapies,” said Dr. Malhotra.
 

Huge Reduction in Episodes, Severity

For the two studies, patients were enrolled who had moderate to severe OSA, defined as more than 15 events per hour (using the apnea-hypopnea index [AHI]) and a body mass index of 30 kg/m² or greater. Those not using a CPAP device were enrolled in study 1, and those using a CPAP device were enrolled in study 2. 

Participants received either the maximum tolerated dose of tirzepatide (10 or 15 mg by once-weekly injection) or placebo for 1 year. In study 1, 114 individuals received tirzepatide and 120 received placebo. For study 2, 119 patients received tirzepatide and 114 received placebo. All participants received regular lifestyle counseling sessions about nutrition and were instructed to reduce food intake by 500 kcal/day and to engage in at least 150 min/week of physical activity.

Enrollment was limited to 70% men to ensure adequate representation of women.

At baseline, 65%-70% of participants had severe OSA, with more than 30 events/hour on the AHI scale and a mean of 51.5 events/hour.

By 1 year, patients taking tirzepatide had 27-30 fewer events/hour, compared with 4-6 fewer events/hour for those taking placebo.

Up to half of those who received tirzepatide in both trials had less than 5 events/hour or 5-14 AHI events/hour and an Epworth Sleepiness Scale score of 10 or less. Those thresholds “represent a level at which CPAP therapy may not be recommended,” wrote the authors.

Patients in the tirzepatide group also had a decrease in systolic blood pressure from baseline of 9.7 mm Hg in study 1 and 7.6 mm Hg in study 2 at week 48.

The most common adverse events were diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting, which occurred in approximately a quarter of patients taking tirzepatide. There were two adjudicated-confirmed cases of acute pancreatitis in those taking tirzepatide in study 2. 

Patients who received tirzepatide also reported fewer daytime and nighttime disturbances, as measured using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Short Form scale for Sleep-Related Impairment and Sleep Disturbance.
 

Tirzepatide Plus CPAP Are Best

Writing in an accompanying editorial, Sanjay R. Patel, MD, noted that, although clinical guidelines have recommended that weight loss strategies be incorporated as part of OSA treatment, “the integration of obesity management into the approaches to care for obstructive sleep apnea has lagged.”

As many as half of patients abandon CPAP therapy within 3 years, wrote Dr. Patel, who is professor of medicine and epidemiology at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and medical director of the UPMC Comprehensive Sleep Disorders program. “An effective medication to treat obesity is thus an obvious avenue to pursue.”

Dr. Patel noted the large reductions in the number of events on the AHI scale. He wrote that the improvement in systolic blood pressure “was substantially larger than effects seen with CPAP therapy alone and indicate that tirzepatide may be an attractive option for those patients who seek to reduce their cardiovascular risk.”

Dr. Patel raised concerns about whether patients outside of a trial would stick with therapy, noting studies have shown high rates of discontinuation of GLP-1 receptor agonists.

And, he wrote, “racial disparities in the use of GLP-1 receptor agonists among patients with diabetes arouse concern that the addition of tirzepatide as a treatment option for obstructive sleep apnea without directly addressing policies relative to coverage of care will only further exacerbate already pervasive disparities in clinical care for obstructive sleep apnea.”

Commenting on the study during the presentation of the results, Louis Aronne, MD, said he believes the trials demonstrate “the treatment of obesity with tirzepatide plus CPAP is really the optimal treatment for obstructive sleep apnea and obesity-related cardiometabolic risks.” Dr. Aronne is the Sanford I. Weill professor of metabolic research at Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City.

Dr. Aronne added there is still much to learn. It is still not clear whether tirzepatide had an independent effect in the OSA trial — as has been seen in other studies where the drug clearly reduced cardiovascular risk — or whether the positive results were primarily caused by weight loss.

“I believe that over time we’ll see that this particular effect in sleep apnea is related to weight,” he said. 

The study was supported by Eli Lilly. Dr. Malhotra has reported being a paid consultant for Lilly and ZOLL Medical and a cofounder of Healcisio. 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
 

ORLANDO, FLA. — The diabetes and weight loss drug tirzepatide (Mounjaro for type 2 diabetes; Zepbound for obesity) was so effective at reducing sleep disruptions in patients with obesity and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) that 40%-50% no longer needed to use a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device, according to two new studies.

Tirzepatide, a long-acting glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonist and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, also lowered C-reactive protein levels and systolic blood pressure. And patients taking the medication lost 18%-20% of their body weight. 

The SURMOUNT-OSA studies “mark a significant milestone in the treatment of OSA, offering a promising new therapeutic option that addresses both respiratory and metabolic complications,” said lead author Atul Malhotra, MD, professor of medicine at the University of California, San Diego, and director of sleep medicine at UC San Diego Health. 

The two double-blind, randomized, controlled trials in patients with obesity and moderate to severe OSA were conducted at 60 sites in nine countries. The results were presented at the American Diabetes Association (ADA) 84th Scientific Sessions and simultaneously published online in the New England Journal of Medicine.

OSA affects 1 billion people worldwide and 30 million American adults, many of whom are undiagnosed. Obesity is a common risk factor. According to the ADA, 40% of those with obesity have OSA and 70% of those with OSA have obesity. 

CPAP is an effective and the most-used intervention for OSA, but many patients refuse to use the device, stop using it, or cannot use it. Should tirzepatide eventually gain Food and Drug Administration approval for OSA, it would be the first drug approved for the condition.

“This new drug treatment offers a more accessible alternative for individuals who cannot tolerate or adhere to existing therapies,” said Dr. Malhotra.
 

Huge Reduction in Episodes, Severity

For the two studies, patients were enrolled who had moderate to severe OSA, defined as more than 15 events per hour (using the apnea-hypopnea index [AHI]) and a body mass index of 30 kg/m² or greater. Those not using a CPAP device were enrolled in study 1, and those using a CPAP device were enrolled in study 2. 

Participants received either the maximum tolerated dose of tirzepatide (10 or 15 mg by once-weekly injection) or placebo for 1 year. In study 1, 114 individuals received tirzepatide and 120 received placebo. For study 2, 119 patients received tirzepatide and 114 received placebo. All participants received regular lifestyle counseling sessions about nutrition and were instructed to reduce food intake by 500 kcal/day and to engage in at least 150 min/week of physical activity.

Enrollment was limited to 70% men to ensure adequate representation of women.

At baseline, 65%-70% of participants had severe OSA, with more than 30 events/hour on the AHI scale and a mean of 51.5 events/hour.

By 1 year, patients taking tirzepatide had 27-30 fewer events/hour, compared with 4-6 fewer events/hour for those taking placebo.

Up to half of those who received tirzepatide in both trials had less than 5 events/hour or 5-14 AHI events/hour and an Epworth Sleepiness Scale score of 10 or less. Those thresholds “represent a level at which CPAP therapy may not be recommended,” wrote the authors.

Patients in the tirzepatide group also had a decrease in systolic blood pressure from baseline of 9.7 mm Hg in study 1 and 7.6 mm Hg in study 2 at week 48.

The most common adverse events were diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting, which occurred in approximately a quarter of patients taking tirzepatide. There were two adjudicated-confirmed cases of acute pancreatitis in those taking tirzepatide in study 2. 

Patients who received tirzepatide also reported fewer daytime and nighttime disturbances, as measured using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Short Form scale for Sleep-Related Impairment and Sleep Disturbance.
 

Tirzepatide Plus CPAP Are Best

Writing in an accompanying editorial, Sanjay R. Patel, MD, noted that, although clinical guidelines have recommended that weight loss strategies be incorporated as part of OSA treatment, “the integration of obesity management into the approaches to care for obstructive sleep apnea has lagged.”

As many as half of patients abandon CPAP therapy within 3 years, wrote Dr. Patel, who is professor of medicine and epidemiology at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and medical director of the UPMC Comprehensive Sleep Disorders program. “An effective medication to treat obesity is thus an obvious avenue to pursue.”

Dr. Patel noted the large reductions in the number of events on the AHI scale. He wrote that the improvement in systolic blood pressure “was substantially larger than effects seen with CPAP therapy alone and indicate that tirzepatide may be an attractive option for those patients who seek to reduce their cardiovascular risk.”

Dr. Patel raised concerns about whether patients outside of a trial would stick with therapy, noting studies have shown high rates of discontinuation of GLP-1 receptor agonists.

And, he wrote, “racial disparities in the use of GLP-1 receptor agonists among patients with diabetes arouse concern that the addition of tirzepatide as a treatment option for obstructive sleep apnea without directly addressing policies relative to coverage of care will only further exacerbate already pervasive disparities in clinical care for obstructive sleep apnea.”

Commenting on the study during the presentation of the results, Louis Aronne, MD, said he believes the trials demonstrate “the treatment of obesity with tirzepatide plus CPAP is really the optimal treatment for obstructive sleep apnea and obesity-related cardiometabolic risks.” Dr. Aronne is the Sanford I. Weill professor of metabolic research at Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City.

Dr. Aronne added there is still much to learn. It is still not clear whether tirzepatide had an independent effect in the OSA trial — as has been seen in other studies where the drug clearly reduced cardiovascular risk — or whether the positive results were primarily caused by weight loss.

“I believe that over time we’ll see that this particular effect in sleep apnea is related to weight,” he said. 

The study was supported by Eli Lilly. Dr. Malhotra has reported being a paid consultant for Lilly and ZOLL Medical and a cofounder of Healcisio. 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
 

Brain imaging combined with artificial intelligence has identified six distinct “biotypes” of depression and anxiety that may lead to more personalized and effective treatment.

This research has “immediate clinical implications,” study investigator Leanne Williams, PhD, director of the Stanford Medicine Center for Precision Mental Health and Wellness, told this news organization.

“At Stanford, we have started translating the imaging technology into use in a new precision mental health clinic. The technology is being actively developed for wider use in clinical settings, and we hope to make it accessible to more clinicians and patients,” Dr. Williams said.

The study was published online in Nature Medicine.

 

No More Trial and Error?

Depression is a highly heterogeneous disease, with individual patients having different symptoms and treatment responses. About 30% of patients with major depression are resistant to treatment, and about half of patients with generalized anxiety disorder do not respond to first-line treatment.

“The dominant ‘one-size-fits-all’ diagnostic approach in psychiatry leads to cycling through treatment options by trial and error, which is lengthy, expensive, and frustrating, with 30%-40% of patients not achieving remission after trying one treatment,” the authors noted.

“The goal of our work is figuring out how we can get it right the first time,” Dr. Williams said in a news release, and that requires a better understanding of the neurobiology of depression.

To that end, 801 adults diagnosed with depression and anxiety underwent functional MRI to measure brain activity at rest and when engaged in tasks designed to test cognitive and emotional functioning.

Researchers probed six brain circuits previously associated with depression: the default mode circuit, salience circuit, attention circuit, negative affect circuit, positive affect circuit, and the cognitive control circuit.

Using a machine learning technique known as cluster analysis to group the patients’ brain images, they identified six clinically distinct biotypes of depression and anxiety defined by specific profiles of dysfunction within both task-free and task-evoked brain circuits.

“Importantly for clinical translation, these biotypes predict response to different pharmacological and behavioral interventions,” investigators wrote.

For example, patients with a biotype characterized by overactivity in cognitive regions of the brain experienced the best response to the antidepressant venlafaxine, compared with patients with other biotypes.

Patients with a different biotype, characterized by higher at-rest levels of activity in three regions associated with depression and problem-solving, responded better to behavioral therapy.

In addition, those with a third biotype, who had lower levels of activity at rest in the brain circuit that controls attention, were less apt to see improvement of their symptoms with behavioral therapy than those with other biotypes. The various biotypes also correlated with differences in symptoms and task performance.

For example, individuals with overactive cognitive regions of the brain had higher levels of anhedonia than those with other biotypes, and they also performed worse on tasks measuring executive function. Those with the biotype that responded best to behavioral therapy also made errors on executive function tasks but performed well on cognitive tasks.
 

A Work in Progress

The findings provide a deeper understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of depression and anxiety and could lead to improved diagnostic accuracy and more tailored treatment approaches, the researchers noted.

Naming the biotypes is a work in progress, Dr. Williams said.

“We have thought a lot about the naming. In the Nature Medicine paper, we use a technical convention to name the biotypes based on which brain circuit problems define each of them,” she explained.

“For example, the first biotype is called DC+SC+AC+ because it is defined by connectivity increases [C+] on three resting circuits — default mode [D], salience [S], and frontoparietal attention [A]. We are working with collaborators to generate biotype names that could be convergent across findings and labs. In the near future, we anticipate generating more descriptive medical names that clinicians could refer to alongside the technical names,” Dr. Williams said.

Commenting on the research for this news organization, James Murrough, MD, PhD, director of the Depression and Anxiety Center for Research and Treatment at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, called it “super exciting.”

“The work from this research group is an excellent example of where precision psychiatry research is right now, particularly with regard to the use of brain imaging to personalize treatment, and this paper gives us a glimpse of where we could be in the not-too-distant future,” Dr. Murrough said.

However, he cautioned that at this point, “we’re far from realizing the dream of precision psychiatry. We just don’t have robust evidence that brain imaging markers can really guide clinical decision-making currently.”

Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health and by Brain Resource Ltd. Dr. Williams declared US patent applications numbered 10/034,645 and 15/820,338: “Systems and methods for detecting complex networks in MRI data.” Dr. Murrough had no relevant disclosures.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Brain imaging combined with artificial intelligence has identified six distinct “biotypes” of depression and anxiety that may lead to more personalized and effective treatment.

This research has “immediate clinical implications,” study investigator Leanne Williams, PhD, director of the Stanford Medicine Center for Precision Mental Health and Wellness, told this news organization.

“At Stanford, we have started translating the imaging technology into use in a new precision mental health clinic. The technology is being actively developed for wider use in clinical settings, and we hope to make it accessible to more clinicians and patients,” Dr. Williams said.

