The ongoing sea change in medicine has led to a substantial erosion of physician autonomy and to ever-increasing administrative burdens that hit small practices the hardest. Does this mean that the independent private physician practice model is doomed, as some predict? Absolutely not; but it will force many solo practitioners and small groups to join forces to protect themselves.

Those practices that offer unique services, or fill an unmet niche, may be able to remain small; but most smaller practices will need to consider a larger alternative. In my last column, I outlined the basics of arriving at a fair market value for a private practice; once that has been accomplished, you will be in a position to consider the various merger options that are available.

One attractive and relatively straightforward strategy is the formation of a cooperative group. In most areas, there are very likely several small practices in similar predicaments that might be receptive to discussing a collaboration on billing and purchasing. This allows each participant to maintain independence as a private practice, while pooling resources to ease the administrative burdens of all. Once that arrangement is in place, the group can consider more ambitious projects, such as the joint purchase of an integrated electronic health records (EHR) network, sharing personnel to lower staffing costs, and an integrated scheduling system. The latter will be particularly attractive to participants in later stages of their careers who are considering an intermediate option, somewhere between full-time work and complete retirement.

After a time, when the structure is stabilized and everyone agrees that his or her individual and shared interests and goals are being met, an outright merger can be contemplated. Obviously, projects of this scope require careful planning and implementation, and should not be undertaken without the help of competent legal counsel and an experienced business consultant.

A more complex but increasingly popular option is to join other small practices and providers in an independent practice association. An IPA is a legal entity, organized and directed by physicians for the purpose of negotiating contracts with insurance companies on their behalf. Because of its structure, an IPA is better positioned to enter into such financial arrangements and to counterbalance the leverage of insurers; but there are legal issues to consider. Many IPAs are vulnerable to antitrust charges because they include competing health care providers. You should check with legal counsel before signing on to an IPA, to make sure that it abides by antitrust and price fixing laws. IPAs have also been known to fail, particularly in states where they are not adequately regulated.

One proposed successor to the IPA is the accountable care organization (ACO), an entity born as a component of the Affordable Care Act. While the official definition remains nebulous, an ACO is basically a network of doctors and hospitals that shares financial and medical responsibility for providing coordinated and efficient care to patients. The goal of ACO participators is to limit unnecessary spending, both individually and collectively, according to criteria established by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), without compromising quality of care in the process. More than 600 ACOs had been approved by the CMS as of the beginning of 2014.

As the name implies, ACOs make providers jointly accountable for the health of their patients; they offer financial incentives to cooperate and to save money by avoiding unnecessary tests and procedures. A key component is the sharing of information. Providers that save money while also meeting quality targets are theoretically entitled to a portion of the savings.

As with IPAs, ACO ventures involve a measure of risk. ACOs that fail to meet the CMS performance and savings benchmarks can be stuck with the bill for investments made to improve care, such as equipment and computer purchases, and the hiring of mid-level providers and managers, and may be assessed monetary penalties as well. ACOs sponsored by physicians or rural providers, however, can apply to receive payments in advance to help finance infrastructure investments – a concession the Obama administration made after receiving complaints from rural hospitals. It is important to remember that the ACO model remains very much a work in progress.

Clearly, the price of remaining autonomous will be significant, and many private practitioners will be unwilling to pay it: Only 36% of physicians remained in independent practice at the end of the 2013, according to data from the American Medical Association – down from 57% in 2000; but those of us who remain committed to independence will find ways to preserve it, by mergers or other methods. In medicine, as in life, those most responsive to change will survive and flourish.

Dr. Eastern practices dermatology and dermatologic surgery in Belleville, N.J. He is the author of numerous articles and textbook chapters, and is a longtime monthly columnist for Dermatology News. Write to him at dermnews@frontlinemedcom.com.

The ongoing sea change in medicine has led to a substantial erosion of physician autonomy and to ever-increasing administrative burdens that hit small practices the hardest. Does this mean that the independent private physician practice model is doomed, as some predict? Absolutely not; but it will force many solo practitioners and small groups to join forces to protect themselves.

Those practices that offer unique services, or fill an unmet niche, may be able to remain small; but most smaller practices will need to consider a larger alternative. In my last column, I outlined the basics of arriving at a fair market value for a private practice; once that has been accomplished, you will be in a position to consider the various merger options that are available.

One attractive and relatively straightforward strategy is the formation of a cooperative group. In most areas, there are very likely several small practices in similar predicaments that might be receptive to discussing a collaboration on billing and purchasing. This allows each participant to maintain independence as a private practice, while pooling resources to ease the administrative burdens of all. Once that arrangement is in place, the group can consider more ambitious projects, such as the joint purchase of an integrated electronic health records (EHR) network, sharing personnel to lower staffing costs, and an integrated scheduling system. The latter will be particularly attractive to participants in later stages of their careers who are considering an intermediate option, somewhere between full-time work and complete retirement.

After a time, when the structure is stabilized and everyone agrees that his or her individual and shared interests and goals are being met, an outright merger can be contemplated. Obviously, projects of this scope require careful planning and implementation, and should not be undertaken without the help of competent legal counsel and an experienced business consultant.

A more complex but increasingly popular option is to join other small practices and providers in an independent practice association. An IPA is a legal entity, organized and directed by physicians for the purpose of negotiating contracts with insurance companies on their behalf. Because of its structure, an IPA is better positioned to enter into such financial arrangements and to counterbalance the leverage of insurers; but there are legal issues to consider. Many IPAs are vulnerable to antitrust charges because they include competing health care providers. You should check with legal counsel before signing on to an IPA, to make sure that it abides by antitrust and price fixing laws. IPAs have also been known to fail, particularly in states where they are not adequately regulated.

One proposed successor to the IPA is the accountable care organization (ACO), an entity born as a component of the Affordable Care Act. While the official definition remains nebulous, an ACO is basically a network of doctors and hospitals that shares financial and medical responsibility for providing coordinated and efficient care to patients. The goal of ACO participators is to limit unnecessary spending, both individually and collectively, according to criteria established by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), without compromising quality of care in the process. More than 600 ACOs had been approved by the CMS as of the beginning of 2014.

As the name implies, ACOs make providers jointly accountable for the health of their patients; they offer financial incentives to cooperate and to save money by avoiding unnecessary tests and procedures. A key component is the sharing of information. Providers that save money while also meeting quality targets are theoretically entitled to a portion of the savings.

As with IPAs, ACO ventures involve a measure of risk. ACOs that fail to meet the CMS performance and savings benchmarks can be stuck with the bill for investments made to improve care, such as equipment and computer purchases, and the hiring of mid-level providers and managers, and may be assessed monetary penalties as well. ACOs sponsored by physicians or rural providers, however, can apply to receive payments in advance to help finance infrastructure investments – a concession the Obama administration made after receiving complaints from rural hospitals. It is important to remember that the ACO model remains very much a work in progress.

Clearly, the price of remaining autonomous will be significant, and many private practitioners will be unwilling to pay it: Only 36% of physicians remained in independent practice at the end of the 2013, according to data from the American Medical Association – down from 57% in 2000; but those of us who remain committed to independence will find ways to preserve it, by mergers or other methods. In medicine, as in life, those most responsive to change will survive and flourish.

Dr. Eastern practices dermatology and dermatologic surgery in Belleville, N.J. He is the author of numerous articles and textbook chapters, and is a longtime monthly columnist for Dermatology News. Write to him at dermnews@frontlinemedcom.com.

