Medical scribes: How do their notes stack up?

ABSTRACT

Objective Medical scribes are increasingly employed to improve physician efficiency with regard to the electronic medical record (EMR). The impact of scribes on the quality of outpatient visit notes is not known. To assess the effect, we conducted a retrospective review of ambulatory progress notes written before and after 8 practice sites transitioned to the use of medical assistants as scribes.

Methods The Physician Documentation Quality Instrument 9 (PDQI-9) was used to compare the quality of outpatient progress notes written by medical assistant scribes with the quality of notes written by 18 primary care physicians working without a scribe. The notes pertained to diabetes encounters and same-day appointments and were written during the 3 to 6 months preceding the use of scribes (pre-scribe period) and the 3 to 6 months after scribes were employed (scribe period).

Results One hundred eight notes from the pre-scribe period and 109 from the scribe period were reviewed. Scribed notes were rated higher in overall quality than unscribed notes (mean total PDQI-9 score 30.3 for scribed notes vs 28.9 for nonscribed notes; P=.01) and more up-to-date, thorough, useful, and comprehensible. The differences were limited to diabetes encounters. For same-day appointments, scribed and nonscribed notes did not differ in quality. The total word count of all scribed and nonscribed notes was similar (mean words 618, standard deviation (SD) 273 for scribed notes vs 558 words, SD 289 for nonscribed notes; P=.12).

Conclusions In this retrospective review, ambulatory notes were of higher quality when medical assistants acted as scribes than when physicians wrote them alone, at least for diabetes visits. Our findings may not apply to professional scribes who are not part of the clinical care team. As the use of medical scribes expands, additional studies should examine the impact of scribes on other aspects of care quality.

Team-based models of primary care delivery may incorporate medical scribes to improve efficiency of electronic documentation.^1-4 The employment of medical scribes has grown rapidly, and it is estimated that within several years there may be one scribe for every 9 physicians.³

Accurate documentation is important to providing high-quality patient care but can take a significant amount of time. Attending physicians have been estimated to spend as long as 52 minutes per day authoring notes.⁵ Medical scribes can help physicians improve the efficiency of electronic documentation⁶ and save time.² Using scribes can also improve physician productivity^7-10 and thereby potentially increase access to care. The impact of scribes on the quality of outpatient visit notes, however, is unknown.

A team-based care delivery model in our health system’s primary care clinics uses medical assistants to scribe notes during the outpatient encounter. We hypothesized that outpatient notes written by medical assistant scribes would be of similar quality to notes written by the same group of physicians without a scribe.

METHODS

Study design and sample

We conducted a retrospective review of ambulatory notes from 18 primary care physicians at 8 practice sites in our health system who had adopted a care model in which medical assistants act as scribes. Each physician works with 2 medical assistants. To train for the new model, the physician and medical assistants participated in 2 training sessions of 2 hours each and a half day of clinic observation and evaluation with a project manager.

Scribed notes were more up-to-date, thorough, useful, and comprehensible for diabetes encounters.

Of the 18 primary care physicians included in this study, none had less than one year of experience in our health system. Tenure ranged from one to 24 years with a mean of 11.3 years.

For each participating provider, we requested all available outpatient progress notes with either an International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision (ICD-9) code for diabetes or a designation of “same day” for the 3 to 6 months preceding the use of scribes (pre-scribe period) and the 3 to 6 months after employing scribes (scribe period). We chose diabetes encounters as examples of notes addressing chronic disease management and same-day encounters as examples of problem-focused notes because these 2 types of encounters are common in outpatient primary care practice.

Note quality was evaluated using the Physician Documentation Quality Instrument 9 (PDQI-9), a validated instrument designed for this purpose, comprising 9 items rated subjectively on a 5-point Likert scale (1= not at all, 5= extremely). The items assess whether notes are up-to-date, accurate, thorough, useful, organized, comprehensible, succinct, synthesized, and internally consistent.^11,12 The PDQI-9 has been applied previously in inpatient¹² and outpatient settings.¹³

While the PDQI-9 is a validated tool, it relies on subjective ratings of note quality by the reviewer. To control for the subjective nature of the ratings, an experienced internist and an internal medicine resident coded 10 progress notes separately using the PDQI-9 and discussed the results. The process was repeated for a total of 20 notes, after which consensus was reached with >70% agreement on each attribute of the PDQI-9, suggesting that the resident’s ratings were reliable when compared with those of an experienced practicing physician.