The study was published online in Nature Medicine.

 

No More Trial and Error?

Depression is a highly heterogeneous disease, with individual patients having different symptoms and treatment responses. About 30% of patients with major depression are resistant to treatment, and about half of patients with generalized anxiety disorder do not respond to first-line treatment.

“The dominant ‘one-size-fits-all’ diagnostic approach in psychiatry leads to cycling through treatment options by trial and error, which is lengthy, expensive, and frustrating, with 30%-40% of patients not achieving remission after trying one treatment,” the authors noted.

“The goal of our work is figuring out how we can get it right the first time,” Dr. Williams said in a news release, and that requires a better understanding of the neurobiology of depression.

To that end, 801 adults diagnosed with depression and anxiety underwent functional MRI to measure brain activity at rest and when engaged in tasks designed to test cognitive and emotional functioning.

Researchers probed six brain circuits previously associated with depression: the default mode circuit, salience circuit, attention circuit, negative affect circuit, positive affect circuit, and the cognitive control circuit.

Using a machine learning technique known as cluster analysis to group the patients’ brain images, they identified six clinically distinct biotypes of depression and anxiety defined by specific profiles of dysfunction within both task-free and task-evoked brain circuits.

“Importantly for clinical translation, these biotypes predict response to different pharmacological and behavioral interventions,” investigators wrote.

For example, patients with a biotype characterized by overactivity in cognitive regions of the brain experienced the best response to the antidepressant venlafaxine, compared with patients with other biotypes.

Patients with a different biotype, characterized by higher at-rest levels of activity in three regions associated with depression and problem-solving, responded better to behavioral therapy.

In addition, those with a third biotype, who had lower levels of activity at rest in the brain circuit that controls attention, were less apt to see improvement of their symptoms with behavioral therapy than those with other biotypes. The various biotypes also correlated with differences in symptoms and task performance.

For example, individuals with overactive cognitive regions of the brain had higher levels of anhedonia than those with other biotypes, and they also performed worse on tasks measuring executive function. Those with the biotype that responded best to behavioral therapy also made errors on executive function tasks but performed well on cognitive tasks.
 

A Work in Progress

The findings provide a deeper understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of depression and anxiety and could lead to improved diagnostic accuracy and more tailored treatment approaches, the researchers noted.

Naming the biotypes is a work in progress, Dr. Williams said.

“We have thought a lot about the naming. In the Nature Medicine paper, we use a technical convention to name the biotypes based on which brain circuit problems define each of them,” she explained.

“For example, the first biotype is called DC+SC+AC+ because it is defined by connectivity increases [C+] on three resting circuits — default mode [D], salience [S], and frontoparietal attention [A]. We are working with collaborators to generate biotype names that could be convergent across findings and labs. In the near future, we anticipate generating more descriptive medical names that clinicians could refer to alongside the technical names,” Dr. Williams said.

Commenting on the research for this news organization, James Murrough, MD, PhD, director of the Depression and Anxiety Center for Research and Treatment at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, called it “super exciting.”

“The work from this research group is an excellent example of where precision psychiatry research is right now, particularly with regard to the use of brain imaging to personalize treatment, and this paper gives us a glimpse of where we could be in the not-too-distant future,” Dr. Murrough said.

However, he cautioned that at this point, “we’re far from realizing the dream of precision psychiatry. We just don’t have robust evidence that brain imaging markers can really guide clinical decision-making currently.”

Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health and by Brain Resource Ltd. Dr. Williams declared US patent applications numbered 10/034,645 and 15/820,338: “Systems and methods for detecting complex networks in MRI data.” Dr. Murrough had no relevant disclosures.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Brain imaging combined with artificial intelligence has identified six distinct “biotypes” of depression and anxiety that may lead to more personalized and effective treatment.

This research has “immediate clinical implications,” study investigator Leanne Williams, PhD, director of the Stanford Medicine Center for Precision Mental Health and Wellness, told this news organization.

“At Stanford, we have started translating the imaging technology into use in a new precision mental health clinic. The technology is being actively developed for wider use in clinical settings, and we hope to make it accessible to more clinicians and patients,” Dr. Williams said.

The study was published online in Nature Medicine.

 

No More Trial and Error?

Depression is a highly heterogeneous disease, with individual patients having different symptoms and treatment responses. About 30% of patients with major depression are resistant to treatment, and about half of patients with generalized anxiety disorder do not respond to first-line treatment.

“The dominant ‘one-size-fits-all’ diagnostic approach in psychiatry leads to cycling through treatment options by trial and error, which is lengthy, expensive, and frustrating, with 30%-40% of patients not achieving remission after trying one treatment,” the authors noted.

“The goal of our work is figuring out how we can get it right the first time,” Dr. Williams said in a news release, and that requires a better understanding of the neurobiology of depression.

To that end, 801 adults diagnosed with depression and anxiety underwent functional MRI to measure brain activity at rest and when engaged in tasks designed to test cognitive and emotional functioning.

Researchers probed six brain circuits previously associated with depression: the default mode circuit, salience circuit, attention circuit, negative affect circuit, positive affect circuit, and the cognitive control circuit.

Using a machine learning technique known as cluster analysis to group the patients’ brain images, they identified six clinically distinct biotypes of depression and anxiety defined by specific profiles of dysfunction within both task-free and task-evoked brain circuits.

“Importantly for clinical translation, these biotypes predict response to different pharmacological and behavioral interventions,” investigators wrote.

For example, patients with a biotype characterized by overactivity in cognitive regions of the brain experienced the best response to the antidepressant venlafaxine, compared with patients with other biotypes.

Patients with a different biotype, characterized by higher at-rest levels of activity in three regions associated with depression and problem-solving, responded better to behavioral therapy.

In addition, those with a third biotype, who had lower levels of activity at rest in the brain circuit that controls attention, were less apt to see improvement of their symptoms with behavioral therapy than those with other biotypes. The various biotypes also correlated with differences in symptoms and task performance.

For example, individuals with overactive cognitive regions of the brain had higher levels of anhedonia than those with other biotypes, and they also performed worse on tasks measuring executive function. Those with the biotype that responded best to behavioral therapy also made errors on executive function tasks but performed well on cognitive tasks.
 

A Work in Progress

The findings provide a deeper understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of depression and anxiety and could lead to improved diagnostic accuracy and more tailored treatment approaches, the researchers noted.

Naming the biotypes is a work in progress, Dr. Williams said.

“We have thought a lot about the naming. In the Nature Medicine paper, we use a technical convention to name the biotypes based on which brain circuit problems define each of them,” she explained.

“For example, the first biotype is called DC+SC+AC+ because it is defined by connectivity increases [C+] on three resting circuits — default mode [D], salience [S], and frontoparietal attention [A]. We are working with collaborators to generate biotype names that could be convergent across findings and labs. In the near future, we anticipate generating more descriptive medical names that clinicians could refer to alongside the technical names,” Dr. Williams said.

Commenting on the research for this news organization, James Murrough, MD, PhD, director of the Depression and Anxiety Center for Research and Treatment at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, called it “super exciting.”

“The work from this research group is an excellent example of where precision psychiatry research is right now, particularly with regard to the use of brain imaging to personalize treatment, and this paper gives us a glimpse of where we could be in the not-too-distant future,” Dr. Murrough said.

However, he cautioned that at this point, “we’re far from realizing the dream of precision psychiatry. We just don’t have robust evidence that brain imaging markers can really guide clinical decision-making currently.”

Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health and by Brain Resource Ltd. Dr. Williams declared US patent applications numbered 10/034,645 and 15/820,338: “Systems and methods for detecting complex networks in MRI data.” Dr. Murrough had no relevant disclosures.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

While Medicare Advantage (MA) plans are marketed as providing more generous benefits than traditional Medicare (TM), differences in the financial burden between beneficiaries switching to MA and staying with TM, are minimal, a longitudinal cohort analysis found.

In fact, according to a study by Sungchul Park, PhD, a health economist at Korea University in Seoul, and colleagues, the estimated annual out-of-pocket spending when switching to MA was $168 higher than staying in TM. That amounted to a 10.5% relative increase based on baseline out-of-pocket spending of $1597 annually among switchers, ranging widely, however, from a $133 decrease to a $469 increase. And for some, MA enrollment was associated with a higher likelihood of catastrophic financial burden.

“Our findings contrast with the notion that MA’s apparently more generous health insurance benefits lead to financial savings for enrollees,” Dr. Park and associates wrote in Annals of Internal Medicine.
 

The study

The analysis looked at costs for 7054 TM stayers and 1544 TM-to-MA switchers from the 2014-2020 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, focusing on a cohort in which 18% of TM-covered individuals in year 1 switched to MA in year 2.

Comparative financial outcome measures included individual healthcare costs (out-of-pocket spending/cost sharing), financial burden (high/catastrophic), and subjective financial hardship (difficulty paying medical bills).

Although the overall out-of-pocket differences for MA were minimal and amounted to less than 1% of total healthcare expenses, MA was associated with a greater financial burden in vulnerable, especially in low-income populations. For every 100 beneficiaries with family incomes below 200% of the federal poverty level, one to six more switchers faced a catastrophic financial burden, with their out-of-pocket costs consuming more than 40% of household income in the year after switching.

The gap between the perception of lower costs and reality may be caused by a substantially heavier cost-sharing burden for certain services in MA plans, Dr. Park and associates pointed out. While MA enrollees generally paid less in some studies than the Part A hospital deductible for TM for inpatient stays of 3 days, they were more likely to face higher cost sharing for stays exceeding 7 days

Furthermore, whereas TM covers home health services without cost sharing, some MA plans have copayments. In addition, out-of-network health services can cost more. MA enrollees paid an average of $9 more for mental health services than for other in-network services and often encountered limited access to in-network providers. According to a 2021 study, only 18.2% of mental health professionals, 34.4% of cardiologists, 50.0% of psychiatrists, and 57.9% of primary care providers were included in MA networks,

An accompanying editorial noted that private MA plans will reap $83 billion in overpayments from U.S. taxpayers this year, according to Congress’s Medicare Payment Advisory Commission.

And as the data from Dr. Park and colleagues reveal, switchers don’t get much financial protection, according to primary care physician and healthcare researcher Steffi J. Woolhandler, MD, MPH, and internist David U. Himmelstein, MD, both of City University of New York at Hunter College in New York City.

“Medicare Advantage looks good when you’re healthy and don’t need much care. But when you need coverage, it often fails, leaving you with big bills and narrow choices for care,” Dr. Woolhandler said in an interview.

So how do these findings square with insurers’ hard-sell claims and enrollees’ perceptions that MA cuts out-of-pocket costs? “The likeliest explanation is that MA insurers have structured their benefits to advantage low-cost (that is, profitable) enrollees and disadvantage those requiring expensive care,” the editorial commentators wrote. For beneficiaries on inexpensive medications, MA plans would be a financial win. “But for patients requiring expensive chemotherapies, the 20% coinsurance that most MA plans charge could be financially ruinous.”

Commenting on the study but not involved in it, David A. Lipschutz, JD, LLB, associate director of the Center for Medicare Advocacy in Washington, DC, called the study an important one that provides more evidence that significant overpayments to MA plans don’t translate to better financial protections for plan enrollees, particularly lower-income individuals. “While there has been some recent movement to hold plans more accountable for providing necessary care, much more impactful action by policymakers is required to mitigate the harms of the growing privatization of the Medicare program,” he said. “MA overpayments could be redistributed to traditional Medicare in order to enrich all Medicare beneficiaries instead of just insurance companies.”

This study was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea. Dr. Park disclosed no competing interests. One study coauthor reported support from government and not-for-profit research-funding bodies. Editorialists Dr. Woolhandler and Dr. Himmelstein had no competing interests to declare. Dr. Lipschutz disclosed Medicare advocacy work.

While Medicare Advantage (MA) plans are marketed as providing more generous benefits than traditional Medicare (TM), differences in the financial burden between beneficiaries switching to MA and staying with TM, are minimal, a longitudinal cohort analysis found.

In fact, according to a study by Sungchul Park, PhD, a health economist at Korea University in Seoul, and colleagues, the estimated annual out-of-pocket spending when switching to MA was $168 higher than staying in TM. That amounted to a 10.5% relative increase based on baseline out-of-pocket spending of $1597 annually among switchers, ranging widely, however, from a $133 decrease to a $469 increase. And for some, MA enrollment was associated with a higher likelihood of catastrophic financial burden.

“Our findings contrast with the notion that MA’s apparently more generous health insurance benefits lead to financial savings for enrollees,” Dr. Park and associates wrote in Annals of Internal Medicine.
 

The study

The analysis looked at costs for 7054 TM stayers and 1544 TM-to-MA switchers from the 2014-2020 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, focusing on a cohort in which 18% of TM-covered individuals in year 1 switched to MA in year 2.

Comparative financial outcome measures included individual healthcare costs (out-of-pocket spending/cost sharing), financial burden (high/catastrophic), and subjective financial hardship (difficulty paying medical bills).

Although the overall out-of-pocket differences for MA were minimal and amounted to less than 1% of total healthcare expenses, MA was associated with a greater financial burden in vulnerable, especially in low-income populations. For every 100 beneficiaries with family incomes below 200% of the federal poverty level, one to six more switchers faced a catastrophic financial burden, with their out-of-pocket costs consuming more than 40% of household income in the year after switching.

The gap between the perception of lower costs and reality may be caused by a substantially heavier cost-sharing burden for certain services in MA plans, Dr. Park and associates pointed out. While MA enrollees generally paid less in some studies than the Part A hospital deductible for TM for inpatient stays of 3 days, they were more likely to face higher cost sharing for stays exceeding 7 days

Furthermore, whereas TM covers home health services without cost sharing, some MA plans have copayments. In addition, out-of-network health services can cost more. MA enrollees paid an average of $9 more for mental health services than for other in-network services and often encountered limited access to in-network providers. According to a 2021 study, only 18.2% of mental health professionals, 34.4% of cardiologists, 50.0% of psychiatrists, and 57.9% of primary care providers were included in MA networks,

An accompanying editorial noted that private MA plans will reap $83 billion in overpayments from U.S. taxpayers this year, according to Congress’s Medicare Payment Advisory Commission.