The ongoing sea change in medicine has led to a substantial erosion of physician autonomy and to ever-increasing administrative burdens that hit small practices the hardest. Does this mean that the independent private physician practice model is doomed, as some predict? Absolutely not; but it will force many solo practitioners and small groups to join forces to protect themselves.

Those practices that offer unique services, or fill an unmet niche, may be able to remain small; but most smaller practices will need to consider a larger alternative. In my last column, I outlined the basics of arriving at a fair market value for a private practice; once that has been accomplished, you will be in a position to consider the various merger options that are available.

One attractive and relatively straightforward strategy is the formation of a cooperative group. In most areas, there are very likely several small practices in similar predicaments that might be receptive to discussing a collaboration on billing and purchasing. This allows each participant to maintain independence as a private practice, while pooling resources to ease the administrative burdens of all. Once that arrangement is in place, the group can consider more ambitious projects, such as the joint purchase of an integrated electronic health records (EHR) network, sharing personnel to lower staffing costs, and an integrated scheduling system. The latter will be particularly attractive to participants in later stages of their careers who are considering an intermediate option, somewhere between full-time work and complete retirement.

After a time, when the structure is stabilized and everyone agrees that his or her individual and shared interests and goals are being met, an outright merger can be contemplated. Obviously, projects of this scope require careful planning and implementation, and should not be undertaken without the help of competent legal counsel and an experienced business consultant.

A more complex but increasingly popular option is to join other small practices and providers in an independent practice association. An IPA is a legal entity, organized and directed by physicians for the purpose of negotiating contracts with insurance companies on their behalf. Because of its structure, an IPA is better positioned to enter into such financial arrangements and to counterbalance the leverage of insurers; but there are legal issues to consider. Many IPAs are vulnerable to antitrust charges because they include competing health care providers. You should check with legal counsel before signing on to an IPA, to make sure that it abides by antitrust and price fixing laws. IPAs have also been known to fail, particularly in states where they are not adequately regulated.

One proposed successor to the IPA is the accountable care organization (ACO), an entity born as a component of the Affordable Care Act. While the official definition remains nebulous, an ACO is basically a network of doctors and hospitals that shares financial and medical responsibility for providing coordinated and efficient care to patients. The goal of ACO participators is to limit unnecessary spending, both individually and collectively, according to criteria established by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), without compromising quality of care in the process. More than 600 ACOs had been approved by the CMS as of the beginning of 2014.

As the name implies, ACOs make providers jointly accountable for the health of their patients; they offer financial incentives to cooperate and to save money by avoiding unnecessary tests and procedures. A key component is the sharing of information. Providers that save money while also meeting quality targets are theoretically entitled to a portion of the savings.

As with IPAs, ACO ventures involve a measure of risk. ACOs that fail to meet the CMS performance and savings benchmarks can be stuck with the bill for investments made to improve care, such as equipment and computer purchases, and the hiring of mid-level providers and managers, and may be assessed monetary penalties as well. ACOs sponsored by physicians or rural providers, however, can apply to receive payments in advance to help finance infrastructure investments – a concession the Obama administration made after receiving complaints from rural hospitals. It is important to remember that the ACO model remains very much a work in progress.

Clearly, the price of remaining autonomous will be significant, and many private practitioners will be unwilling to pay it: Only 36% of physicians remained in independent practice at the end of the 2013, according to data from the American Medical Association – down from 57% in 2000; but those of us who remain committed to independence will find ways to preserve it, by mergers or other methods. In medicine, as in life, those most responsive to change will survive and flourish.

Dr. Eastern practices dermatology and dermatologic surgery in Belleville, N.J. He is the author of numerous articles and textbook chapters, and is a longtime monthly columnist for Dermatology News. Write to him at dermnews@frontlinemedcom.com.

A recent patient satisfaction survey that ranked nursing care as the most important factor within inpatient pediatric care settings comes as no surprise to the chair of SHM’s Nurse Practitioner/Physician Assistant Committee.

Published online last month in the American Journal of Medical Quality, the retrospective study found that patient satisfaction for pediatric care varies widely depending on “which departmental setting patients receive treatment within a healthcare system,” study authors noted.

“Communication is one of the most important things,” says committee chair Tracy Cardin, ACNP-BC, FHM. “And nursing is sort of our designee sometimes in the communication of the plan of care. You can go over something with a patient and the family for a minute or so, or five, or even 10. But, really, it’s the nurses who reinforce the message.”

For the study, researchers at Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children in Delaware reviewed more than 27,000 patient satisfaction survey results over a three-year period at facilities of the Nemours Children’s Health System in the Delaware Valley and Jefferson University Hospitals in Philadelphia. Families rated their satisfaction on a five-point scale for various factors including physician care, nurse care, and personal concern.

The researchers say knowing what kinds of care expectations patients have in different settings, be it the emergency department or an inpatient ward, could help tailor interventions.

Cardin is hopeful that’s true, but she notes that patient satisfaction is a complex issue. A hospitalist could deliver perfect care, but if the patient had a bad experience at the hospital’s front door, the actual care delivery scores may be affected.

“It would be nice if there were just one variable to manipulate,” she says. “There are so many different impacts on [satisfaction]. What do we really have the ability to control?”

View our website for more information on inpatient satisfaction.

A recent patient satisfaction survey that ranked nursing care as the most important factor within inpatient pediatric care settings comes as no surprise to the chair of SHM’s Nurse Practitioner/Physician Assistant Committee.

Published online last month in the American Journal of Medical Quality, the retrospective study found that patient satisfaction for pediatric care varies widely depending on “which departmental setting patients receive treatment within a healthcare system,” study authors noted.

“Communication is one of the most important things,” says committee chair Tracy Cardin, ACNP-BC, FHM. “And nursing is sort of our designee sometimes in the communication of the plan of care. You can go over something with a patient and the family for a minute or so, or five, or even 10. But, really, it’s the nurses who reinforce the message.”

For the study, researchers at Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children in Delaware reviewed more than 27,000 patient satisfaction survey results over a three-year period at facilities of the Nemours Children’s Health System in the Delaware Valley and Jefferson University Hospitals in Philadelphia. Families rated their satisfaction on a five-point scale for various factors including physician care, nurse care, and personal concern.

The researchers say knowing what kinds of care expectations patients have in different settings, be it the emergency department or an inpatient ward, could help tailor interventions.

Cardin is hopeful that’s true, but she notes that patient satisfaction is a complex issue. A hospitalist could deliver perfect care, but if the patient had a bad experience at the hospital’s front door, the actual care delivery scores may be affected.

“It would be nice if there were just one variable to manipulate,” she says. “There are so many different impacts on [satisfaction]. What do we really have the ability to control?”

View our website for more information on inpatient satisfaction.

A recent patient satisfaction survey that ranked nursing care as the most important factor within inpatient pediatric care settings comes as no surprise to the chair of SHM’s Nurse Practitioner/Physician Assistant Committee.

Published online last month in the American Journal of Medical Quality, the retrospective study found that patient satisfaction for pediatric care varies widely depending on “which departmental setting patients receive treatment within a healthcare system,” study authors noted.

“Communication is one of the most important things,” says committee chair Tracy Cardin, ACNP-BC, FHM. “And nursing is sort of our designee sometimes in the communication of the plan of care. You can go over something with a patient and the family for a minute or so, or five, or even 10. But, really, it’s the nurses who reinforce the message.”