The resident then evaluated a random sample of notes written by each physician for diabetes or same-day appointments in the pre-scribe and scribe periods. Word counts for the entire note were measured. The notes used to establish the reliability of the ratings were excluded from the analysis for this study.

Data analysis

We used linear mixed-effects models to examine note quality measures by adjusting for possible correlations of notes from the same physician. Least-squares estimates were derived; the results were not adjusted for multiple comparisons.

RESULTS

One hundred eight notes from the pre-scribe period and 109 notes from the scribe period were reviewed. Compared with notes written by a physician alone, scribed notes were rated slightly higher in overall quality (mean total PDQI-9 score 30.3 for scribe notes vs 28.9 for pre-scribe notes; P=.01) and more up-to-date, thorough, useful, and comprehensible (TABLES 1 AND 2). The differences were limited to diabetes encounters. For same day appointments, scribed notes did not differ in quality from nonscribed notes (TABLE 2). Total word count did not vary significantly between all scribe and pre-scribe notes (mean words 618, SD 273 for scribed notes vs 558 words, SD 289 for nonscribed notes; P=.12).

DISCUSSION

In this retrospective review of ambulatory notes, progress notes written by medical assistant scribes were of higher quality than notes physicians wrote alone, at least for diabetes visits. Scribe and pre-scribe notes were of similar quality for problem-focused same-day visits. This is the first study of which we are aware that compares the quality of scribed notes with notes written by physicians.

Quality scribe notes can save physician time. The progress note is an important vehicle for describing care provided and transferring information among physicians caring for the same patient. Writing a note, however, adds a considerable amount of time to the physician’s workflow. Using a scribe can decrease the time burden of note writing, and if scribed notes are of similar or better quality, this practice innovation can allow the physician to focus more on clinical than clerical tasks.

Over-documentation is a possible concern. While implementation of the EMR may improve certain aspects of quality of care delivered^14,15 and note quality,¹⁶ concern has been raised about over-documentation related to the connection between documentation and reimbursement.¹⁷ In our study, we found that physician notes and scribed notes for both diabetes and same-day encounters often used EMR-based note templates, which can lead to over-documentation.

Future EMR development might best focus on planned utilization by physician-scribe teams.

In general, both physician and scribed notes were rated to be of average to low quality because none of the mean scores on the 9 individual components of the PDQI-9 reached 4.0. Scribed notes were not inaccurate and had word counts similar to physician notes.

Scribing has potential drawbacks—and benefits. Drawbacks to scribing have not been well-studied. It has been suggested that using scribes to work around the EMR may actually hinder its further advancement because scribing insulates physicians from the inefficiencies of current EMRs and will not spur demands for improvements.³ Inaccurate or poor-quality notes could represent another downside to scribing, although concern about the quality of notes has not been documented. Our results suggest the opposite may be true.

Note quality has not been associated with quality of care as assessed by clinical quality scores,¹³ but using scribes may improve the quality of care in other ways. For example, the EMR may negatively affect patient-physician communication,^18,19 and freeing the physician from documentation may improve the interaction.^8,20 Incorporating scribing into practice may also improve the physician experience,^9,10,21,22 a possible benefit that we did not measure.

We also did not measure the cost of using a scribe to assist in EMR documentation compared with the cost of physician time spent in performing this task. If the scribe model were associated with cost savings through increased physician productivity, as well as improved physician experience, future EMR development might best focus on planned utilization by physician-scribe teams.

Study limitations. The study was conducted in a single health system, although at 8 different practice sites. The sites all used the same EMR, but templates used for documentation could be individualized by the physician and medical assistant team, so our findings may reflect variation in template design. Our analysis did adjust for possible correlations of notes from the same physician. The selection of note types in our study may make our results less generalizable to other encounter types. Our sample was not large enough to detect variations in note quality among different providers and scribes.

The ratings on the PDQI-9 may be subjective, and the reviewers were not blinded to whether a scribe was used to write the note. The differences in PDQI-9 scores were small. Although statistically significant, they may not significantly affect clinical practice. Our care model is unique in that scribes are active members of the clinical care team; the higher quality of scribed notes we found may not apply to professional scribes who are not part of the team.