And as the data from Dr. Park and colleagues reveal, switchers don’t get much financial protection, according to primary care physician and healthcare researcher Steffi J. Woolhandler, MD, MPH, and internist David U. Himmelstein, MD, both of City University of New York at Hunter College in New York City.

“Medicare Advantage looks good when you’re healthy and don’t need much care. But when you need coverage, it often fails, leaving you with big bills and narrow choices for care,” Dr. Woolhandler said in an interview.

So how do these findings square with insurers’ hard-sell claims and enrollees’ perceptions that MA cuts out-of-pocket costs? “The likeliest explanation is that MA insurers have structured their benefits to advantage low-cost (that is, profitable) enrollees and disadvantage those requiring expensive care,” the editorial commentators wrote. For beneficiaries on inexpensive medications, MA plans would be a financial win. “But for patients requiring expensive chemotherapies, the 20% coinsurance that most MA plans charge could be financially ruinous.”

Commenting on the study but not involved in it, David A. Lipschutz, JD, LLB, associate director of the Center for Medicare Advocacy in Washington, DC, called the study an important one that provides more evidence that significant overpayments to MA plans don’t translate to better financial protections for plan enrollees, particularly lower-income individuals. “While there has been some recent movement to hold plans more accountable for providing necessary care, much more impactful action by policymakers is required to mitigate the harms of the growing privatization of the Medicare program,” he said. “MA overpayments could be redistributed to traditional Medicare in order to enrich all Medicare beneficiaries instead of just insurance companies.”

This study was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea. Dr. Park disclosed no competing interests. One study coauthor reported support from government and not-for-profit research-funding bodies. Editorialists Dr. Woolhandler and Dr. Himmelstein had no competing interests to declare. Dr. Lipschutz disclosed Medicare advocacy work.

While Medicare Advantage (MA) plans are marketed as providing more generous benefits than traditional Medicare (TM), differences in the financial burden between beneficiaries switching to MA and staying with TM, are minimal, a longitudinal cohort analysis found.

In fact, according to a study by Sungchul Park, PhD, a health economist at Korea University in Seoul, and colleagues, the estimated annual out-of-pocket spending when switching to MA was $168 higher than staying in TM. That amounted to a 10.5% relative increase based on baseline out-of-pocket spending of $1597 annually among switchers, ranging widely, however, from a $133 decrease to a $469 increase. And for some, MA enrollment was associated with a higher likelihood of catastrophic financial burden.

“Our findings contrast with the notion that MA’s apparently more generous health insurance benefits lead to financial savings for enrollees,” Dr. Park and associates wrote in Annals of Internal Medicine.
 

The study

The analysis looked at costs for 7054 TM stayers and 1544 TM-to-MA switchers from the 2014-2020 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, focusing on a cohort in which 18% of TM-covered individuals in year 1 switched to MA in year 2.

Comparative financial outcome measures included individual healthcare costs (out-of-pocket spending/cost sharing), financial burden (high/catastrophic), and subjective financial hardship (difficulty paying medical bills).

Although the overall out-of-pocket differences for MA were minimal and amounted to less than 1% of total healthcare expenses, MA was associated with a greater financial burden in vulnerable, especially in low-income populations. For every 100 beneficiaries with family incomes below 200% of the federal poverty level, one to six more switchers faced a catastrophic financial burden, with their out-of-pocket costs consuming more than 40% of household income in the year after switching.

The gap between the perception of lower costs and reality may be caused by a substantially heavier cost-sharing burden for certain services in MA plans, Dr. Park and associates pointed out. While MA enrollees generally paid less in some studies than the Part A hospital deductible for TM for inpatient stays of 3 days, they were more likely to face higher cost sharing for stays exceeding 7 days

Furthermore, whereas TM covers home health services without cost sharing, some MA plans have copayments. In addition, out-of-network health services can cost more. MA enrollees paid an average of $9 more for mental health services than for other in-network services and often encountered limited access to in-network providers. According to a 2021 study, only 18.2% of mental health professionals, 34.4% of cardiologists, 50.0% of psychiatrists, and 57.9% of primary care providers were included in MA networks,

An accompanying editorial noted that private MA plans will reap $83 billion in overpayments from U.S. taxpayers this year, according to Congress’s Medicare Payment Advisory Commission.

And as the data from Dr. Park and colleagues reveal, switchers don’t get much financial protection, according to primary care physician and healthcare researcher Steffi J. Woolhandler, MD, MPH, and internist David U. Himmelstein, MD, both of City University of New York at Hunter College in New York City.

“Medicare Advantage looks good when you’re healthy and don’t need much care. But when you need coverage, it often fails, leaving you with big bills and narrow choices for care,” Dr. Woolhandler said in an interview.

So how do these findings square with insurers’ hard-sell claims and enrollees’ perceptions that MA cuts out-of-pocket costs? “The likeliest explanation is that MA insurers have structured their benefits to advantage low-cost (that is, profitable) enrollees and disadvantage those requiring expensive care,” the editorial commentators wrote. For beneficiaries on inexpensive medications, MA plans would be a financial win. “But for patients requiring expensive chemotherapies, the 20% coinsurance that most MA plans charge could be financially ruinous.”

Commenting on the study but not involved in it, David A. Lipschutz, JD, LLB, associate director of the Center for Medicare Advocacy in Washington, DC, called the study an important one that provides more evidence that significant overpayments to MA plans don’t translate to better financial protections for plan enrollees, particularly lower-income individuals. “While there has been some recent movement to hold plans more accountable for providing necessary care, much more impactful action by policymakers is required to mitigate the harms of the growing privatization of the Medicare program,” he said. “MA overpayments could be redistributed to traditional Medicare in order to enrich all Medicare beneficiaries instead of just insurance companies.”

This study was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea. Dr. Park disclosed no competing interests. One study coauthor reported support from government and not-for-profit research-funding bodies. Editorialists Dr. Woolhandler and Dr. Himmelstein had no competing interests to declare. Dr. Lipschutz disclosed Medicare advocacy work.

SAN DIEGO — In a bid to address the severe shortage of headache neurologists across the United States, the American Headache Society (AHS) has developed a program aimed at primary care physicians (PCPs) to help address the unmet demand for headache treatment and management.

It is estimated that about 4 million PCP office visits annually are headache related, and that 52.8% of all migraine encounters occur in primary care settings.

However, PCPs aren’t always adequately trained in headache management and referral times to specialist care can be lengthy.

Data published in Headache show only 564 accredited headache specialists practice in the United States, but at least 3700 headache specialists are needed to treat those affected by migraine, with even more needed to address other disabling headache types such as tension-type headache and cluster headache. To keep up with population growth, it is estimated that the United States will require 4500 headache specialists by 2040.
 

First Contact

To tackle this specialist shortfall, the AHS developed the First Contact program with the aim of improving headache education in primary care and help alleviate at least some of the demand for specialist care.

The national program was rolled out in 2020 and 2021. The educational symposia were delivered to PCPs at multiple locations across the country. The initiative also included a comprehensive website with numerous support resources.

After participating in the initiative, attendees were surveyed about the value of the program, and the results were subsequently analyzed and presented at the annual meeting of the American Headache Society.

The analysis included 636 survey respondents, a 38% response rate. Almost all participants (96%) were MDs and DOs. The remainder included nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and dentists.

About 85.6% of respondents reported being completely or very confident in their ability to recognize and accurately diagnose headache disorders, and 81.3% said they were completely or very confident in their ability to create tailored treatment plans.

Just over 90% of participants reported they would implement practice changes as a result of the program. The most commonly cited change was the use of diagnostic tools such as the three-question Migraine ID screener, followed closely by consideration of prescribing triptans and reducing the use of unnecessary neuroimaging.

“Overall, there was a positive response to this type of educational programming and interest in ongoing education in addressing headache disorders with both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical treatment options,” said Nisha Malhotra, MD, a resident at New York University (NYU) Langone Health, New York City, who presented the findings at the conference.

The fact that so many general practitioners were keen to use this easy-to-use screen [Migraine ID screener], which can pick up about 90% of people with migraine, is “great,” said study investigator Mia Minen, MD, associate professor and chief of headache research at NYU Langone Health. “I’m pleased primary care providers said they were considering implementing this simple tool.”

However, respondents also cited barriers to change. These included cost constraints (48.9%), insurance reimbursement issues (48.6%), and lack of time (45.3%). Dr. Malhotra noted these concerns are primarily related to workflow rather than knowledge gaps or lack of training.

“This is exciting in that there doesn’t seem to be an issue with education primarily but rather with the logistical issues that exist in the workflow in a primary care setting,” said Dr. Malhotra.

Participants also noted the need for other improvements. For example, they expressed interest in differentiating migraine from other headache types and having a better understanding of how and when to refer to specialists, said Dr. Malhotra.

These practitioners also want to know more about treatment options beyond first-line medications. “They were interested in understanding more advanced medication treatment options beyond just the typical triptan,” said Dr. Malhotra.

In addition, they want to become more skilled in non-pharmaceutical options such as occipital nerve blocks and in massage, acupuncture, and other complementary forms of migraine management, she said.

The study may be vulnerable to sampling bias as survey participants had just attended an educational symposium on headaches. “They were already, to some degree, interested in improving their knowledge on headache,” said Dr. Malhotra.

Another study limitation was that researchers didn’t conduct a pre-survey analysis to determine changes as a result of the symposia. And as the survey was conducted so close to the symposium, “it’s difficult to draw conclusions on the long-term effects,” she added.

“That being said, First Contact is one of the first national initiatives for primary care education, and thus far, it has been very well received.”

The next step is to continue expanding the program and to create a First Contact for women and First Contact for pediatrics, said Dr. Minen.
 

Improved Diagnosis, Better Care

Commenting on the initiative, Juliana VanderPluym, MD, a headache specialist at the Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, who co-chaired the session where the survey results were presented, said it helps address the supply-demand imbalance in headache healthcare.

“Many, many people have headache disorders, and very few people are technically headache specialists, so we have to rely on our colleagues in primary care to help address the great need that’s out there for patients with headache disorders.”

Too many patients don’t get a proper diagnosis or appropriate treatment, said Dr. VanderPluym, so as time passes, “diseases can become more chronic and more refractory, and it affects people’s quality of life and productivity.”

The First Contact program, she said, helps increase providers’ comfort and confidence that they are providing the best patient care possible and lead to a reduction in the need for specialist referrals.

Dr. Minen serves on the First Contact advisory board.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

SAN DIEGO — In a bid to address the severe shortage of headache neurologists across the United States, the American Headache Society (AHS) has developed a program aimed at primary care physicians (PCPs) to help address the unmet demand for headache treatment and management.

It is estimated that about 4 million PCP office visits annually are headache related, and that 52.8% of all migraine encounters occur in primary care settings.

However, PCPs aren’t always adequately trained in headache management and referral times to specialist care can be lengthy.

Data published in Headache show only 564 accredited headache specialists practice in the United States, but at least 3700 headache specialists are needed to treat those affected by migraine, with even more needed to address other disabling headache types such as tension-type headache and cluster headache. To keep up with population growth, it is estimated that the United States will require 4500 headache specialists by 2040.
 

First Contact

To tackle this specialist shortfall, the AHS developed the First Contact program with the aim of improving headache education in primary care and help alleviate at least some of the demand for specialist care.

The national program was rolled out in 2020 and 2021. The educational symposia were delivered to PCPs at multiple locations across the country. The initiative also included a comprehensive website with numerous support resources.

After participating in the initiative, attendees were surveyed about the value of the program, and the results were subsequently analyzed and presented at the annual meeting of the American Headache Society.

The analysis included 636 survey respondents, a 38% response rate. Almost all participants (96%) were MDs and DOs. The remainder included nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and dentists.

About 85.6% of respondents reported being completely or very confident in their ability to recognize and accurately diagnose headache disorders, and 81.3% said they were completely or very confident in their ability to create tailored treatment plans.

Just over 90% of participants reported they would implement practice changes as a result of the program. The most commonly cited change was the use of diagnostic tools such as the three-question Migraine ID screener, followed closely by consideration of prescribing triptans and reducing the use of unnecessary neuroimaging.

“Overall, there was a positive response to this type of educational programming and interest in ongoing education in addressing headache disorders with both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical treatment options,” said Nisha Malhotra, MD, a resident at New York University (NYU) Langone Health, New York City, who presented the findings at the conference.

The fact that so many general practitioners were keen to use this easy-to-use screen [Migraine ID screener], which can pick up about 90% of people with migraine, is “great,” said study investigator Mia Minen, MD, associate professor and chief of headache research at NYU Langone Health. “I’m pleased primary care providers said they were considering implementing this simple tool.”

However, respondents also cited barriers to change. These included cost constraints (48.9%), insurance reimbursement issues (48.6%), and lack of time (45.3%). Dr. Malhotra noted these concerns are primarily related to workflow rather than knowledge gaps or lack of training.

“This is exciting in that there doesn’t seem to be an issue with education primarily but rather with the logistical issues that exist in the workflow in a primary care setting,” said Dr. Malhotra.

Participants also noted the need for other improvements. For example, they expressed interest in differentiating migraine from other headache types and having a better understanding of how and when to refer to specialists, said Dr. Malhotra.

These practitioners also want to know more about treatment options beyond first-line medications. “They were interested in understanding more advanced medication treatment options beyond just the typical triptan,” said Dr. Malhotra.