For the study, researchers at Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children in Delaware reviewed more than 27,000 patient satisfaction survey results over a three-year period at facilities of the Nemours Children’s Health System in the Delaware Valley and Jefferson University Hospitals in Philadelphia. Families rated their satisfaction on a five-point scale for various factors including physician care, nurse care, and personal concern.

The researchers say knowing what kinds of care expectations patients have in different settings, be it the emergency department or an inpatient ward, could help tailor interventions.

Cardin is hopeful that’s true, but she notes that patient satisfaction is a complex issue. A hospitalist could deliver perfect care, but if the patient had a bad experience at the hospital’s front door, the actual care delivery scores may be affected.

“It would be nice if there were just one variable to manipulate,” she says. “There are so many different impacts on [satisfaction]. What do we really have the ability to control?”

View our website for more information on inpatient satisfaction.

Background Health care costs are rising. Identifying areas for health care utilization savings may reduce costs.

Objective To identify oncology patients receiving inpatient radiotherapy with the purpose of measuring length of stay (LoS) and hospital charges.

Methods During July 2013 the oncology service physicians at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City were surveyed daily to identify patients receiving inpatient radiation. Actual LoS, acuity LoS were determined from the chart review. Expected LoS was calculated using the University Healthsystem Consortium database. Charges associated with actual LoS, acuity LoS, and expected LoS were then reported. Actual and expected LoS were compared for inpatient radiotherapy and nonradiotherapy groups.

Results 7 patients were identified as having remained in the hospital to receive radiation treatment. In that cohort, the average actual LoS and charges per patient were 40.1 and $48,724, compared with acuity LoS and charges of 25.6 days and $34,089 and expected LoS and charges of 7.7 days and $10,028. Mean LoS and charges attributed to radiation alone amounted to 11 days and $12,514. The mean actual LoS of oncology patients admitted during the same time period who did not receive radiation was 6.7 days, compared with 40.1 days for patients who received radiation (P < .0001).

Limitations Inability to access actual reimbursement data prevented exact cost calculations, small sample size, and single-institution focus.

Conclusion Delivery of radiation therapy during inpatient hospitalization extends LoS and contributes to higher health care costs. Methods to facilitate the delivery of outpatient radiotherapy may result in cost savings.

Click on the PDF icon at the top of this introduction to read the full article.

Background Health care costs are rising. Identifying areas for health care utilization savings may reduce costs.

Objective To identify oncology patients receiving inpatient radiotherapy with the purpose of measuring length of stay (LoS) and hospital charges.

Methods During July 2013 the oncology service physicians at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City were surveyed daily to identify patients receiving inpatient radiation. Actual LoS, acuity LoS were determined from the chart review. Expected LoS was calculated using the University Healthsystem Consortium database. Charges associated with actual LoS, acuity LoS, and expected LoS were then reported. Actual and expected LoS were compared for inpatient radiotherapy and nonradiotherapy groups.

Results 7 patients were identified as having remained in the hospital to receive radiation treatment. In that cohort, the average actual LoS and charges per patient were 40.1 and $48,724, compared with acuity LoS and charges of 25.6 days and $34,089 and expected LoS and charges of 7.7 days and $10,028. Mean LoS and charges attributed to radiation alone amounted to 11 days and $12,514. The mean actual LoS of oncology patients admitted during the same time period who did not receive radiation was 6.7 days, compared with 40.1 days for patients who received radiation (P < .0001).

Limitations Inability to access actual reimbursement data prevented exact cost calculations, small sample size, and single-institution focus.

Conclusion Delivery of radiation therapy during inpatient hospitalization extends LoS and contributes to higher health care costs. Methods to facilitate the delivery of outpatient radiotherapy may result in cost savings.

Click on the PDF icon at the top of this introduction to read the full article.

Background Health care costs are rising. Identifying areas for health care utilization savings may reduce costs.

Objective To identify oncology patients receiving inpatient radiotherapy with the purpose of measuring length of stay (LoS) and hospital charges.

Methods During July 2013 the oncology service physicians at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City were surveyed daily to identify patients receiving inpatient radiation. Actual LoS, acuity LoS were determined from the chart review. Expected LoS was calculated using the University Healthsystem Consortium database. Charges associated with actual LoS, acuity LoS, and expected LoS were then reported. Actual and expected LoS were compared for inpatient radiotherapy and nonradiotherapy groups.

Results 7 patients were identified as having remained in the hospital to receive radiation treatment. In that cohort, the average actual LoS and charges per patient were 40.1 and $48,724, compared with acuity LoS and charges of 25.6 days and $34,089 and expected LoS and charges of 7.7 days and $10,028. Mean LoS and charges attributed to radiation alone amounted to 11 days and $12,514. The mean actual LoS of oncology patients admitted during the same time period who did not receive radiation was 6.7 days, compared with 40.1 days for patients who received radiation (P < .0001).

Limitations Inability to access actual reimbursement data prevented exact cost calculations, small sample size, and single-institution focus.

Conclusion Delivery of radiation therapy during inpatient hospitalization extends LoS and contributes to higher health care costs. Methods to facilitate the delivery of outpatient radiotherapy may result in cost savings.

Click on the PDF icon at the top of this introduction to read the full article.

SAN FRANCISCO – Hospitalization rates for gout doubled between 1993 and 2011, while those for rheumatoid arthritis fell by 67%, Dr. Sian Yik Lim reported at the annual meeting of the American College of Rheumatology.

The trends reveal marked progress in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, but “also highlight a critical need to improve gout care” and to implement measures to combat its rising prevalence, said Dr. Lim, a research fellow in medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.

The study is “a very nice piece of work,” added Dr. James Galloway, who helped moderate the session at the meeting and is a lecturer in rheumatology at King’s College Hospital in London. “It makes us wonder whether we should spend more time teaching our primary care physician colleagues more about gout than rheumatoid arthritis.”

©Kimberly Pack/Thinkstock.com

Gout and rheumatoid arthritis are the two most common inflammatory joint diseases, but few longitudinal studies have examined trends in related hospital admissions or costs, Dr. Lim said. Therefore, he and his associates extracted primary hospital discharge ICD-9 diagnosis codes from the National Inpatient Sample and also studied primary procedure codes for total knee replacement, total hip replacement, and other major joint surgeries for 1993 through 2011. In addition, they merged these with cost data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project for 2001 to 2011.

Hospitalizations for gout and rheumatoid arthritis “crisscrossed” during the study period, Dr. Lim said. While there were more than three times as many hospitalizations for rheumatoid arthritis (26,712) as for gout (8,485) in 1993, by 2011, there were nearly twice as many admissions for gout (20,949) as for rheumatoid arthritis (11,015). Likewise, hospitalization rates for gout rose from 4.5 to 9 per 100,000 adults, while rheumatoid arthritis admissions fell by about two-thirds, from 14 to 5 per 100,000 adults. For the entire study period, hospital admissions for gout totaled 254,982, compared with 323,649 for rheumatoid arthritis, Dr. Lim added.

The investigators also documented a steady drop in admissions for total knee replacement, total hip replacement, and other major joint surgeries among rheumatoid arthritis patients, mirroring the results of recent multicenter studies in California (Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 Jul 5. doi: 10.1136/ard.2009.112474), the United Kingdom (Rheumatology [Oxford]. 2015 Apr;54[4]:666-71), and Germany (Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:738-45), Dr. Lim said. “This finding contrasts with the overall dramatic increase in these surgeries in the general United States population in recent years,” he added.