Future research directions. In our study, medical assistants acting as scribes composed progress notes of similar or higher quality than physicians who wrote notes alone, although all notes were of generally average quality. As the use of scribes in medicine expands, additional studies should examine the impact of scribes on primary care workflow, quality and cost of care delivered, and quality of physician experience.

CORRESPONDENCE
Anita D. Misra-Hebert, MD, MPH, Center for Value-Based Care Research, Medicine Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, G10, Cleveland, OH 44195; misraa@ccf.org.

ABSTRACT

Objective Medical scribes are increasingly employed to improve physician efficiency with regard to the electronic medical record (EMR). The impact of scribes on the quality of outpatient visit notes is not known. To assess the effect, we conducted a retrospective review of ambulatory progress notes written before and after 8 practice sites transitioned to the use of medical assistants as scribes.

Methods The Physician Documentation Quality Instrument 9 (PDQI-9) was used to compare the quality of outpatient progress notes written by medical assistant scribes with the quality of notes written by 18 primary care physicians working without a scribe. The notes pertained to diabetes encounters and same-day appointments and were written during the 3 to 6 months preceding the use of scribes (pre-scribe period) and the 3 to 6 months after scribes were employed (scribe period).

Results One hundred eight notes from the pre-scribe period and 109 from the scribe period were reviewed. Scribed notes were rated higher in overall quality than unscribed notes (mean total PDQI-9 score 30.3 for scribed notes vs 28.9 for nonscribed notes; P=.01) and more up-to-date, thorough, useful, and comprehensible. The differences were limited to diabetes encounters. For same-day appointments, scribed and nonscribed notes did not differ in quality. The total word count of all scribed and nonscribed notes was similar (mean words 618, standard deviation (SD) 273 for scribed notes vs 558 words, SD 289 for nonscribed notes; P=.12).

Conclusions In this retrospective review, ambulatory notes were of higher quality when medical assistants acted as scribes than when physicians wrote them alone, at least for diabetes visits. Our findings may not apply to professional scribes who are not part of the clinical care team. As the use of medical scribes expands, additional studies should examine the impact of scribes on other aspects of care quality.

Team-based models of primary care delivery may incorporate medical scribes to improve efficiency of electronic documentation.^1-4 The employment of medical scribes has grown rapidly, and it is estimated that within several years there may be one scribe for every 9 physicians.³

Accurate documentation is important to providing high-quality patient care but can take a significant amount of time. Attending physicians have been estimated to spend as long as 52 minutes per day authoring notes.⁵ Medical scribes can help physicians improve the efficiency of electronic documentation⁶ and save time.² Using scribes can also improve physician productivity^7-10 and thereby potentially increase access to care. The impact of scribes on the quality of outpatient visit notes, however, is unknown.

A team-based care delivery model in our health system’s primary care clinics uses medical assistants to scribe notes during the outpatient encounter. We hypothesized that outpatient notes written by medical assistant scribes would be of similar quality to notes written by the same group of physicians without a scribe.

METHODS

Study design and sample

We conducted a retrospective review of ambulatory notes from 18 primary care physicians at 8 practice sites in our health system who had adopted a care model in which medical assistants act as scribes. Each physician works with 2 medical assistants. To train for the new model, the physician and medical assistants participated in 2 training sessions of 2 hours each and a half day of clinic observation and evaluation with a project manager.

Scribed notes were more up-to-date, thorough, useful, and comprehensible for diabetes encounters.

Of the 18 primary care physicians included in this study, none had less than one year of experience in our health system. Tenure ranged from one to 24 years with a mean of 11.3 years.

For each participating provider, we requested all available outpatient progress notes with either an International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision (ICD-9) code for diabetes or a designation of “same day” for the 3 to 6 months preceding the use of scribes (pre-scribe period) and the 3 to 6 months after employing scribes (scribe period). We chose diabetes encounters as examples of notes addressing chronic disease management and same-day encounters as examples of problem-focused notes because these 2 types of encounters are common in outpatient primary care practice.