In addition, they want to become more skilled in non-pharmaceutical options such as occipital nerve blocks and in massage, acupuncture, and other complementary forms of migraine management, she said.

The study may be vulnerable to sampling bias as survey participants had just attended an educational symposium on headaches. “They were already, to some degree, interested in improving their knowledge on headache,” said Dr. Malhotra.

Another study limitation was that researchers didn’t conduct a pre-survey analysis to determine changes as a result of the symposia. And as the survey was conducted so close to the symposium, “it’s difficult to draw conclusions on the long-term effects,” she added.

“That being said, First Contact is one of the first national initiatives for primary care education, and thus far, it has been very well received.”

The next step is to continue expanding the program and to create a First Contact for women and First Contact for pediatrics, said Dr. Minen.
 

Improved Diagnosis, Better Care

Commenting on the initiative, Juliana VanderPluym, MD, a headache specialist at the Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, who co-chaired the session where the survey results were presented, said it helps address the supply-demand imbalance in headache healthcare.

“Many, many people have headache disorders, and very few people are technically headache specialists, so we have to rely on our colleagues in primary care to help address the great need that’s out there for patients with headache disorders.”

Too many patients don’t get a proper diagnosis or appropriate treatment, said Dr. VanderPluym, so as time passes, “diseases can become more chronic and more refractory, and it affects people’s quality of life and productivity.”

The First Contact program, she said, helps increase providers’ comfort and confidence that they are providing the best patient care possible and lead to a reduction in the need for specialist referrals.

Dr. Minen serves on the First Contact advisory board.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

SAN DIEGO — In a bid to address the severe shortage of headache neurologists across the United States, the American Headache Society (AHS) has developed a program aimed at primary care physicians (PCPs) to help address the unmet demand for headache treatment and management.

It is estimated that about 4 million PCP office visits annually are headache related, and that 52.8% of all migraine encounters occur in primary care settings.

However, PCPs aren’t always adequately trained in headache management and referral times to specialist care can be lengthy.

Data published in Headache show only 564 accredited headache specialists practice in the United States, but at least 3700 headache specialists are needed to treat those affected by migraine, with even more needed to address other disabling headache types such as tension-type headache and cluster headache. To keep up with population growth, it is estimated that the United States will require 4500 headache specialists by 2040.
 

First Contact

To tackle this specialist shortfall, the AHS developed the First Contact program with the aim of improving headache education in primary care and help alleviate at least some of the demand for specialist care.

The national program was rolled out in 2020 and 2021. The educational symposia were delivered to PCPs at multiple locations across the country. The initiative also included a comprehensive website with numerous support resources.

After participating in the initiative, attendees were surveyed about the value of the program, and the results were subsequently analyzed and presented at the annual meeting of the American Headache Society.

The analysis included 636 survey respondents, a 38% response rate. Almost all participants (96%) were MDs and DOs. The remainder included nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and dentists.

About 85.6% of respondents reported being completely or very confident in their ability to recognize and accurately diagnose headache disorders, and 81.3% said they were completely or very confident in their ability to create tailored treatment plans.

Just over 90% of participants reported they would implement practice changes as a result of the program. The most commonly cited change was the use of diagnostic tools such as the three-question Migraine ID screener, followed closely by consideration of prescribing triptans and reducing the use of unnecessary neuroimaging.

“Overall, there was a positive response to this type of educational programming and interest in ongoing education in addressing headache disorders with both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical treatment options,” said Nisha Malhotra, MD, a resident at New York University (NYU) Langone Health, New York City, who presented the findings at the conference.

The fact that so many general practitioners were keen to use this easy-to-use screen [Migraine ID screener], which can pick up about 90% of people with migraine, is “great,” said study investigator Mia Minen, MD, associate professor and chief of headache research at NYU Langone Health. “I’m pleased primary care providers said they were considering implementing this simple tool.”

However, respondents also cited barriers to change. These included cost constraints (48.9%), insurance reimbursement issues (48.6%), and lack of time (45.3%). Dr. Malhotra noted these concerns are primarily related to workflow rather than knowledge gaps or lack of training.

“This is exciting in that there doesn’t seem to be an issue with education primarily but rather with the logistical issues that exist in the workflow in a primary care setting,” said Dr. Malhotra.

Participants also noted the need for other improvements. For example, they expressed interest in differentiating migraine from other headache types and having a better understanding of how and when to refer to specialists, said Dr. Malhotra.

These practitioners also want to know more about treatment options beyond first-line medications. “They were interested in understanding more advanced medication treatment options beyond just the typical triptan,” said Dr. Malhotra.

In addition, they want to become more skilled in non-pharmaceutical options such as occipital nerve blocks and in massage, acupuncture, and other complementary forms of migraine management, she said.

The study may be vulnerable to sampling bias as survey participants had just attended an educational symposium on headaches. “They were already, to some degree, interested in improving their knowledge on headache,” said Dr. Malhotra.

Another study limitation was that researchers didn’t conduct a pre-survey analysis to determine changes as a result of the symposia. And as the survey was conducted so close to the symposium, “it’s difficult to draw conclusions on the long-term effects,” she added.

“That being said, First Contact is one of the first national initiatives for primary care education, and thus far, it has been very well received.”

The next step is to continue expanding the program and to create a First Contact for women and First Contact for pediatrics, said Dr. Minen.
 

Improved Diagnosis, Better Care

Commenting on the initiative, Juliana VanderPluym, MD, a headache specialist at the Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, who co-chaired the session where the survey results were presented, said it helps address the supply-demand imbalance in headache healthcare.

“Many, many people have headache disorders, and very few people are technically headache specialists, so we have to rely on our colleagues in primary care to help address the great need that’s out there for patients with headache disorders.”

Too many patients don’t get a proper diagnosis or appropriate treatment, said Dr. VanderPluym, so as time passes, “diseases can become more chronic and more refractory, and it affects people’s quality of life and productivity.”

The First Contact program, she said, helps increase providers’ comfort and confidence that they are providing the best patient care possible and lead to a reduction in the need for specialist referrals.

Dr. Minen serves on the First Contact advisory board.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Some 15%-20% of the world’s population are neurodivergent, with conditions such as autism, dyslexia, Tourette syndrome, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and others. With different strengths and challenges around learning, engaging socially, or completing certain tasks, neurodivergent people can face barriers in the workforce.

Meanwhile, studies suggest that neurodivergent people may be overrepresented in STEM fields such as medicine. The medical field may self-select for traits associated with neurodivergent conditions, researchers say, including a hyperfocus on intense interests, pattern recognition, increased curiosity and empathy, and thinking quickly under pressure.

But neurodivergent physicians report difficult, even damaging, experiences in the healthcare field. They struggle with stigma, a culture of nondisclosure, and lack of accommodations, which can lead to burnout and poor mental health.

“The medical system and the mental health system are some of the spaces that are holding on tightly to some of the outdated understandings of things like autism and ADHD,” says Megan Anna Neff, PsyD, a psychologist with autism and ADHD based in Portland, Oregon.

Situations can get dire: A 2023 survey of more than 200 autistic doctors from several countries found that 77% had considered suicide and 24% had attempted it.

But here’s the crux of it: Many neurodivergent doctors believe their unique ways of thinking and outside-the-box creativity are skills and strengths that can benefit the field. And they say making medicine more inclusive — and better understanding how a neurodivergent physician’s brain works — would allow them to thrive.
 

Blending In and Breaking Down

The exact number of neurodivergent physicians in the workforce remains unknown. Existing studies are small and focus mainly on autism. But researchers believe the percentage could be higher than we think, because neurodiversity can be underidentified.

Although autism can sometimes be diagnosed as early as 18 months, it’s not uncommon to receive a diagnosis well into adulthood. “Like many late-identified autistic adults, I got my autism diagnosis in the context of autistic burnout,” says Melissa Houser, MD, a primary care physician who received a diagnosis in 2021. Dr. Houser, who uses the pronouns she/they, explains that her experience is common, “a consequence of chronically having your life’s demands exceed your capacity.”

Dr. Houser, who also has ADHD and dyslexia, among other neurodivergent conditions, says that before her diagnosis, she worked in a traditional practice setting. Eventually, she began to notice intense dysregulation and fatigue. “I began to have a lot more difficulties with communication and my motor planning and sequencing,” Dr. Houser says. “I was sleep-deprived, and my needs were not being met. I was in a situation where I had a complete lack of autonomy over my practice.”

Deep in burnout, Dr. Houser says she lost her ability to “mask,” a term used to describe how some neurodivergent people work to “blend in” with societal expectations. This led to further communication breakdowns with her supervisor. Finally, Dr. Houser saw a psychiatrist.

Shortly after her diagnosis, Dr. Houser quit her job and founded All Brains Belong, a nonprofit that provides neurodiversity-affirming medical care, education, and advocacy. Research has found that people with autism are at increased risk for physical health conditions, including immune conditions, gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic conditions, and increased mortality in hospital settings. Understanding these connections can “mean the difference between life and death” for neurodivergent patients, Dr. Houser says.

Yet, in a 2015 study that assessed providers’ ability to recognize autism, a high proportion were not aware that they had patients with autism spectrum disorder, and most reported lacking both the skills and the tools to care for them.
 

Different as a Doctor and a Patient

Bernadette Grosjean, MD, a retired associate professor of psychiatry at David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and a distinguished Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association, also found insight into lifelong experiences as both a doctor and a patient with her autism diagnosis, which came when she was 61.

“Looking back, I was a smart kid but kind of clumsy and different in other ways,” Dr. Grosjean says. According to a 2021 survey by Cambridge University, autistic individuals are significantly more likely to identify as LGBTQ+, and Dr. Grosjean, who is gay, says that not being fully accepted by family or friends played a role in her struggles with mental health issues.

Throughout her mental health treatment, Dr. Grosjean felt as though her providers “were expecting from me things that I didn’t know how to do or fix. I didn’t know how to be a ‘good’ patient,” she recalls.

As a psychiatrist, Dr. Grosjean started to notice that many of the women she treated for borderline personality disorder, which is categorized by unstable relationships and emotions, were autistic. “I then started asking lots of questions about myself — the fact that I’ve always been very sensitive or that I’ve been accused of being both hypersensitive and not having emotions, and I understood a lot.”

When Dr. Grosjean came across Autistic Doctors International, a group of over 800 autistic doctors worldwide, she says, “I found my tribe.” She now serves as the US lead for psychiatry for the group, which is focused on support, advocacy, research, and education around neurodiversity.

Psychiatric comorbidities can accompany neurodivergent conditions. But a growing body of research, including a 2022 study published in the European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, indicates that autism and ADHD are frequently misdiagnosed as depression or anxiety.

Dr. Neff was unaware of her conditions until one of her children was diagnosed with autism in 2021. She started to research it. “As I was learning about autism and girls, I was like, ‘Oh, my gosh, this is me,’ ” Dr. Neff recalls. Within a few weeks, she had her own diagnosis.

In hindsight, Dr. Neff has more clarity regarding her struggles in the traditional medical space. She had found it difficult to fit patients into short appointment windows and keep their notes concise. Although she loved hospital work, the environment had been overwhelming and led to burnout.
 

‘A Deficit-Based Lens’

Dr. Houser believes that too often, autism is viewed through a “deficit-based lens.” Stressors like sensory overload, changes in routine, or unexpected events can exacerbate behavioral challenges for neurodivergent people in the workplace. The DSM-5 criteria for autism, she points out, are largely based on autistic “stress behaviors.”

The result, Dr. Houser says, is that neurodivergent doctors are judged by their response to stressors that put them at a disadvantage rather than their capabilities under more positive circumstances. “The more dysregulated someone is,” she says, “the more likely they are to manifest those observable behaviors.”

Dr. Neff notes that medicine is a very “sensory overwhelming work environment.” Working in ob.gyn. and primary care clinics, she remembers often coming home with a headache and a low-grade fever. “I had no idea why, but I now realize it’s because I was so sensory sick.”

Fearing for her job, Dr. Neff intentionally waited until she was in private practice to disclose her neurodiversity. “I don’t think it would have been received well if I was in a hospital system,” she says. “There’s a lot of invalidation that can come when someone chooses to self-disclose, and their colleagues don’t have a framework in mind to understand.” In one instance, after revealing her diagnosis, she remembers a well-known researcher telling her she wasn’t autistic.
Dr. Grosjean has also had former colleagues invalidate her diagnosis, something she says “keeps people quiet.”
 

Understanding the Neurodivergent Brain

The general lack of education on how neurodivergent brains work, physicians with these conditions say, means they are not often recognized for how they can function with certain accommodations and how they could contribute in unique ways if their workplace challenges were reduced.

“What we know about autistic brains is that we are systems-thinking pattern matchers,” says Dr. Houser, who formed an interdisciplinary task force to explore medical conditions that are more common in autistic people. Through that comprehensive approach, she has worked to find best practices to treat the constellation of conditions that can arise among these patients. “My autistic brain allowed me to do that,” Dr. Houser says.

Catriona McVey, a medical student in the United Kingdom and creator of the blog Attention Deficit Doctor, points out that “ADHD brains are interest-driven; they can be very focused when you’re doing something enjoyable or new due to increased dopaminergic stimulation.” Ms. McVey speaks from personal experience. “I’ve hyperfocused before on an essay that interested me for over 10 hours,” she recalls, “so I imagine if I was interested in surgery, I could easily hyperfocus on a long operation.” 

Empathy is another key part of medical practice. Contrary to stereotypes of neurodivergent people lacking empathy, current research suggests this isn’t true. A concept known as the “double empathy problem,” a term coined by British researcher Damian Milton in 2012, challenges the misconception that autistic people do not have empathy, explains Dr. Grosjean.

Mr. Milton theorized that there are two types of empathy: emotional, when you feel someone else’s pain, and cognitive, which involves critical thinking to understand someone’s emotions or thoughts. “Autistic people have, in general, a lot of emotional empathy,” Dr. Grosjean says, “but the cognitive empathy they don’t have as well.”