Inflation-adjusted hospital costs for gout and rheumatoid arthritis also converged during the study period, and by 2011, costs for gout actually exceeded those for rheumatoid arthritis, Dr. Lim said.

Overall, the findings reflect stark differences in care for gout and rheumatoid arthritis in the United States, he added. “New and potent drugs, effective combination regimens, and management strategies are increasingly being adopted for rheumatoid arthritis, but care for gout remains suboptimal, even though its prevalence and incidence are increasing,” he said. “Although the vast majority of gout patients are indicated for urate-lowering therapy, only a small proportion retrieve treatment, and the level of uric acid is not even measured in the vast majority of patients.”

Surveys also indicate that patients with gout often do not receive clear explanations about their disease, which may explain why as few as 10% follow treatment recommendations, according to Dr. Lim. He pointed to a hospital-based, retrospective cohort study reported at last year’s ACR annual meeting in which 89% of hospitalizations for gout were considered preventable. “These data support the need to improve gout prevention and care,” he said.

Dr. Lim had no disclosures. Dr. Hyon Choi, the senior author, reported having served on advisory boards for Takeda and AstraZeneca.

SAN FRANCISCO – Hospitalization rates for gout doubled between 1993 and 2011, while those for rheumatoid arthritis fell by 67%, Dr. Sian Yik Lim reported at the annual meeting of the American College of Rheumatology.

The trends reveal marked progress in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, but “also highlight a critical need to improve gout care” and to implement measures to combat its rising prevalence, said Dr. Lim, a research fellow in medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.

The study is “a very nice piece of work,” added Dr. James Galloway, who helped moderate the session at the meeting and is a lecturer in rheumatology at King’s College Hospital in London. “It makes us wonder whether we should spend more time teaching our primary care physician colleagues more about gout than rheumatoid arthritis.”

©Kimberly Pack/Thinkstock.com

Gout and rheumatoid arthritis are the two most common inflammatory joint diseases, but few longitudinal studies have examined trends in related hospital admissions or costs, Dr. Lim said. Therefore, he and his associates extracted primary hospital discharge ICD-9 diagnosis codes from the National Inpatient Sample and also studied primary procedure codes for total knee replacement, total hip replacement, and other major joint surgeries for 1993 through 2011. In addition, they merged these with cost data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project for 2001 to 2011.

Hospitalizations for gout and rheumatoid arthritis “crisscrossed” during the study period, Dr. Lim said. While there were more than three times as many hospitalizations for rheumatoid arthritis (26,712) as for gout (8,485) in 1993, by 2011, there were nearly twice as many admissions for gout (20,949) as for rheumatoid arthritis (11,015). Likewise, hospitalization rates for gout rose from 4.5 to 9 per 100,000 adults, while rheumatoid arthritis admissions fell by about two-thirds, from 14 to 5 per 100,000 adults. For the entire study period, hospital admissions for gout totaled 254,982, compared with 323,649 for rheumatoid arthritis, Dr. Lim added.

The investigators also documented a steady drop in admissions for total knee replacement, total hip replacement, and other major joint surgeries among rheumatoid arthritis patients, mirroring the results of recent multicenter studies in California (Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 Jul 5. doi: 10.1136/ard.2009.112474), the United Kingdom (Rheumatology [Oxford]. 2015 Apr;54[4]:666-71), and Germany (Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:738-45), Dr. Lim said. “This finding contrasts with the overall dramatic increase in these surgeries in the general United States population in recent years,” he added.

Inflation-adjusted hospital costs for gout and rheumatoid arthritis also converged during the study period, and by 2011, costs for gout actually exceeded those for rheumatoid arthritis, Dr. Lim said.

Overall, the findings reflect stark differences in care for gout and rheumatoid arthritis in the United States, he added. “New and potent drugs, effective combination regimens, and management strategies are increasingly being adopted for rheumatoid arthritis, but care for gout remains suboptimal, even though its prevalence and incidence are increasing,” he said. “Although the vast majority of gout patients are indicated for urate-lowering therapy, only a small proportion retrieve treatment, and the level of uric acid is not even measured in the vast majority of patients.”

Surveys also indicate that patients with gout often do not receive clear explanations about their disease, which may explain why as few as 10% follow treatment recommendations, according to Dr. Lim. He pointed to a hospital-based, retrospective cohort study reported at last year’s ACR annual meeting in which 89% of hospitalizations for gout were considered preventable. “These data support the need to improve gout prevention and care,” he said.

Dr. Lim had no disclosures. Dr. Hyon Choi, the senior author, reported having served on advisory boards for Takeda and AstraZeneca.

SAN FRANCISCO – Hospitalization rates for gout doubled between 1993 and 2011, while those for rheumatoid arthritis fell by 67%, Dr. Sian Yik Lim reported at the annual meeting of the American College of Rheumatology.

The trends reveal marked progress in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, but “also highlight a critical need to improve gout care” and to implement measures to combat its rising prevalence, said Dr. Lim, a research fellow in medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.

The study is “a very nice piece of work,” added Dr. James Galloway, who helped moderate the session at the meeting and is a lecturer in rheumatology at King’s College Hospital in London. “It makes us wonder whether we should spend more time teaching our primary care physician colleagues more about gout than rheumatoid arthritis.”

©Kimberly Pack/Thinkstock.com

Gout and rheumatoid arthritis are the two most common inflammatory joint diseases, but few longitudinal studies have examined trends in related hospital admissions or costs, Dr. Lim said. Therefore, he and his associates extracted primary hospital discharge ICD-9 diagnosis codes from the National Inpatient Sample and also studied primary procedure codes for total knee replacement, total hip replacement, and other major joint surgeries for 1993 through 2011. In addition, they merged these with cost data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project for 2001 to 2011.

Hospitalizations for gout and rheumatoid arthritis “crisscrossed” during the study period, Dr. Lim said. While there were more than three times as many hospitalizations for rheumatoid arthritis (26,712) as for gout (8,485) in 1993, by 2011, there were nearly twice as many admissions for gout (20,949) as for rheumatoid arthritis (11,015). Likewise, hospitalization rates for gout rose from 4.5 to 9 per 100,000 adults, while rheumatoid arthritis admissions fell by about two-thirds, from 14 to 5 per 100,000 adults. For the entire study period, hospital admissions for gout totaled 254,982, compared with 323,649 for rheumatoid arthritis, Dr. Lim added.

The investigators also documented a steady drop in admissions for total knee replacement, total hip replacement, and other major joint surgeries among rheumatoid arthritis patients, mirroring the results of recent multicenter studies in California (Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 Jul 5. doi: 10.1136/ard.2009.112474), the United Kingdom (Rheumatology [Oxford]. 2015 Apr;54[4]:666-71), and Germany (Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:738-45), Dr. Lim said. “This finding contrasts with the overall dramatic increase in these surgeries in the general United States population in recent years,” he added.

Inflation-adjusted hospital costs for gout and rheumatoid arthritis also converged during the study period, and by 2011, costs for gout actually exceeded those for rheumatoid arthritis, Dr. Lim said.