Note quality was evaluated using the Physician Documentation Quality Instrument 9 (PDQI-9), a validated instrument designed for this purpose, comprising 9 items rated subjectively on a 5-point Likert scale (1= not at all, 5= extremely). The items assess whether notes are up-to-date, accurate, thorough, useful, organized, comprehensible, succinct, synthesized, and internally consistent.^11,12 The PDQI-9 has been applied previously in inpatient¹² and outpatient settings.¹³

While the PDQI-9 is a validated tool, it relies on subjective ratings of note quality by the reviewer. To control for the subjective nature of the ratings, an experienced internist and an internal medicine resident coded 10 progress notes separately using the PDQI-9 and discussed the results. The process was repeated for a total of 20 notes, after which consensus was reached with >70% agreement on each attribute of the PDQI-9, suggesting that the resident’s ratings were reliable when compared with those of an experienced practicing physician.

The resident then evaluated a random sample of notes written by each physician for diabetes or same-day appointments in the pre-scribe and scribe periods. Word counts for the entire note were measured. The notes used to establish the reliability of the ratings were excluded from the analysis for this study.

Data analysis

We used linear mixed-effects models to examine note quality measures by adjusting for possible correlations of notes from the same physician. Least-squares estimates were derived; the results were not adjusted for multiple comparisons.

RESULTS

One hundred eight notes from the pre-scribe period and 109 notes from the scribe period were reviewed. Compared with notes written by a physician alone, scribed notes were rated slightly higher in overall quality (mean total PDQI-9 score 30.3 for scribe notes vs 28.9 for pre-scribe notes; P=.01) and more up-to-date, thorough, useful, and comprehensible (TABLES 1 AND 2). The differences were limited to diabetes encounters. For same day appointments, scribed notes did not differ in quality from nonscribed notes (TABLE 2). Total word count did not vary significantly between all scribe and pre-scribe notes (mean words 618, SD 273 for scribed notes vs 558 words, SD 289 for nonscribed notes; P=.12).

DISCUSSION

In this retrospective review of ambulatory notes, progress notes written by medical assistant scribes were of higher quality than notes physicians wrote alone, at least for diabetes visits. Scribe and pre-scribe notes were of similar quality for problem-focused same-day visits. This is the first study of which we are aware that compares the quality of scribed notes with notes written by physicians.

Quality scribe notes can save physician time. The progress note is an important vehicle for describing care provided and transferring information among physicians caring for the same patient. Writing a note, however, adds a considerable amount of time to the physician’s workflow. Using a scribe can decrease the time burden of note writing, and if scribed notes are of similar or better quality, this practice innovation can allow the physician to focus more on clinical than clerical tasks.

Over-documentation is a possible concern. While implementation of the EMR may improve certain aspects of quality of care delivered^14,15 and note quality,¹⁶ concern has been raised about over-documentation related to the connection between documentation and reimbursement.¹⁷ In our study, we found that physician notes and scribed notes for both diabetes and same-day encounters often used EMR-based note templates, which can lead to over-documentation.

Future EMR development might best focus on planned utilization by physician-scribe teams.

In general, both physician and scribed notes were rated to be of average to low quality because none of the mean scores on the 9 individual components of the PDQI-9 reached 4.0. Scribed notes were not inaccurate and had word counts similar to physician notes.

Scribing has potential drawbacks—and benefits. Drawbacks to scribing have not been well-studied. It has been suggested that using scribes to work around the EMR may actually hinder its further advancement because scribing insulates physicians from the inefficiencies of current EMRs and will not spur demands for improvements.³ Inaccurate or poor-quality notes could represent another downside to scribing, although concern about the quality of notes has not been documented. Our results suggest the opposite may be true.

Note quality has not been associated with quality of care as assessed by clinical quality scores,¹³ but using scribes may improve the quality of care in other ways. For example, the EMR may negatively affect patient-physician communication,^18,19 and freeing the physician from documentation may improve the interaction.^8,20 Incorporating scribing into practice may also improve the physician experience,^9,10,21,22 a possible benefit that we did not measure.

We also did not measure the cost of using a scribe to assist in EMR documentation compared with the cost of physician time spent in performing this task. If the scribe model were associated with cost savings through increased physician productivity, as well as improved physician experience, future EMR development might best focus on planned utilization by physician-scribe teams.