Dr. Neff has experienced this in her practice. “I will often feel what my clients are feeling as they’re feeling it,” she says, adding that she has always had an innate ability to analyze and connect with clients. She’s good at observing the interplay of health conditions, incorporating biology, psychology, and social conceptualizations of issues, with nuance. She feels that recognizing behavioral patterns or psychological triggers in her patients helps her see them holistically and provide better care. “That was a skill even before I realized I was autistic, but I always thought it was just intuitive to everyone,” she says. 
 

Support Can Lead to Success

The Americans with Disabilities Act requires employers to provide reasonable accommodations to neurodivergent employees. However, getting those accommodations involves disclosure, which many physicians have reasons to avoid.

It also means more work. Requesting and putting adjustments in place can take a lot of time and energy to organize. Ms. McVey says they can be “long-winded, multistep tasks” that are not very compatible with ADHD. “Some doctors report that service pressures and funding are used as excuses to refuse adjustments,” she adds. 

Ms. McVey lists several workplace accommodations that could be helpful, including flexible working hours, a quiet space to complete paperwork, dictation software, and extra time for medical students to complete written exams.

Neurodivergent physicians have also called for increased diversity of senior leadership and utilizing “cognitive apprenticeship models,” where employees explain their thought processes and receive timely feedback.

But far too often, there is little intervention until a doctor reaches a crisis point. “I look forward to the day when we don’t have to wait until people are profoundly depleted to discover how their brains work,” says Dr. Houser.

Beyond logistical and structural changes in the medical field, Dr. Grosjean speaks of the simple need to listen to colleagues with an open mind and believe them when they express their feelings and experiences. “Everyone has a role to play in challenging stigma, misconceptions, and stereotypes,” Ms. McVey agrees. Ask yourself the old question, she suggests: “If not me, then who? If not now, then when?”

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Some 15%-20% of the world’s population are neurodivergent, with conditions such as autism, dyslexia, Tourette syndrome, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and others. With different strengths and challenges around learning, engaging socially, or completing certain tasks, neurodivergent people can face barriers in the workforce.

Meanwhile, studies suggest that neurodivergent people may be overrepresented in STEM fields such as medicine. The medical field may self-select for traits associated with neurodivergent conditions, researchers say, including a hyperfocus on intense interests, pattern recognition, increased curiosity and empathy, and thinking quickly under pressure.

But neurodivergent physicians report difficult, even damaging, experiences in the healthcare field. They struggle with stigma, a culture of nondisclosure, and lack of accommodations, which can lead to burnout and poor mental health.

“The medical system and the mental health system are some of the spaces that are holding on tightly to some of the outdated understandings of things like autism and ADHD,” says Megan Anna Neff, PsyD, a psychologist with autism and ADHD based in Portland, Oregon.

Situations can get dire: A 2023 survey of more than 200 autistic doctors from several countries found that 77% had considered suicide and 24% had attempted it.

But here’s the crux of it: Many neurodivergent doctors believe their unique ways of thinking and outside-the-box creativity are skills and strengths that can benefit the field. And they say making medicine more inclusive — and better understanding how a neurodivergent physician’s brain works — would allow them to thrive.
 

Blending In and Breaking Down

The exact number of neurodivergent physicians in the workforce remains unknown. Existing studies are small and focus mainly on autism. But researchers believe the percentage could be higher than we think, because neurodiversity can be underidentified.

Although autism can sometimes be diagnosed as early as 18 months, it’s not uncommon to receive a diagnosis well into adulthood. “Like many late-identified autistic adults, I got my autism diagnosis in the context of autistic burnout,” says Melissa Houser, MD, a primary care physician who received a diagnosis in 2021. Dr. Houser, who uses the pronouns she/they, explains that her experience is common, “a consequence of chronically having your life’s demands exceed your capacity.”

Dr. Houser, who also has ADHD and dyslexia, among other neurodivergent conditions, says that before her diagnosis, she worked in a traditional practice setting. Eventually, she began to notice intense dysregulation and fatigue. “I began to have a lot more difficulties with communication and my motor planning and sequencing,” Dr. Houser says. “I was sleep-deprived, and my needs were not being met. I was in a situation where I had a complete lack of autonomy over my practice.”

Deep in burnout, Dr. Houser says she lost her ability to “mask,” a term used to describe how some neurodivergent people work to “blend in” with societal expectations. This led to further communication breakdowns with her supervisor. Finally, Dr. Houser saw a psychiatrist.

Shortly after her diagnosis, Dr. Houser quit her job and founded All Brains Belong, a nonprofit that provides neurodiversity-affirming medical care, education, and advocacy. Research has found that people with autism are at increased risk for physical health conditions, including immune conditions, gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic conditions, and increased mortality in hospital settings. Understanding these connections can “mean the difference between life and death” for neurodivergent patients, Dr. Houser says.

Yet, in a 2015 study that assessed providers’ ability to recognize autism, a high proportion were not aware that they had patients with autism spectrum disorder, and most reported lacking both the skills and the tools to care for them.
 

Different as a Doctor and a Patient

Bernadette Grosjean, MD, a retired associate professor of psychiatry at David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and a distinguished Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association, also found insight into lifelong experiences as both a doctor and a patient with her autism diagnosis, which came when she was 61.

“Looking back, I was a smart kid but kind of clumsy and different in other ways,” Dr. Grosjean says. According to a 2021 survey by Cambridge University, autistic individuals are significantly more likely to identify as LGBTQ+, and Dr. Grosjean, who is gay, says that not being fully accepted by family or friends played a role in her struggles with mental health issues.

Throughout her mental health treatment, Dr. Grosjean felt as though her providers “were expecting from me things that I didn’t know how to do or fix. I didn’t know how to be a ‘good’ patient,” she recalls.

As a psychiatrist, Dr. Grosjean started to notice that many of the women she treated for borderline personality disorder, which is categorized by unstable relationships and emotions, were autistic. “I then started asking lots of questions about myself — the fact that I’ve always been very sensitive or that I’ve been accused of being both hypersensitive and not having emotions, and I understood a lot.”

When Dr. Grosjean came across Autistic Doctors International, a group of over 800 autistic doctors worldwide, she says, “I found my tribe.” She now serves as the US lead for psychiatry for the group, which is focused on support, advocacy, research, and education around neurodiversity.

Psychiatric comorbidities can accompany neurodivergent conditions. But a growing body of research, including a 2022 study published in the European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, indicates that autism and ADHD are frequently misdiagnosed as depression or anxiety.

Dr. Neff was unaware of her conditions until one of her children was diagnosed with autism in 2021. She started to research it. “As I was learning about autism and girls, I was like, ‘Oh, my gosh, this is me,’ ” Dr. Neff recalls. Within a few weeks, she had her own diagnosis.

In hindsight, Dr. Neff has more clarity regarding her struggles in the traditional medical space. She had found it difficult to fit patients into short appointment windows and keep their notes concise. Although she loved hospital work, the environment had been overwhelming and led to burnout.
 

‘A Deficit-Based Lens’

Dr. Houser believes that too often, autism is viewed through a “deficit-based lens.” Stressors like sensory overload, changes in routine, or unexpected events can exacerbate behavioral challenges for neurodivergent people in the workplace. The DSM-5 criteria for autism, she points out, are largely based on autistic “stress behaviors.”

The result, Dr. Houser says, is that neurodivergent doctors are judged by their response to stressors that put them at a disadvantage rather than their capabilities under more positive circumstances. “The more dysregulated someone is,” she says, “the more likely they are to manifest those observable behaviors.”

Dr. Neff notes that medicine is a very “sensory overwhelming work environment.” Working in ob.gyn. and primary care clinics, she remembers often coming home with a headache and a low-grade fever. “I had no idea why, but I now realize it’s because I was so sensory sick.”

Fearing for her job, Dr. Neff intentionally waited until she was in private practice to disclose her neurodiversity. “I don’t think it would have been received well if I was in a hospital system,” she says. “There’s a lot of invalidation that can come when someone chooses to self-disclose, and their colleagues don’t have a framework in mind to understand.” In one instance, after revealing her diagnosis, she remembers a well-known researcher telling her she wasn’t autistic.
Dr. Grosjean has also had former colleagues invalidate her diagnosis, something she says “keeps people quiet.”
 

Understanding the Neurodivergent Brain

The general lack of education on how neurodivergent brains work, physicians with these conditions say, means they are not often recognized for how they can function with certain accommodations and how they could contribute in unique ways if their workplace challenges were reduced.

“What we know about autistic brains is that we are systems-thinking pattern matchers,” says Dr. Houser, who formed an interdisciplinary task force to explore medical conditions that are more common in autistic people. Through that comprehensive approach, she has worked to find best practices to treat the constellation of conditions that can arise among these patients. “My autistic brain allowed me to do that,” Dr. Houser says.

Catriona McVey, a medical student in the United Kingdom and creator of the blog Attention Deficit Doctor, points out that “ADHD brains are interest-driven; they can be very focused when you’re doing something enjoyable or new due to increased dopaminergic stimulation.” Ms. McVey speaks from personal experience. “I’ve hyperfocused before on an essay that interested me for over 10 hours,” she recalls, “so I imagine if I was interested in surgery, I could easily hyperfocus on a long operation.” 

Empathy is another key part of medical practice. Contrary to stereotypes of neurodivergent people lacking empathy, current research suggests this isn’t true. A concept known as the “double empathy problem,” a term coined by British researcher Damian Milton in 2012, challenges the misconception that autistic people do not have empathy, explains Dr. Grosjean.

Mr. Milton theorized that there are two types of empathy: emotional, when you feel someone else’s pain, and cognitive, which involves critical thinking to understand someone’s emotions or thoughts. “Autistic people have, in general, a lot of emotional empathy,” Dr. Grosjean says, “but the cognitive empathy they don’t have as well.”

Dr. Neff has experienced this in her practice. “I will often feel what my clients are feeling as they’re feeling it,” she says, adding that she has always had an innate ability to analyze and connect with clients. She’s good at observing the interplay of health conditions, incorporating biology, psychology, and social conceptualizations of issues, with nuance. She feels that recognizing behavioral patterns or psychological triggers in her patients helps her see them holistically and provide better care. “That was a skill even before I realized I was autistic, but I always thought it was just intuitive to everyone,” she says. 
 

Support Can Lead to Success

The Americans with Disabilities Act requires employers to provide reasonable accommodations to neurodivergent employees. However, getting those accommodations involves disclosure, which many physicians have reasons to avoid.

It also means more work. Requesting and putting adjustments in place can take a lot of time and energy to organize. Ms. McVey says they can be “long-winded, multistep tasks” that are not very compatible with ADHD. “Some doctors report that service pressures and funding are used as excuses to refuse adjustments,” she adds. 

Ms. McVey lists several workplace accommodations that could be helpful, including flexible working hours, a quiet space to complete paperwork, dictation software, and extra time for medical students to complete written exams.

Neurodivergent physicians have also called for increased diversity of senior leadership and utilizing “cognitive apprenticeship models,” where employees explain their thought processes and receive timely feedback.

But far too often, there is little intervention until a doctor reaches a crisis point. “I look forward to the day when we don’t have to wait until people are profoundly depleted to discover how their brains work,” says Dr. Houser.

Beyond logistical and structural changes in the medical field, Dr. Grosjean speaks of the simple need to listen to colleagues with an open mind and believe them when they express their feelings and experiences. “Everyone has a role to play in challenging stigma, misconceptions, and stereotypes,” Ms. McVey agrees. Ask yourself the old question, she suggests: “If not me, then who? If not now, then when?”

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Some 15%-20% of the world’s population are neurodivergent, with conditions such as autism, dyslexia, Tourette syndrome, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and others. With different strengths and challenges around learning, engaging socially, or completing certain tasks, neurodivergent people can face barriers in the workforce.

Meanwhile, studies suggest that neurodivergent people may be overrepresented in STEM fields such as medicine. The medical field may self-select for traits associated with neurodivergent conditions, researchers say, including a hyperfocus on intense interests, pattern recognition, increased curiosity and empathy, and thinking quickly under pressure.

But neurodivergent physicians report difficult, even damaging, experiences in the healthcare field. They struggle with stigma, a culture of nondisclosure, and lack of accommodations, which can lead to burnout and poor mental health.

“The medical system and the mental health system are some of the spaces that are holding on tightly to some of the outdated understandings of things like autism and ADHD,” says Megan Anna Neff, PsyD, a psychologist with autism and ADHD based in Portland, Oregon.

Situations can get dire: A 2023 survey of more than 200 autistic doctors from several countries found that 77% had considered suicide and 24% had attempted it.

But here’s the crux of it: Many neurodivergent doctors believe their unique ways of thinking and outside-the-box creativity are skills and strengths that can benefit the field. And they say making medicine more inclusive — and better understanding how a neurodivergent physician’s brain works — would allow them to thrive.
 

Blending In and Breaking Down

The exact number of neurodivergent physicians in the workforce remains unknown. Existing studies are small and focus mainly on autism. But researchers believe the percentage could be higher than we think, because neurodiversity can be underidentified.

Although autism can sometimes be diagnosed as early as 18 months, it’s not uncommon to receive a diagnosis well into adulthood. “Like many late-identified autistic adults, I got my autism diagnosis in the context of autistic burnout,” says Melissa Houser, MD, a primary care physician who received a diagnosis in 2021. Dr. Houser, who uses the pronouns she/they, explains that her experience is common, “a consequence of chronically having your life’s demands exceed your capacity.”

Dr. Houser, who also has ADHD and dyslexia, among other neurodivergent conditions, says that before her diagnosis, she worked in a traditional practice setting. Eventually, she began to notice intense dysregulation and fatigue. “I began to have a lot more difficulties with communication and my motor planning and sequencing,” Dr. Houser says. “I was sleep-deprived, and my needs were not being met. I was in a situation where I had a complete lack of autonomy over my practice.”