Overall, the findings reflect stark differences in care for gout and rheumatoid arthritis in the United States, he added. “New and potent drugs, effective combination regimens, and management strategies are increasingly being adopted for rheumatoid arthritis, but care for gout remains suboptimal, even though its prevalence and incidence are increasing,” he said. “Although the vast majority of gout patients are indicated for urate-lowering therapy, only a small proportion retrieve treatment, and the level of uric acid is not even measured in the vast majority of patients.”

Surveys also indicate that patients with gout often do not receive clear explanations about their disease, which may explain why as few as 10% follow treatment recommendations, according to Dr. Lim. He pointed to a hospital-based, retrospective cohort study reported at last year’s ACR annual meeting in which 89% of hospitalizations for gout were considered preventable. “These data support the need to improve gout prevention and care,” he said.

Dr. Lim had no disclosures. Dr. Hyon Choi, the senior author, reported having served on advisory boards for Takeda and AstraZeneca.

Busy day at the office. Five different people asked when I plan to retire.

Dennis was first. I last saw him a year ago, as I’d been doing annually for 25 years. A few months later, he asked to have his records sent to his home. There was no obvious reason. Now he was back.

“I had an eventful year, medically,” he said. “You know, that biopsy you did on my nose was precancerous.”

I did know that. I had called him with the results. It was an actinic keratosis. I’d asked him to come back in a few months for me to recheck the area.

“I went to see another doctor,” he said. “He gave me a cream that made my skin turn red. I think it worked.”

It must have. After all, the keratosis had already been removed.

“But I didn’t like his office,” said Dennis, “so I decided to come back to you.”

Touching, I thought. “Nice to see you,” I said.

“I wanted a younger doctor,” said Dennis. “Someone who would be around for a while.”

“Well, I’m not planning to retire just yet.”

“Everyone retires eventually,” said Dennis.

“Yes,” I agreed. “I guess they do. See you next year.” Perhaps.

Well, that felt pretty good. Then I went in to see Phil.

“Good morning,” he said. “Are you thinking about retiring?”

“Not really,” I said.

“How old are you?” asked Phil.

“68,” I said.

Phil took a long look at me. “You look good,” he decided.

You don’t have to sound so surprised, I thought.

An hour later I saw Emma.

“I see you haven’t retired yet,” she said.

“No,” I replied. “It seems I haven’t. Would you like me to?”

“Oh, no!” said Emma. “I was just wondering. A lot of my doctors have been retiring.”

There it was. Fear of abandonment. Who will be there for me? I wanted to hold Emma’s hand and assure her that when the time came, someone would indeed be there for her when I wasn’t. But I didn’t. Like grown children, patients have to find out things like that for themselves.

A little later Mabel came by. Her rash was worrying her. “I saw a couple of doctors about it, but they didn’t seem to know what it was,” she said.

“It’s eczema,” I told her. “This is what I suggest you do.” I made some suggestions.

“I was here once before,” she said, “in the 80s. Then, when I couldn’t figure out what this rash I have was, I remembered your name. ‘No,’ I thought to myself. ‘He couldn’t possibly still be practicing.’ And then I found out that you were!”

Well, there you go.

This kind of thing can give you a complex. If so many people are surprised that you’re around, maybe you shouldn’t be. But the best was yet to come.

The last patient of the day was Jenna.

I introduced myself. “How did you get my name?” I asked. Nowadays, the most common answer I get goes something like, “I Googled you. I recognized your address and you got decent reviews.”

But Jenna answered, “My sister came here 10 years ago. She used to be a patient of Dr. Alvin Sherwin.”

“I took over Dr. Sherwin’s practice when he moved to Florida,” I told her. “That was in 1981, so it’s closer to 35 years ago, not 10.”

“My goodness,” she said. “That explains what my sister said.”

“What did your sister say?”

“Well, my mother found your name on a piece of paper. My mother likes to hold onto things.”

“I’ll say she does,” I said.

“My mother said, ‘Why don’t you call this guy Rockoff? He took care of your sister. He’s very good.’ So I looked you up and found your office.

“Anyway,” Jenna went on, “when I told my sister that I found you, she said, ‘Yes, I remember seeing him. You mean he’s still around? After all these years, I figured he was probably dead.’ ”

“Nope,” I said. “Not yet.”

Dr. Rockoff practices dermatology in Brookline, Mass., and is a longtime contributor to Dermatology News. He serves on the clinical faculty at Tufts University, Boston, and has taught senior medical students and other trainees for 30 years.

Busy day at the office. Five different people asked when I plan to retire.

Dennis was first. I last saw him a year ago, as I’d been doing annually for 25 years. A few months later, he asked to have his records sent to his home. There was no obvious reason. Now he was back.

“I had an eventful year, medically,” he said. “You know, that biopsy you did on my nose was precancerous.”

I did know that. I had called him with the results. It was an actinic keratosis. I’d asked him to come back in a few months for me to recheck the area.

“I went to see another doctor,” he said. “He gave me a cream that made my skin turn red. I think it worked.”

It must have. After all, the keratosis had already been removed.

“But I didn’t like his office,” said Dennis, “so I decided to come back to you.”

Touching, I thought. “Nice to see you,” I said.

“I wanted a younger doctor,” said Dennis. “Someone who would be around for a while.”

“Well, I’m not planning to retire just yet.”

“Everyone retires eventually,” said Dennis.

“Yes,” I agreed. “I guess they do. See you next year.” Perhaps.

Well, that felt pretty good. Then I went in to see Phil.

“Good morning,” he said. “Are you thinking about retiring?”

“Not really,” I said.

“How old are you?” asked Phil.

“68,” I said.

Phil took a long look at me. “You look good,” he decided.

You don’t have to sound so surprised, I thought.

An hour later I saw Emma.

“I see you haven’t retired yet,” she said.

“No,” I replied. “It seems I haven’t. Would you like me to?”

“Oh, no!” said Emma. “I was just wondering. A lot of my doctors have been retiring.”

There it was. Fear of abandonment. Who will be there for me? I wanted to hold Emma’s hand and assure her that when the time came, someone would indeed be there for her when I wasn’t. But I didn’t. Like grown children, patients have to find out things like that for themselves.

A little later Mabel came by. Her rash was worrying her. “I saw a couple of doctors about it, but they didn’t seem to know what it was,” she said.

“It’s eczema,” I told her. “This is what I suggest you do.” I made some suggestions.

“I was here once before,” she said, “in the 80s. Then, when I couldn’t figure out what this rash I have was, I remembered your name. ‘No,’ I thought to myself. ‘He couldn’t possibly still be practicing.’ And then I found out that you were!”

Well, there you go.

This kind of thing can give you a complex. If so many people are surprised that you’re around, maybe you shouldn’t be. But the best was yet to come.

The last patient of the day was Jenna.

I introduced myself. “How did you get my name?” I asked. Nowadays, the most common answer I get goes something like, “I Googled you. I recognized your address and you got decent reviews.”

But Jenna answered, “My sister came here 10 years ago. She used to be a patient of Dr. Alvin Sherwin.”

“I took over Dr. Sherwin’s practice when he moved to Florida,” I told her. “That was in 1981, so it’s closer to 35 years ago, not 10.”

“My goodness,” she said. “That explains what my sister said.”

“What did your sister say?”

“Well, my mother found your name on a piece of paper. My mother likes to hold onto things.”

“I’ll say she does,” I said.

“My mother said, ‘Why don’t you call this guy Rockoff? He took care of your sister. He’s very good.’ So I looked you up and found your office.