Deep in burnout, Dr. Houser says she lost her ability to “mask,” a term used to describe how some neurodivergent people work to “blend in” with societal expectations. This led to further communication breakdowns with her supervisor. Finally, Dr. Houser saw a psychiatrist.

Shortly after her diagnosis, Dr. Houser quit her job and founded All Brains Belong, a nonprofit that provides neurodiversity-affirming medical care, education, and advocacy. Research has found that people with autism are at increased risk for physical health conditions, including immune conditions, gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic conditions, and increased mortality in hospital settings. Understanding these connections can “mean the difference between life and death” for neurodivergent patients, Dr. Houser says.

Yet, in a 2015 study that assessed providers’ ability to recognize autism, a high proportion were not aware that they had patients with autism spectrum disorder, and most reported lacking both the skills and the tools to care for them.
 

Different as a Doctor and a Patient

Bernadette Grosjean, MD, a retired associate professor of psychiatry at David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and a distinguished Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association, also found insight into lifelong experiences as both a doctor and a patient with her autism diagnosis, which came when she was 61.

“Looking back, I was a smart kid but kind of clumsy and different in other ways,” Dr. Grosjean says. According to a 2021 survey by Cambridge University, autistic individuals are significantly more likely to identify as LGBTQ+, and Dr. Grosjean, who is gay, says that not being fully accepted by family or friends played a role in her struggles with mental health issues.

Throughout her mental health treatment, Dr. Grosjean felt as though her providers “were expecting from me things that I didn’t know how to do or fix. I didn’t know how to be a ‘good’ patient,” she recalls.

As a psychiatrist, Dr. Grosjean started to notice that many of the women she treated for borderline personality disorder, which is categorized by unstable relationships and emotions, were autistic. “I then started asking lots of questions about myself — the fact that I’ve always been very sensitive or that I’ve been accused of being both hypersensitive and not having emotions, and I understood a lot.”

When Dr. Grosjean came across Autistic Doctors International, a group of over 800 autistic doctors worldwide, she says, “I found my tribe.” She now serves as the US lead for psychiatry for the group, which is focused on support, advocacy, research, and education around neurodiversity.

Psychiatric comorbidities can accompany neurodivergent conditions. But a growing body of research, including a 2022 study published in the European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, indicates that autism and ADHD are frequently misdiagnosed as depression or anxiety.

Dr. Neff was unaware of her conditions until one of her children was diagnosed with autism in 2021. She started to research it. “As I was learning about autism and girls, I was like, ‘Oh, my gosh, this is me,’ ” Dr. Neff recalls. Within a few weeks, she had her own diagnosis.

In hindsight, Dr. Neff has more clarity regarding her struggles in the traditional medical space. She had found it difficult to fit patients into short appointment windows and keep their notes concise. Although she loved hospital work, the environment had been overwhelming and led to burnout.
 

‘A Deficit-Based Lens’

Dr. Houser believes that too often, autism is viewed through a “deficit-based lens.” Stressors like sensory overload, changes in routine, or unexpected events can exacerbate behavioral challenges for neurodivergent people in the workplace. The DSM-5 criteria for autism, she points out, are largely based on autistic “stress behaviors.”

The result, Dr. Houser says, is that neurodivergent doctors are judged by their response to stressors that put them at a disadvantage rather than their capabilities under more positive circumstances. “The more dysregulated someone is,” she says, “the more likely they are to manifest those observable behaviors.”

Dr. Neff notes that medicine is a very “sensory overwhelming work environment.” Working in ob.gyn. and primary care clinics, she remembers often coming home with a headache and a low-grade fever. “I had no idea why, but I now realize it’s because I was so sensory sick.”

Fearing for her job, Dr. Neff intentionally waited until she was in private practice to disclose her neurodiversity. “I don’t think it would have been received well if I was in a hospital system,” she says. “There’s a lot of invalidation that can come when someone chooses to self-disclose, and their colleagues don’t have a framework in mind to understand.” In one instance, after revealing her diagnosis, she remembers a well-known researcher telling her she wasn’t autistic.
Dr. Grosjean has also had former colleagues invalidate her diagnosis, something she says “keeps people quiet.”
 

Understanding the Neurodivergent Brain

The general lack of education on how neurodivergent brains work, physicians with these conditions say, means they are not often recognized for how they can function with certain accommodations and how they could contribute in unique ways if their workplace challenges were reduced.

“What we know about autistic brains is that we are systems-thinking pattern matchers,” says Dr. Houser, who formed an interdisciplinary task force to explore medical conditions that are more common in autistic people. Through that comprehensive approach, she has worked to find best practices to treat the constellation of conditions that can arise among these patients. “My autistic brain allowed me to do that,” Dr. Houser says.

Catriona McVey, a medical student in the United Kingdom and creator of the blog Attention Deficit Doctor, points out that “ADHD brains are interest-driven; they can be very focused when you’re doing something enjoyable or new due to increased dopaminergic stimulation.” Ms. McVey speaks from personal experience. “I’ve hyperfocused before on an essay that interested me for over 10 hours,” she recalls, “so I imagine if I was interested in surgery, I could easily hyperfocus on a long operation.” 

Empathy is another key part of medical practice. Contrary to stereotypes of neurodivergent people lacking empathy, current research suggests this isn’t true. A concept known as the “double empathy problem,” a term coined by British researcher Damian Milton in 2012, challenges the misconception that autistic people do not have empathy, explains Dr. Grosjean.

Mr. Milton theorized that there are two types of empathy: emotional, when you feel someone else’s pain, and cognitive, which involves critical thinking to understand someone’s emotions or thoughts. “Autistic people have, in general, a lot of emotional empathy,” Dr. Grosjean says, “but the cognitive empathy they don’t have as well.”

Dr. Neff has experienced this in her practice. “I will often feel what my clients are feeling as they’re feeling it,” she says, adding that she has always had an innate ability to analyze and connect with clients. She’s good at observing the interplay of health conditions, incorporating biology, psychology, and social conceptualizations of issues, with nuance. She feels that recognizing behavioral patterns or psychological triggers in her patients helps her see them holistically and provide better care. “That was a skill even before I realized I was autistic, but I always thought it was just intuitive to everyone,” she says. 
 

Support Can Lead to Success

The Americans with Disabilities Act requires employers to provide reasonable accommodations to neurodivergent employees. However, getting those accommodations involves disclosure, which many physicians have reasons to avoid.

It also means more work. Requesting and putting adjustments in place can take a lot of time and energy to organize. Ms. McVey says they can be “long-winded, multistep tasks” that are not very compatible with ADHD. “Some doctors report that service pressures and funding are used as excuses to refuse adjustments,” she adds. 

Ms. McVey lists several workplace accommodations that could be helpful, including flexible working hours, a quiet space to complete paperwork, dictation software, and extra time for medical students to complete written exams.

Neurodivergent physicians have also called for increased diversity of senior leadership and utilizing “cognitive apprenticeship models,” where employees explain their thought processes and receive timely feedback.

But far too often, there is little intervention until a doctor reaches a crisis point. “I look forward to the day when we don’t have to wait until people are profoundly depleted to discover how their brains work,” says Dr. Houser.

Beyond logistical and structural changes in the medical field, Dr. Grosjean speaks of the simple need to listen to colleagues with an open mind and believe them when they express their feelings and experiences. “Everyone has a role to play in challenging stigma, misconceptions, and stereotypes,” Ms. McVey agrees. Ask yourself the old question, she suggests: “If not me, then who? If not now, then when?”

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA) shares many characteristics with radiographic disease and responds to the same treatments, yet it has fewer FDA-approved options.

As Dr Marina Magrey, from Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, in Cleveland, Ohio, explains, the TNF inhibitor certolizumab has been approved on the basis of results from the C-axSpAnd study.

Similarly, the IL-17 inhibitors secukinumab and ixekizumab are also options, and the results of the COAST-X and PREVENT studies show them to be safe and efficacious.

In closing, Dr Magrey outlines the SELECT-AXIS 2 study showing benefit from the JAK inhibitor upadacitinib for nr-axSpA, with no additional safety signals.

--

Professor of Rheumatology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Chief, Division of Rheumatology, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio

Marina N. Magrey, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:

Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant, or trustee for: Novartis; AbbVie; UCB Pharma; Pfizer; Eli Lilly; Janssen; Bristol Myers Squibb

Received research grant from: AbbVie; Bristol Myers Squibb; Amgen

Nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA) shares many characteristics with radiographic disease and responds to the same treatments, yet it has fewer FDA-approved options.

As Dr Marina Magrey, from Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, in Cleveland, Ohio, explains, the TNF inhibitor certolizumab has been approved on the basis of results from the C-axSpAnd study.

Similarly, the IL-17 inhibitors secukinumab and ixekizumab are also options, and the results of the COAST-X and PREVENT studies show them to be safe and efficacious.

In closing, Dr Magrey outlines the SELECT-AXIS 2 study showing benefit from the JAK inhibitor upadacitinib for nr-axSpA, with no additional safety signals.

--

Professor of Rheumatology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Chief, Division of Rheumatology, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio

Marina N. Magrey, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:

Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant, or trustee for: Novartis; AbbVie; UCB Pharma; Pfizer; Eli Lilly; Janssen; Bristol Myers Squibb

Received research grant from: AbbVie; Bristol Myers Squibb; Amgen

Nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA) shares many characteristics with radiographic disease and responds to the same treatments, yet it has fewer FDA-approved options.

As Dr Marina Magrey, from Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, in Cleveland, Ohio, explains, the TNF inhibitor certolizumab has been approved on the basis of results from the C-axSpAnd study.

Similarly, the IL-17 inhibitors secukinumab and ixekizumab are also options, and the results of the COAST-X and PREVENT studies show them to be safe and efficacious.

In closing, Dr Magrey outlines the SELECT-AXIS 2 study showing benefit from the JAK inhibitor upadacitinib for nr-axSpA, with no additional safety signals.

--

Professor of Rheumatology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Chief, Division of Rheumatology, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio

Marina N. Magrey, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:

Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant, or trustee for: Novartis; AbbVie; UCB Pharma; Pfizer; Eli Lilly; Janssen; Bristol Myers Squibb

Received research grant from: AbbVie; Bristol Myers Squibb; Amgen

TOPLINE:

Poor vision and contrast sensitivity at baseline increase the likelihood of incident dementia in older adults; a decline in contrast sensitivity over time also correlates with the risk of developing dementia.

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers conducted a longitudinal study to analyze the association of visual function with the risk for dementia in 2159 men and women (mean age, 77.9 years; 54% women) included from the National Health and Aging Trends Study between 2021 and 2022.
• All participants were free from dementia at baseline and underwent visual assessment while wearing their usual glasses or contact lenses.
• Distance and near visual acuity were measured as the log minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) units where higher values indicated worse visual acuity; contrast sensitivity was measured as the log contrast sensitivity (logCS) units where lower values represented worse outcomes.
• Dementia status was determined by a medical diagnosis, a dementia score of 2 or more, or poor performance on cognitive testing.

TAKEAWAY:

• Over the 1-year follow-up period, 192 adults (6.6%) developed dementia.
• Worsening of distant and near vision by 0.1 logMAR increased the risk for dementia by 8% (P = .01) and 7% (P = .02), respectively.
• Each 0.1 logCS decline in baseline contrast sensitivity increased the risk for dementia by 9% (P = .003).
• A yearly decline in contrast sensitivity by 0.1 logCS increased the likelihood of dementia by 14% (P = .007).
• Changes in distant and near vision over time did not show a significant association with risk for dementia (P = .58 and P = .79, respectively).

IN PRACTICE:

“Visual function, especially contrast sensitivity, might be a risk factor for developing dementia,” the authors wrote. “Early vision screening may help identify adults at higher risk of dementia, allowing for timely interventions.”

SOURCE:

The study was led by Louay Almidani, MD, MSc, of the Wilmer Eye Institute at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, in Baltimore, and was published online in the American Journal of Ophthalmology.

LIMITATIONS:

The study had a limited follow-up period of 1 year and may not have captured the long-term association between visual impairment and the risk for dementia. Moreover, the researchers did not consider other visual function measures such as depth perception and visual field, which might have affected the results.

DISCLOSURES:

The study did not have any funding source. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Poor vision and contrast sensitivity at baseline increase the likelihood of incident dementia in older adults; a decline in contrast sensitivity over time also correlates with the risk of developing dementia.

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers conducted a longitudinal study to analyze the association of visual function with the risk for dementia in 2159 men and women (mean age, 77.9 years; 54% women) included from the National Health and Aging Trends Study between 2021 and 2022.
• All participants were free from dementia at baseline and underwent visual assessment while wearing their usual glasses or contact lenses.
• Distance and near visual acuity were measured as the log minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) units where higher values indicated worse visual acuity; contrast sensitivity was measured as the log contrast sensitivity (logCS) units where lower values represented worse outcomes.
• Dementia status was determined by a medical diagnosis, a dementia score of 2 or more, or poor performance on cognitive testing.

TAKEAWAY:

• Over the 1-year follow-up period, 192 adults (6.6%) developed dementia.
• Worsening of distant and near vision by 0.1 logMAR increased the risk for dementia by 8% (P = .01) and 7% (P = .02), respectively.
• Each 0.1 logCS decline in baseline contrast sensitivity increased the risk for dementia by 9% (P = .003).
• A yearly decline in contrast sensitivity by 0.1 logCS increased the likelihood of dementia by 14% (P = .007).
• Changes in distant and near vision over time did not show a significant association with risk for dementia (P = .58 and P = .79, respectively).

IN PRACTICE:

“Visual function, especially contrast sensitivity, might be a risk factor for developing dementia,” the authors wrote. “Early vision screening may help identify adults at higher risk of dementia, allowing for timely interventions.”

SOURCE:

The study was led by Louay Almidani, MD, MSc, of the Wilmer Eye Institute at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, in Baltimore, and was published online in the American Journal of Ophthalmology.

LIMITATIONS:

The study had a limited follow-up period of 1 year and may not have captured the long-term association between visual impairment and the risk for dementia. Moreover, the researchers did not consider other visual function measures such as depth perception and visual field, which might have affected the results.

DISCLOSURES:

The study did not have any funding source. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Poor vision and contrast sensitivity at baseline increase the likelihood of incident dementia in older adults; a decline in contrast sensitivity over time also correlates with the risk of developing dementia.

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers conducted a longitudinal study to analyze the association of visual function with the risk for dementia in 2159 men and women (mean age, 77.9 years; 54% women) included from the National Health and Aging Trends Study between 2021 and 2022.
• All participants were free from dementia at baseline and underwent visual assessment while wearing their usual glasses or contact lenses.
• Distance and near visual acuity were measured as the log minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) units where higher values indicated worse visual acuity; contrast sensitivity was measured as the log contrast sensitivity (logCS) units where lower values represented worse outcomes.
• Dementia status was determined by a medical diagnosis, a dementia score of 2 or more, or poor performance on cognitive testing.

TAKEAWAY:

• Over the 1-year follow-up period, 192 adults (6.6%) developed dementia.
• Worsening of distant and near vision by 0.1 logMAR increased the risk for dementia by 8% (P = .01) and 7% (P = .02), respectively.
• Each 0.1 logCS decline in baseline contrast sensitivity increased the risk for dementia by 9% (P = .003).
• A yearly decline in contrast sensitivity by 0.1 logCS increased the likelihood of dementia by 14% (P = .007).
• Changes in distant and near vision over time did not show a significant association with risk for dementia (P = .58 and P = .79, respectively).

IN PRACTICE:

“Visual function, especially contrast sensitivity, might be a risk factor for developing dementia,” the authors wrote. “Early vision screening may help identify adults at higher risk of dementia, allowing for timely interventions.”

SOURCE:

The study was led by Louay Almidani, MD, MSc, of the Wilmer Eye Institute at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, in Baltimore, and was published online in the American Journal of Ophthalmology.

LIMITATIONS:

The study had a limited follow-up period of 1 year and may not have captured the long-term association between visual impairment and the risk for dementia. Moreover, the researchers did not consider other visual function measures such as depth perception and visual field, which might have affected the results.

DISCLOSURES:

The study did not have any funding source. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

SAN DIEGO — Migraine may be associated with a greater risk of cardiovascular disease, ischemic stroke, and transient ischemic attack (TIA), but also a reduction in risk of hemorrhagic stroke in men, according to results from a retrospective analysis of Veterans Health Administration (VHA) data. Migraine was also linked to greater risk of cardiovascular disease, and the researchers found similar risk among both genders, with the exceptions of a larger stroke risk among women and larger risk of TIA among men.

Gender Matters

The research complements other studies, such as an analysis drawn from the Women’s Health Study, according to Alexandra Schwartz, a doctoral student at Yeshiva University, who presented the research at the annual meeting of the American Headache Society. That study found a 53% increased risk of stroke (hazard ratio [HR], 1.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-2.31) among 17,531 female subjects between the ages of 25 and 42. Another, smaller study in 1,400 men drawn from the Physicians Health study found an increased risk of major cardiovascular events of 1.24 (P = .008). Previous studies have shown that around two-thirds of VHA patients with migraine are male. “Our population gives us this really unique opportunity to look at men with migraine,” Ms. Schwartz said in an interview.

The differential risk factors among men and women are tantalizing. “Gender likely matters in terms of how migraine and stroke are related, and a number of other cardiovascular diseases,” said Ms. Schwartz.

Migraine has long been considered a disease of women, but 6% of men experience the condition, making it important to understand how migraine might affect cardiovascular result in men. “We would expect that there could be different underlying mechanisms in this kind of relationship ... it is absolutely worth understanding the extent to which this disease might impact their risk of cardiovascular events,” senior author Elizabeth Seng, PhD, said in an interview. She is a professor at Yeshiva University and a research associate at Albert Einstein School of Medicine.

The researchers examined data from 2,006,905 veterans between 2008 and 2021, including 681,784 migraineurs (492,234 men; 189,430 women) and 1,325,121 controls (983,154 men; 341,967 women) that were matched based on age within a 5-year band, gender, race, ethnicity, and VHA site of care.

Among individuals diagnosed with migraine, there was an increased risk of ischemic stroke (odds ratio [OR], 2.7; 95% CI, 2.6-2.7), TIA (OR, 7.3; 95% CI, 6.8-7.7), cardiovascular disease (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 3.5-3.6), acute myocardial infarction (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.6-1.8), heart failure (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.3-1.4), and unstable angina (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 2.5-2.8). There was an association between migraine and a lower risk of hemorrhagic stroke (OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.4-0.5), but only in men. When the findings were analyzed by gender, the findings were generally similar with the exception of a statistically significant, larger risk of ischemic stroke in women (OR, 3.0 versus 2.6), and a trend toward greater risk of TIA in men (OR, 7.3 versus 6.5).

While the study lends unique insight due to the high proportion of men, it also comes with the limitation that the participants were veterans, and may therefore differ from the general population with respect to general health status and other characteristics, said Ms. Schwartz.
 

Another Piece of the Puzzle

The large number of men in the study is important, according to session moderator Laine Green, MD, who was asked for comment. “The biggest population that was studied with respect to cardiovascular risk was the Women’s Health Study, which was predominantly White nurses over time, and it is one of our biggest important pieces of information when it comes to cardiovascular risk, specifically looking at those with migraine who seem to have this doubling of their underlying stroke risk. Trying to get the same type of information from different populations is exquisitely helpful, because it’s long been thought that the risk for stroke and cardiovascular events seems to lie with females with aura. Knowing that there may be risk in other groups is important and part of the overall counseling that we do with patients,” said Dr. Green, assistant professor of neurology at Mayo Clinic Arizona.

The findings could hint at causal mechanisms, according to Dr. Seng. Preliminary analyses, not yet reported, suggest that age also plays a role in the relationship between migraine and cardiovascular risks. “I think that it’s important to [determine] to what extent migraine might back up the curve on the age-related timing of these events. Migraine peaks in the 40s, and that’s well before most of these cardiovascular events peak. We want to understand not just the cross-sectional relationships, which were large, but also the extent to which migraine may be having a differential impact on risk in different age bands,” said Dr. Seng.

Ms. Schwartz, Dr. Seng, and Dr. Green have no relevant financial disclosures.

SAN DIEGO — Migraine may be associated with a greater risk of cardiovascular disease, ischemic stroke, and transient ischemic attack (TIA), but also a reduction in risk of hemorrhagic stroke in men, according to results from a retrospective analysis of Veterans Health Administration (VHA) data. Migraine was also linked to greater risk of cardiovascular disease, and the researchers found similar risk among both genders, with the exceptions of a larger stroke risk among women and larger risk of TIA among men.

Gender Matters

The research complements other studies, such as an analysis drawn from the Women’s Health Study, according to Alexandra Schwartz, a doctoral student at Yeshiva University, who presented the research at the annual meeting of the American Headache Society. That study found a 53% increased risk of stroke (hazard ratio [HR], 1.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-2.31) among 17,531 female subjects between the ages of 25 and 42. Another, smaller study in 1,400 men drawn from the Physicians Health study found an increased risk of major cardiovascular events of 1.24 (P = .008). Previous studies have shown that around two-thirds of VHA patients with migraine are male. “Our population gives us this really unique opportunity to look at men with migraine,” Ms. Schwartz said in an interview.

The differential risk factors among men and women are tantalizing. “Gender likely matters in terms of how migraine and stroke are related, and a number of other cardiovascular diseases,” said Ms. Schwartz.

Migraine has long been considered a disease of women, but 6% of men experience the condition, making it important to understand how migraine might affect cardiovascular result in men. “We would expect that there could be different underlying mechanisms in this kind of relationship ... it is absolutely worth understanding the extent to which this disease might impact their risk of cardiovascular events,” senior author Elizabeth Seng, PhD, said in an interview. She is a professor at Yeshiva University and a research associate at Albert Einstein School of Medicine.

The researchers examined data from 2,006,905 veterans between 2008 and 2021, including 681,784 migraineurs (492,234 men; 189,430 women) and 1,325,121 controls (983,154 men; 341,967 women) that were matched based on age within a 5-year band, gender, race, ethnicity, and VHA site of care.

Among individuals diagnosed with migraine, there was an increased risk of ischemic stroke (odds ratio [OR], 2.7; 95% CI, 2.6-2.7), TIA (OR, 7.3; 95% CI, 6.8-7.7), cardiovascular disease (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 3.5-3.6), acute myocardial infarction (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.6-1.8), heart failure (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.3-1.4), and unstable angina (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 2.5-2.8). There was an association between migraine and a lower risk of hemorrhagic stroke (OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.4-0.5), but only in men. When the findings were analyzed by gender, the findings were generally similar with the exception of a statistically significant, larger risk of ischemic stroke in women (OR, 3.0 versus 2.6), and a trend toward greater risk of TIA in men (OR, 7.3 versus 6.5).

While the study lends unique insight due to the high proportion of men, it also comes with the limitation that the participants were veterans, and may therefore differ from the general population with respect to general health status and other characteristics, said Ms. Schwartz.
 

Another Piece of the Puzzle

The large number of men in the study is important, according to session moderator Laine Green, MD, who was asked for comment. “The biggest population that was studied with respect to cardiovascular risk was the Women’s Health Study, which was predominantly White nurses over time, and it is one of our biggest important pieces of information when it comes to cardiovascular risk, specifically looking at those with migraine who seem to have this doubling of their underlying stroke risk. Trying to get the same type of information from different populations is exquisitely helpful, because it’s long been thought that the risk for stroke and cardiovascular events seems to lie with females with aura. Knowing that there may be risk in other groups is important and part of the overall counseling that we do with patients,” said Dr. Green, assistant professor of neurology at Mayo Clinic Arizona.

The findings could hint at causal mechanisms, according to Dr. Seng. Preliminary analyses, not yet reported, suggest that age also plays a role in the relationship between migraine and cardiovascular risks. “I think that it’s important to [determine] to what extent migraine might back up the curve on the age-related timing of these events. Migraine peaks in the 40s, and that’s well before most of these cardiovascular events peak. We want to understand not just the cross-sectional relationships, which were large, but also the extent to which migraine may be having a differential impact on risk in different age bands,” said Dr. Seng.

Ms. Schwartz, Dr. Seng, and Dr. Green have no relevant financial disclosures.

SAN DIEGO — Migraine may be associated with a greater risk of cardiovascular disease, ischemic stroke, and transient ischemic attack (TIA), but also a reduction in risk of hemorrhagic stroke in men, according to results from a retrospective analysis of Veterans Health Administration (VHA) data. Migraine was also linked to greater risk of cardiovascular disease, and the researchers found similar risk among both genders, with the exceptions of a larger stroke risk among women and larger risk of TIA among men.

Gender Matters

The research complements other studies, such as an analysis drawn from the Women’s Health Study, according to Alexandra Schwartz, a doctoral student at Yeshiva University, who presented the research at the annual meeting of the American Headache Society. That study found a 53% increased risk of stroke (hazard ratio [HR], 1.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-2.31) among 17,531 female subjects between the ages of 25 and 42. Another, smaller study in 1,400 men drawn from the Physicians Health study found an increased risk of major cardiovascular events of 1.24 (P = .008). Previous studies have shown that around two-thirds of VHA patients with migraine are male. “Our population gives us this really unique opportunity to look at men with migraine,” Ms. Schwartz said in an interview.

The differential risk factors among men and women are tantalizing. “Gender likely matters in terms of how migraine and stroke are related, and a number of other cardiovascular diseases,” said Ms. Schwartz.

Migraine has long been considered a disease of women, but 6% of men experience the condition, making it important to understand how migraine might affect cardiovascular result in men. “We would expect that there could be different underlying mechanisms in this kind of relationship ... it is absolutely worth understanding the extent to which this disease might impact their risk of cardiovascular events,” senior author Elizabeth Seng, PhD, said in an interview. She is a professor at Yeshiva University and a research associate at Albert Einstein School of Medicine.

The researchers examined data from 2,006,905 veterans between 2008 and 2021, including 681,784 migraineurs (492,234 men; 189,430 women) and 1,325,121 controls (983,154 men; 341,967 women) that were matched based on age within a 5-year band, gender, race, ethnicity, and VHA site of care.

Among individuals diagnosed with migraine, there was an increased risk of ischemic stroke (odds ratio [OR], 2.7; 95% CI, 2.6-2.7), TIA (OR, 7.3; 95% CI, 6.8-7.7), cardiovascular disease (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 3.5-3.6), acute myocardial infarction (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.6-1.8), heart failure (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.3-1.4), and unstable angina (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 2.5-2.8). There was an association between migraine and a lower risk of hemorrhagic stroke (OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.4-0.5), but only in men. When the findings were analyzed by gender, the findings were generally similar with the exception of a statistically significant, larger risk of ischemic stroke in women (OR, 3.0 versus 2.6), and a trend toward greater risk of TIA in men (OR, 7.3 versus 6.5).

While the study lends unique insight due to the high proportion of men, it also comes with the limitation that the participants were veterans, and may therefore differ from the general population with respect to general health status and other characteristics, said Ms. Schwartz.
 

Another Piece of the Puzzle

The large number of men in the study is important, according to session moderator Laine Green, MD, who was asked for comment. “The biggest population that was studied with respect to cardiovascular risk was the Women’s Health Study, which was predominantly White nurses over time, and it is one of our biggest important pieces of information when it comes to cardiovascular risk, specifically looking at those with migraine who seem to have this doubling of their underlying stroke risk. Trying to get the same type of information from different populations is exquisitely helpful, because it’s long been thought that the risk for stroke and cardiovascular events seems to lie with females with aura. Knowing that there may be risk in other groups is important and part of the overall counseling that we do with patients,” said Dr. Green, assistant professor of neurology at Mayo Clinic Arizona.