“Anyway,” Jenna went on, “when I told my sister that I found you, she said, ‘Yes, I remember seeing him. You mean he’s still around? After all these years, I figured he was probably dead.’ ”

“Nope,” I said. “Not yet.”

Dr. Rockoff practices dermatology in Brookline, Mass., and is a longtime contributor to Dermatology News. He serves on the clinical faculty at Tufts University, Boston, and has taught senior medical students and other trainees for 30 years.

Busy day at the office. Five different people asked when I plan to retire.

Dennis was first. I last saw him a year ago, as I’d been doing annually for 25 years. A few months later, he asked to have his records sent to his home. There was no obvious reason. Now he was back.

“I had an eventful year, medically,” he said. “You know, that biopsy you did on my nose was precancerous.”

I did know that. I had called him with the results. It was an actinic keratosis. I’d asked him to come back in a few months for me to recheck the area.

“I went to see another doctor,” he said. “He gave me a cream that made my skin turn red. I think it worked.”

It must have. After all, the keratosis had already been removed.

“But I didn’t like his office,” said Dennis, “so I decided to come back to you.”

Touching, I thought. “Nice to see you,” I said.

“I wanted a younger doctor,” said Dennis. “Someone who would be around for a while.”

“Well, I’m not planning to retire just yet.”

“Everyone retires eventually,” said Dennis.

“Yes,” I agreed. “I guess they do. See you next year.” Perhaps.

Well, that felt pretty good. Then I went in to see Phil.

“Good morning,” he said. “Are you thinking about retiring?”

“Not really,” I said.

“How old are you?” asked Phil.

“68,” I said.

Phil took a long look at me. “You look good,” he decided.

You don’t have to sound so surprised, I thought.

An hour later I saw Emma.

“I see you haven’t retired yet,” she said.

“No,” I replied. “It seems I haven’t. Would you like me to?”

“Oh, no!” said Emma. “I was just wondering. A lot of my doctors have been retiring.”

There it was. Fear of abandonment. Who will be there for me? I wanted to hold Emma’s hand and assure her that when the time came, someone would indeed be there for her when I wasn’t. But I didn’t. Like grown children, patients have to find out things like that for themselves.

A little later Mabel came by. Her rash was worrying her. “I saw a couple of doctors about it, but they didn’t seem to know what it was,” she said.

“It’s eczema,” I told her. “This is what I suggest you do.” I made some suggestions.

“I was here once before,” she said, “in the 80s. Then, when I couldn’t figure out what this rash I have was, I remembered your name. ‘No,’ I thought to myself. ‘He couldn’t possibly still be practicing.’ And then I found out that you were!”

Well, there you go.

This kind of thing can give you a complex. If so many people are surprised that you’re around, maybe you shouldn’t be. But the best was yet to come.

The last patient of the day was Jenna.

I introduced myself. “How did you get my name?” I asked. Nowadays, the most common answer I get goes something like, “I Googled you. I recognized your address and you got decent reviews.”

But Jenna answered, “My sister came here 10 years ago. She used to be a patient of Dr. Alvin Sherwin.”

“I took over Dr. Sherwin’s practice when he moved to Florida,” I told her. “That was in 1981, so it’s closer to 35 years ago, not 10.”

“My goodness,” she said. “That explains what my sister said.”

“What did your sister say?”

“Well, my mother found your name on a piece of paper. My mother likes to hold onto things.”

“I’ll say she does,” I said.

“My mother said, ‘Why don’t you call this guy Rockoff? He took care of your sister. He’s very good.’ So I looked you up and found your office.

“Anyway,” Jenna went on, “when I told my sister that I found you, she said, ‘Yes, I remember seeing him. You mean he’s still around? After all these years, I figured he was probably dead.’ ”

“Nope,” I said. “Not yet.”

Dr. Rockoff practices dermatology in Brookline, Mass., and is a longtime contributor to Dermatology News. He serves on the clinical faculty at Tufts University, Boston, and has taught senior medical students and other trainees for 30 years.

NEW YORK - Catheter ablation is favored for the management of most forms of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in adults, according to revised guidelines from the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/Heart Rhythm Society (ACC/AHA/HRS).

SVT affects 2.25 in 1000 individuals in the general population, with about 89,000 new cases of paroxysmal SVT (PSVT) per year. Women are twice as likely as men and individuals older than 65 are more than five times as likely as younger people to develop PSVT.

To provide a contemporary guideline for managing adults with all types of SVT except atrial fibrillation, ACC/AHA/HRS have now updated their 2003 guidelines.

Included are recommendations for managing sinus tachyarrhythmias, nonsinus focal atrial tachycardia and multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT), atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), manifest and concealed accessory pathways, atrial flutter, and junctional tachycardia.

"Despite a 12-year gap in the update for these guidelines, there have been very few advances in antiarrhythmic drug therapy to offer patients with SVT," Dr. Gregory F. Michaud, director of the Center for Advanced Management of Atrial Fibrillation at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, said by email.

"Catheter ablation has taken a stronger foothold in the chronic treatment of SVT and as such many physicians and patients are opting for invasive therapy earlier in the course of therapy," said Dr. Michaud, who wasn't involved in the guidelines.

The guidelines recommend vagal maneuvers, various drugs, and/or cardioversion as acute treatments, depending on the specific cause of SVT.

For most forms of symptomatic SVT, including those of unknown mechanism, the guidelines recommend electrophysiological (EP) studies and catheter ablation as definitive treatment for patients willing to undergo them, especially if medical therapy is ineffective.

Cardiac mapping is performed during EP studies to identify the site of origin of the arrhythmia or areas of critical conduction to allow targeting of ablation.

"One exception is inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST) for which a more effective drug, ivabradine, is now available in the United States," Dr. Michaud said. "Catheter ablation is generally ineffective for IST patients."

Besides evaluation and treatment of possible reversible causes of IST, the guidelines recommend ivabradine, beta blockers, or their combination.

"SVT is generally not a life-threatening condition and treatment is based on eliminating symptoms and improving patient quality of life," Dr. Michaud explained. "However, physicians should be aware of three conditions associated with SVT that may be serious. First, sudden death is associated with the WPW (Wolff-Parkinson-White) syndrome and these patients, even if asymptomatic, should be referred to a cardiac electrophysiologist to consider management options."

He continued, "Second, SVT can cause cardiomyopathy and heart failure when incessant, even if the patient is asymptomatic. These patients should also be referred to a cardiac electrophysiologist to consider definitive therapy.

Third, patients with atrial flutter should be considered for oral anticoagulation to prevent stroke using the CHADS-Vasc risk scoring system, just as you would for patients with atrial fibrillation."

Dr. Michaud added, "Putting aside cost as an issue, there is significant regional variability in the accessibility of electrophysiologists or cardiologists with arrhythmia expertise. In my area, for instance, electrophysiologists are plentiful, and patients with SVT are often sent to us directly for further evaluation and treatment. Furthermore, training in arrhythmia management has become the purview of clinical cardiac electrophysiology, and many recently trained cardiologists are not as comfortable as their predecessors in managing patients with SVT."

The full report appears in the September 23 Journal of the American College of Cardiology online and was copublished in Circulation and Heart Rhythm.

Dr. Richard L. Page and Dr. Jose A. Joglar, chair and vice chair of the writing committee, did not respond to a request for comments.