The findings could hint at causal mechanisms, according to Dr. Seng. Preliminary analyses, not yet reported, suggest that age also plays a role in the relationship between migraine and cardiovascular risks. “I think that it’s important to [determine] to what extent migraine might back up the curve on the age-related timing of these events. Migraine peaks in the 40s, and that’s well before most of these cardiovascular events peak. We want to understand not just the cross-sectional relationships, which were large, but also the extent to which migraine may be having a differential impact on risk in different age bands,” said Dr. Seng.

Ms. Schwartz, Dr. Seng, and Dr. Green have no relevant financial disclosures.

Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) had a lower risk for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) than the general population, and this risk was significantly lower than that of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), according to an analysis of national claims data.

The results of the analysis were presented during a poster session at the Revolutionizing Atopic Dermatitis conference in Chicago. “While it is known that atopic dermatitis is associated with some comorbidities, the specific risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with AD, especially those with moderate to severe AD within the US population, is unclear,” the study’s first author Christopher G. Bunick, MD, PhD, said in an interview following the conference.

To characterize the risk for MACE in patients with AD vs matched controls without AD (non-AD) and patients with RA, Dr. Bunick, associate professor of dermatology at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, and colleagues retrospectively evaluated US claims data from Optum’s Clinformatics Data Mart. The study population consisted of 381,221 patients aged 18 years and older who were diagnosed with AD from March 2017 to March 2023. Comparator groups included 381,221 non-AD controls matched by age, sex, and cohort entry, and 97,445 patients diagnosed with RA based on at least two claims for RA ≥ 7 days apart.

Patients were classified as having moderate to severe disease if they received dupilumab for AD or advanced systemic therapy for RA at any time during the follow-up period. The matched moderate to severe AD and non-AD cohorts were composed of 7134 patients each. The incidence of MACE was defined as inpatient hospitalization with myocardial infarction or stroke. The researchers used multivariable Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for baseline demographics, comorbidities, and medications to calculate the relative risk for MACE.
 

MACE Incidence, Relative Risk

The mean age of the AD cohort and non-AD matched controls was 58 years, and the mean age of the RA cohort was 67 years. The incidence of MACE per 100 patient-years was 1.78 among patients with AD, 1.83 among non-AD matched controls, and 2.12 among patients with RA. Patients with moderate to severe AD had a MACE incidence of 1.18 per 100 patient-years, which was lower than that of non-AD matched controls (1.52) and patients with moderate to severe RA (1.67).

In other findings, the relative risk for MACE in patients with AD was lower vs non-AD controls (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.91; 95% CI, 0.89-0.93; P < .001) and patients with RA (aHR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.80-0.85; P < .001). Among patients with moderate to severe AD, MACE risk was similar to that of non-AD matched controls (aHR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.73-1.14) and lower vs those with moderate to severe RA (aHR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.73-0.94; P < .01).

MACE risk associated with AD was greater in patients who were older (per year, aHR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.05-1.05), male (aHR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.79-0.84), and Black vs White (aHR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.11-1.21), and among those who received systemic corticosteroids in the 3 months before diagnosis (aHR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.06-1.14), were hospitalized in the year before diagnosis (aHR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.30-1.41), and had a history of smoking (aHR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.16-1.24) and drug abuse (aHR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.25-1.43).
 

Unexpected Results

“One surprising finding was that the incidence of MACE in patients with moderate to severe AD was actually lower than that in non-AD matched controls and significantly lower compared to patients with moderate to severe RA,” Dr. Bunick said. “This contrasts with the expectation that increased systemic inflammation in moderate to severe AD would correspond with a higher incidence of MACE.”

Another unexpected result, he said, was that, among patients with moderate to severe AD, the risk for MACE was not significantly different from that of non-AD matched controls, suggesting that the inflammatory burden in AD might not translate to as high a cardiovascular risk as previously assumed.

Dr. Bunick noted that advanced treatments for AD such as Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors (upadacitinib and abrocitinib) have a class boxed warning for MACE based on a study of another JAK inhibitor (tofacitinib) in patients with RA, but “this may not apply to AD because patients with AD have a lower risk for MACE.”

In his opinion, he said, the study “underscores the importance of understanding the specific risks associated with different inflammatory conditions.” Moreover, “it emphasizes the potential benefits of newer systemic therapies in potentially mitigating cardiovascular risks in patients with moderate to severe AD.”

Dr. Bunick acknowledged certain limitations of the study, including its retrospective design and reliance on administrative claims data, which “may introduce coding errors and misclassification,” and the generalizability of the results, which may be limited to the US population.

AbbVie funded the study, and three of the coauthors are employees of the company. Dr. Bunick disclosed that he has served as an investigator and/or a consultant for AbbVie, Almirall, Apogee, Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Connect Biopharma, Daiichi Sankyo, EPI Health/Novan, LEO, Lilly, Novartis, Ortho Dermatologics, Palvella Therapeutics, Pfizer, Sanofi Regeneron, Sun, Takeda, Timber, and UCB.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) had a lower risk for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) than the general population, and this risk was significantly lower than that of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), according to an analysis of national claims data.

The results of the analysis were presented during a poster session at the Revolutionizing Atopic Dermatitis conference in Chicago. “While it is known that atopic dermatitis is associated with some comorbidities, the specific risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with AD, especially those with moderate to severe AD within the US population, is unclear,” the study’s first author Christopher G. Bunick, MD, PhD, said in an interview following the conference.

To characterize the risk for MACE in patients with AD vs matched controls without AD (non-AD) and patients with RA, Dr. Bunick, associate professor of dermatology at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, and colleagues retrospectively evaluated US claims data from Optum’s Clinformatics Data Mart. The study population consisted of 381,221 patients aged 18 years and older who were diagnosed with AD from March 2017 to March 2023. Comparator groups included 381,221 non-AD controls matched by age, sex, and cohort entry, and 97,445 patients diagnosed with RA based on at least two claims for RA ≥ 7 days apart.

Patients were classified as having moderate to severe disease if they received dupilumab for AD or advanced systemic therapy for RA at any time during the follow-up period. The matched moderate to severe AD and non-AD cohorts were composed of 7134 patients each. The incidence of MACE was defined as inpatient hospitalization with myocardial infarction or stroke. The researchers used multivariable Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for baseline demographics, comorbidities, and medications to calculate the relative risk for MACE.
 

MACE Incidence, Relative Risk

The mean age of the AD cohort and non-AD matched controls was 58 years, and the mean age of the RA cohort was 67 years. The incidence of MACE per 100 patient-years was 1.78 among patients with AD, 1.83 among non-AD matched controls, and 2.12 among patients with RA. Patients with moderate to severe AD had a MACE incidence of 1.18 per 100 patient-years, which was lower than that of non-AD matched controls (1.52) and patients with moderate to severe RA (1.67).

In other findings, the relative risk for MACE in patients with AD was lower vs non-AD controls (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.91; 95% CI, 0.89-0.93; P < .001) and patients with RA (aHR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.80-0.85; P < .001). Among patients with moderate to severe AD, MACE risk was similar to that of non-AD matched controls (aHR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.73-1.14) and lower vs those with moderate to severe RA (aHR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.73-0.94; P < .01).

MACE risk associated with AD was greater in patients who were older (per year, aHR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.05-1.05), male (aHR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.79-0.84), and Black vs White (aHR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.11-1.21), and among those who received systemic corticosteroids in the 3 months before diagnosis (aHR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.06-1.14), were hospitalized in the year before diagnosis (aHR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.30-1.41), and had a history of smoking (aHR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.16-1.24) and drug abuse (aHR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.25-1.43).
 

Unexpected Results

“One surprising finding was that the incidence of MACE in patients with moderate to severe AD was actually lower than that in non-AD matched controls and significantly lower compared to patients with moderate to severe RA,” Dr. Bunick said. “This contrasts with the expectation that increased systemic inflammation in moderate to severe AD would correspond with a higher incidence of MACE.”

Another unexpected result, he said, was that, among patients with moderate to severe AD, the risk for MACE was not significantly different from that of non-AD matched controls, suggesting that the inflammatory burden in AD might not translate to as high a cardiovascular risk as previously assumed.

Dr. Bunick noted that advanced treatments for AD such as Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors (upadacitinib and abrocitinib) have a class boxed warning for MACE based on a study of another JAK inhibitor (tofacitinib) in patients with RA, but “this may not apply to AD because patients with AD have a lower risk for MACE.”

In his opinion, he said, the study “underscores the importance of understanding the specific risks associated with different inflammatory conditions.” Moreover, “it emphasizes the potential benefits of newer systemic therapies in potentially mitigating cardiovascular risks in patients with moderate to severe AD.”

Dr. Bunick acknowledged certain limitations of the study, including its retrospective design and reliance on administrative claims data, which “may introduce coding errors and misclassification,” and the generalizability of the results, which may be limited to the US population.

AbbVie funded the study, and three of the coauthors are employees of the company. Dr. Bunick disclosed that he has served as an investigator and/or a consultant for AbbVie, Almirall, Apogee, Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Connect Biopharma, Daiichi Sankyo, EPI Health/Novan, LEO, Lilly, Novartis, Ortho Dermatologics, Palvella Therapeutics, Pfizer, Sanofi Regeneron, Sun, Takeda, Timber, and UCB.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) had a lower risk for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) than the general population, and this risk was significantly lower than that of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), according to an analysis of national claims data.

The results of the analysis were presented during a poster session at the Revolutionizing Atopic Dermatitis conference in Chicago. “While it is known that atopic dermatitis is associated with some comorbidities, the specific risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with AD, especially those with moderate to severe AD within the US population, is unclear,” the study’s first author Christopher G. Bunick, MD, PhD, said in an interview following the conference.

To characterize the risk for MACE in patients with AD vs matched controls without AD (non-AD) and patients with RA, Dr. Bunick, associate professor of dermatology at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, and colleagues retrospectively evaluated US claims data from Optum’s Clinformatics Data Mart. The study population consisted of 381,221 patients aged 18 years and older who were diagnosed with AD from March 2017 to March 2023. Comparator groups included 381,221 non-AD controls matched by age, sex, and cohort entry, and 97,445 patients diagnosed with RA based on at least two claims for RA ≥ 7 days apart.

Patients were classified as having moderate to severe disease if they received dupilumab for AD or advanced systemic therapy for RA at any time during the follow-up period. The matched moderate to severe AD and non-AD cohorts were composed of 7134 patients each. The incidence of MACE was defined as inpatient hospitalization with myocardial infarction or stroke. The researchers used multivariable Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for baseline demographics, comorbidities, and medications to calculate the relative risk for MACE.
 

MACE Incidence, Relative Risk

The mean age of the AD cohort and non-AD matched controls was 58 years, and the mean age of the RA cohort was 67 years. The incidence of MACE per 100 patient-years was 1.78 among patients with AD, 1.83 among non-AD matched controls, and 2.12 among patients with RA. Patients with moderate to severe AD had a MACE incidence of 1.18 per 100 patient-years, which was lower than that of non-AD matched controls (1.52) and patients with moderate to severe RA (1.67).

In other findings, the relative risk for MACE in patients with AD was lower vs non-AD controls (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.91; 95% CI, 0.89-0.93; P < .001) and patients with RA (aHR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.80-0.85; P < .001). Among patients with moderate to severe AD, MACE risk was similar to that of non-AD matched controls (aHR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.73-1.14) and lower vs those with moderate to severe RA (aHR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.73-0.94; P < .01).

MACE risk associated with AD was greater in patients who were older (per year, aHR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.05-1.05), male (aHR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.79-0.84), and Black vs White (aHR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.11-1.21), and among those who received systemic corticosteroids in the 3 months before diagnosis (aHR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.06-1.14), were hospitalized in the year before diagnosis (aHR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.30-1.41), and had a history of smoking (aHR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.16-1.24) and drug abuse (aHR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.25-1.43).
 

Unexpected Results

“One surprising finding was that the incidence of MACE in patients with moderate to severe AD was actually lower than that in non-AD matched controls and significantly lower compared to patients with moderate to severe RA,” Dr. Bunick said. “This contrasts with the expectation that increased systemic inflammation in moderate to severe AD would correspond with a higher incidence of MACE.”

Another unexpected result, he said, was that, among patients with moderate to severe AD, the risk for MACE was not significantly different from that of non-AD matched controls, suggesting that the inflammatory burden in AD might not translate to as high a cardiovascular risk as previously assumed.

Dr. Bunick noted that advanced treatments for AD such as Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors (upadacitinib and abrocitinib) have a class boxed warning for MACE based on a study of another JAK inhibitor (tofacitinib) in patients with RA, but “this may not apply to AD because patients with AD have a lower risk for MACE.”

In his opinion, he said, the study “underscores the importance of understanding the specific risks associated with different inflammatory conditions.” Moreover, “it emphasizes the potential benefits of newer systemic therapies in potentially mitigating cardiovascular risks in patients with moderate to severe AD.”

Dr. Bunick acknowledged certain limitations of the study, including its retrospective design and reliance on administrative claims data, which “may introduce coding errors and misclassification,” and the generalizability of the results, which may be limited to the US population.

AbbVie funded the study, and three of the coauthors are employees of the company. Dr. Bunick disclosed that he has served as an investigator and/or a consultant for AbbVie, Almirall, Apogee, Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Connect Biopharma, Daiichi Sankyo, EPI Health/Novan, LEO, Lilly, Novartis, Ortho Dermatologics, Palvella Therapeutics, Pfizer, Sanofi Regeneron, Sun, Takeda, Timber, and UCB.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.