NEW YORK - Catheter ablation is favored for the management of most forms of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in adults, according to revised guidelines from the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/Heart Rhythm Society (ACC/AHA/HRS).

SVT affects 2.25 in 1000 individuals in the general population, with about 89,000 new cases of paroxysmal SVT (PSVT) per year. Women are twice as likely as men and individuals older than 65 are more than five times as likely as younger people to develop PSVT.

To provide a contemporary guideline for managing adults with all types of SVT except atrial fibrillation, ACC/AHA/HRS have now updated their 2003 guidelines.

Included are recommendations for managing sinus tachyarrhythmias, nonsinus focal atrial tachycardia and multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT), atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), manifest and concealed accessory pathways, atrial flutter, and junctional tachycardia.

"Despite a 12-year gap in the update for these guidelines, there have been very few advances in antiarrhythmic drug therapy to offer patients with SVT," Dr. Gregory F. Michaud, director of the Center for Advanced Management of Atrial Fibrillation at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, said by email.

"Catheter ablation has taken a stronger foothold in the chronic treatment of SVT and as such many physicians and patients are opting for invasive therapy earlier in the course of therapy," said Dr. Michaud, who wasn't involved in the guidelines.

The guidelines recommend vagal maneuvers, various drugs, and/or cardioversion as acute treatments, depending on the specific cause of SVT.

For most forms of symptomatic SVT, including those of unknown mechanism, the guidelines recommend electrophysiological (EP) studies and catheter ablation as definitive treatment for patients willing to undergo them, especially if medical therapy is ineffective.

Cardiac mapping is performed during EP studies to identify the site of origin of the arrhythmia or areas of critical conduction to allow targeting of ablation.

"One exception is inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST) for which a more effective drug, ivabradine, is now available in the United States," Dr. Michaud said. "Catheter ablation is generally ineffective for IST patients."

Besides evaluation and treatment of possible reversible causes of IST, the guidelines recommend ivabradine, beta blockers, or their combination.

"SVT is generally not a life-threatening condition and treatment is based on eliminating symptoms and improving patient quality of life," Dr. Michaud explained. "However, physicians should be aware of three conditions associated with SVT that may be serious. First, sudden death is associated with the WPW (Wolff-Parkinson-White) syndrome and these patients, even if asymptomatic, should be referred to a cardiac electrophysiologist to consider management options."

He continued, "Second, SVT can cause cardiomyopathy and heart failure when incessant, even if the patient is asymptomatic. These patients should also be referred to a cardiac electrophysiologist to consider definitive therapy.

Third, patients with atrial flutter should be considered for oral anticoagulation to prevent stroke using the CHADS-Vasc risk scoring system, just as you would for patients with atrial fibrillation."

Dr. Michaud added, "Putting aside cost as an issue, there is significant regional variability in the accessibility of electrophysiologists or cardiologists with arrhythmia expertise. In my area, for instance, electrophysiologists are plentiful, and patients with SVT are often sent to us directly for further evaluation and treatment. Furthermore, training in arrhythmia management has become the purview of clinical cardiac electrophysiology, and many recently trained cardiologists are not as comfortable as their predecessors in managing patients with SVT."

The full report appears in the September 23 Journal of the American College of Cardiology online and was copublished in Circulation and Heart Rhythm.

Dr. Richard L. Page and Dr. Jose A. Joglar, chair and vice chair of the writing committee, did not respond to a request for comments.

NEW YORK - Catheter ablation is favored for the management of most forms of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in adults, according to revised guidelines from the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/Heart Rhythm Society (ACC/AHA/HRS).

SVT affects 2.25 in 1000 individuals in the general population, with about 89,000 new cases of paroxysmal SVT (PSVT) per year. Women are twice as likely as men and individuals older than 65 are more than five times as likely as younger people to develop PSVT.

To provide a contemporary guideline for managing adults with all types of SVT except atrial fibrillation, ACC/AHA/HRS have now updated their 2003 guidelines.

Included are recommendations for managing sinus tachyarrhythmias, nonsinus focal atrial tachycardia and multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT), atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), manifest and concealed accessory pathways, atrial flutter, and junctional tachycardia.

"Despite a 12-year gap in the update for these guidelines, there have been very few advances in antiarrhythmic drug therapy to offer patients with SVT," Dr. Gregory F. Michaud, director of the Center for Advanced Management of Atrial Fibrillation at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, said by email.

"Catheter ablation has taken a stronger foothold in the chronic treatment of SVT and as such many physicians and patients are opting for invasive therapy earlier in the course of therapy," said Dr. Michaud, who wasn't involved in the guidelines.

The guidelines recommend vagal maneuvers, various drugs, and/or cardioversion as acute treatments, depending on the specific cause of SVT.

For most forms of symptomatic SVT, including those of unknown mechanism, the guidelines recommend electrophysiological (EP) studies and catheter ablation as definitive treatment for patients willing to undergo them, especially if medical therapy is ineffective.

Cardiac mapping is performed during EP studies to identify the site of origin of the arrhythmia or areas of critical conduction to allow targeting of ablation.

"One exception is inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST) for which a more effective drug, ivabradine, is now available in the United States," Dr. Michaud said. "Catheter ablation is generally ineffective for IST patients."

Besides evaluation and treatment of possible reversible causes of IST, the guidelines recommend ivabradine, beta blockers, or their combination.

"SVT is generally not a life-threatening condition and treatment is based on eliminating symptoms and improving patient quality of life," Dr. Michaud explained. "However, physicians should be aware of three conditions associated with SVT that may be serious. First, sudden death is associated with the WPW (Wolff-Parkinson-White) syndrome and these patients, even if asymptomatic, should be referred to a cardiac electrophysiologist to consider management options."

He continued, "Second, SVT can cause cardiomyopathy and heart failure when incessant, even if the patient is asymptomatic. These patients should also be referred to a cardiac electrophysiologist to consider definitive therapy.

Third, patients with atrial flutter should be considered for oral anticoagulation to prevent stroke using the CHADS-Vasc risk scoring system, just as you would for patients with atrial fibrillation."

Dr. Michaud added, "Putting aside cost as an issue, there is significant regional variability in the accessibility of electrophysiologists or cardiologists with arrhythmia expertise. In my area, for instance, electrophysiologists are plentiful, and patients with SVT are often sent to us directly for further evaluation and treatment. Furthermore, training in arrhythmia management has become the purview of clinical cardiac electrophysiology, and many recently trained cardiologists are not as comfortable as their predecessors in managing patients with SVT."

The full report appears in the September 23 Journal of the American College of Cardiology online and was copublished in Circulation and Heart Rhythm.

Dr. Richard L. Page and Dr. Jose A. Joglar, chair and vice chair of the writing committee, did not respond to a request for comments.

[[{"attributes":{},"fields":{}}]]

Author
Lynn McKinley-Grant, MD
Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine/Dermatology
Georgetown University School of Medicine

Dr. McKinley-Grant discloses that she is a consultant for the Insight Institute and Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation.

Link
Click here to download this supplement.

12/15        XDP-1319483

[[{"attributes":{},"fields":{}}]]

Author
Lynn McKinley-Grant, MD
Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine/Dermatology
Georgetown University School of Medicine

Dr. McKinley-Grant discloses that she is a consultant for the Insight Institute and Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation.

Link
Click here to download this supplement.

12/15        XDP-1319483

[[{"attributes":{},"fields":{}}]]

Author
Lynn McKinley-Grant, MD
Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine/Dermatology
Georgetown University School of Medicine

Dr. McKinley-Grant discloses that she is a consultant for the Insight Institute and Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation.

Link
Click here to download this supplement.

12/15        XDP-1319483

Salmonella Typhimurium (red)

invading cultured human cells

Image courtesy of Rocky

Mountain Laboratories/NIAID

Preclinical research has shown how Salmonella infections that spread to the blood and organs can lead to life-threatening thrombosis.

Experiments in mice demonstrated that systemic infections prompt inflammation, which leads to thrombosis.

However, the sustained threat from thrombosis is independent of the continued presence of infection and instead parallels the regulation of inflammation within the host.

These findings, published in The Journal of Clinical Investigation, shed light on a poorly understood area of clinical medicine.

While some of the mechanisms that underpin the process of infection-driven thrombosis are known, particularly for Gram-positive organisms such as Staphylococci or Streptococci, they are not universally applicable.

Moreover, during sepsis, the causative pathogen is often never isolated or identified. The new study helps to explain why this is the case.

“For all of the advances we’ve made in this field, it is not always clear why people die from infection,” said study author Adam Cunningham, PhD, of the University of Birmingham in the UK.

“We think complications of thrombosis may be one reason. In Salmonella infections, severity is typically associated with the presence of bacteria in the blood, called bacteremia, even though the actual numbers of bacteria in the blood are very low. This suggested to us that the host response was crucial in determining the outcome.”

Dr Cunningham and his colleagues found that thrombi developed within the liver of murine models infected with Salmonella Typhimurium, and these thrombi persisted for many weeks.

The infection caused inflammation in the liver tissue, which then triggered thrombosis within vessels. This occurred via the ligation of C-type lectin-like receptor-2 (CLEC-2) on platelets by podoplanin, a molecule that is ordinarily absent in blood vessels but is expressed by macrophages responding to the infection.

The regulation and amplification of thrombosis was triggered by TLR4, a protein essential for the activation of the inflammatory cascade and the control of infection during its early stages.

Thrombosis remained at peak levels even when bacteria were absent from the blood and largely cleared from the infected organs.

“A little, controlled thrombosis is probably a good thing, as it helps to clear bacteria from the blood,” said study author Steve Watson, PhD, of the University of Birmingham.

“Therefore, any intervention would need to control, rather than deny, the host response. The problem only comes when it develops into a clot. Most of the current approaches to counter the development of these life-threatening thrombi do not account for the non-classical mechanism that we have shown to be at work.”

The researchers are now working to further understand how to manipulate and control this response, and how it can contribute to the complications of other infections and diseases.

Salmonella Typhimurium (red)

invading cultured human cells

Image courtesy of Rocky

Mountain Laboratories/NIAID

Preclinical research has shown how Salmonella infections that spread to the blood and organs can lead to life-threatening thrombosis.

Experiments in mice demonstrated that systemic infections prompt inflammation, which leads to thrombosis.

However, the sustained threat from thrombosis is independent of the continued presence of infection and instead parallels the regulation of inflammation within the host.

These findings, published in The Journal of Clinical Investigation, shed light on a poorly understood area of clinical medicine.

While some of the mechanisms that underpin the process of infection-driven thrombosis are known, particularly for Gram-positive organisms such as Staphylococci or Streptococci, they are not universally applicable.

Moreover, during sepsis, the causative pathogen is often never isolated or identified. The new study helps to explain why this is the case.

“For all of the advances we’ve made in this field, it is not always clear why people die from infection,” said study author Adam Cunningham, PhD, of the University of Birmingham in the UK.

“We think complications of thrombosis may be one reason. In Salmonella infections, severity is typically associated with the presence of bacteria in the blood, called bacteremia, even though the actual numbers of bacteria in the blood are very low. This suggested to us that the host response was crucial in determining the outcome.”

Dr Cunningham and his colleagues found that thrombi developed within the liver of murine models infected with Salmonella Typhimurium, and these thrombi persisted for many weeks.

The infection caused inflammation in the liver tissue, which then triggered thrombosis within vessels. This occurred via the ligation of C-type lectin-like receptor-2 (CLEC-2) on platelets by podoplanin, a molecule that is ordinarily absent in blood vessels but is expressed by macrophages responding to the infection.

The regulation and amplification of thrombosis was triggered by TLR4, a protein essential for the activation of the inflammatory cascade and the control of infection during its early stages.

Thrombosis remained at peak levels even when bacteria were absent from the blood and largely cleared from the infected organs.

“A little, controlled thrombosis is probably a good thing, as it helps to clear bacteria from the blood,” said study author Steve Watson, PhD, of the University of Birmingham.

“Therefore, any intervention would need to control, rather than deny, the host response. The problem only comes when it develops into a clot. Most of the current approaches to counter the development of these life-threatening thrombi do not account for the non-classical mechanism that we have shown to be at work.”

The researchers are now working to further understand how to manipulate and control this response, and how it can contribute to the complications of other infections and diseases.

Salmonella Typhimurium (red)

invading cultured human cells

Image courtesy of Rocky

Mountain Laboratories/NIAID

Preclinical research has shown how Salmonella infections that spread to the blood and organs can lead to life-threatening thrombosis.

Experiments in mice demonstrated that systemic infections prompt inflammation, which leads to thrombosis.

However, the sustained threat from thrombosis is independent of the continued presence of infection and instead parallels the regulation of inflammation within the host.

These findings, published in The Journal of Clinical Investigation, shed light on a poorly understood area of clinical medicine.

While some of the mechanisms that underpin the process of infection-driven thrombosis are known, particularly for Gram-positive organisms such as Staphylococci or Streptococci, they are not universally applicable.

Moreover, during sepsis, the causative pathogen is often never isolated or identified. The new study helps to explain why this is the case.

“For all of the advances we’ve made in this field, it is not always clear why people die from infection,” said study author Adam Cunningham, PhD, of the University of Birmingham in the UK.

“We think complications of thrombosis may be one reason. In Salmonella infections, severity is typically associated with the presence of bacteria in the blood, called bacteremia, even though the actual numbers of bacteria in the blood are very low. This suggested to us that the host response was crucial in determining the outcome.”

Dr Cunningham and his colleagues found that thrombi developed within the liver of murine models infected with Salmonella Typhimurium, and these thrombi persisted for many weeks.

The infection caused inflammation in the liver tissue, which then triggered thrombosis within vessels. This occurred via the ligation of C-type lectin-like receptor-2 (CLEC-2) on platelets by podoplanin, a molecule that is ordinarily absent in blood vessels but is expressed by macrophages responding to the infection.

The regulation and amplification of thrombosis was triggered by TLR4, a protein essential for the activation of the inflammatory cascade and the control of infection during its early stages.

Thrombosis remained at peak levels even when bacteria were absent from the blood and largely cleared from the infected organs.

“A little, controlled thrombosis is probably a good thing, as it helps to clear bacteria from the blood,” said study author Steve Watson, PhD, of the University of Birmingham.

“Therefore, any intervention would need to control, rather than deny, the host response. The problem only comes when it develops into a clot. Most of the current approaches to counter the development of these life-threatening thrombi do not account for the non-classical mechanism that we have shown to be at work.”

The researchers are now working to further understand how to manipulate and control this response, and how it can contribute to the complications of other infections and diseases.