Study limitations. The study was conducted in a single health system, although at 8 different practice sites. The sites all used the same EMR, but templates used for documentation could be individualized by the physician and medical assistant team, so our findings may reflect variation in template design. Our analysis did adjust for possible correlations of notes from the same physician. The selection of note types in our study may make our results less generalizable to other encounter types. Our sample was not large enough to detect variations in note quality among different providers and scribes.

The ratings on the PDQI-9 may be subjective, and the reviewers were not blinded to whether a scribe was used to write the note. The differences in PDQI-9 scores were small. Although statistically significant, they may not significantly affect clinical practice. Our care model is unique in that scribes are active members of the clinical care team; the higher quality of scribed notes we found may not apply to professional scribes who are not part of the team.

Future research directions. In our study, medical assistants acting as scribes composed progress notes of similar or higher quality than physicians who wrote notes alone, although all notes were of generally average quality. As the use of scribes in medicine expands, additional studies should examine the impact of scribes on primary care workflow, quality and cost of care delivered, and quality of physician experience.

CORRESPONDENCE
Anita D. Misra-Hebert, MD, MPH, Center for Value-Based Care Research, Medicine Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, G10, Cleveland, OH 44195; misraa@ccf.org.

ABSTRACT

Objective Medical scribes are increasingly employed to improve physician efficiency with regard to the electronic medical record (EMR). The impact of scribes on the quality of outpatient visit notes is not known. To assess the effect, we conducted a retrospective review of ambulatory progress notes written before and after 8 practice sites transitioned to the use of medical assistants as scribes.

Methods The Physician Documentation Quality Instrument 9 (PDQI-9) was used to compare the quality of outpatient progress notes written by medical assistant scribes with the quality of notes written by 18 primary care physicians working without a scribe. The notes pertained to diabetes encounters and same-day appointments and were written during the 3 to 6 months preceding the use of scribes (pre-scribe period) and the 3 to 6 months after scribes were employed (scribe period).

Results One hundred eight notes from the pre-scribe period and 109 from the scribe period were reviewed. Scribed notes were rated higher in overall quality than unscribed notes (mean total PDQI-9 score 30.3 for scribed notes vs 28.9 for nonscribed notes; P=.01) and more up-to-date, thorough, useful, and comprehensible. The differences were limited to diabetes encounters. For same-day appointments, scribed and nonscribed notes did not differ in quality. The total word count of all scribed and nonscribed notes was similar (mean words 618, standard deviation (SD) 273 for scribed notes vs 558 words, SD 289 for nonscribed notes; P=.12).

Conclusions In this retrospective review, ambulatory notes were of higher quality when medical assistants acted as scribes than when physicians wrote them alone, at least for diabetes visits. Our findings may not apply to professional scribes who are not part of the clinical care team. As the use of medical scribes expands, additional studies should examine the impact of scribes on other aspects of care quality.

Team-based models of primary care delivery may incorporate medical scribes to improve efficiency of electronic documentation.^1-4 The employment of medical scribes has grown rapidly, and it is estimated that within several years there may be one scribe for every 9 physicians.³

Accurate documentation is important to providing high-quality patient care but can take a significant amount of time. Attending physicians have been estimated to spend as long as 52 minutes per day authoring notes.⁵ Medical scribes can help physicians improve the efficiency of electronic documentation⁶ and save time.² Using scribes can also improve physician productivity^7-10 and thereby potentially increase access to care. The impact of scribes on the quality of outpatient visit notes, however, is unknown.

A team-based care delivery model in our health system’s primary care clinics uses medical assistants to scribe notes during the outpatient encounter. We hypothesized that outpatient notes written by medical assistant scribes would be of similar quality to notes written by the same group of physicians without a scribe.

METHODS

Study design and sample

We conducted a retrospective review of ambulatory notes from 18 primary care physicians at 8 practice sites in our health system who had adopted a care model in which medical assistants act as scribes. Each physician works with 2 medical assistants. To train for the new model, the physician and medical assistants participated in 2 training sessions of 2 hours each and a half day of clinic observation and evaluation with a project manager.

Scribed notes were more up-to-date, thorough, useful, and comprehensible for diabetes encounters.

Of the 18 primary care physicians included in this study, none had less than one year of experience in our health system. Tenure ranged from one to 24 years with a mean of 11.3 years.

For each participating provider, we requested all available outpatient progress notes with either an International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision (ICD-9) code for diabetes or a designation of “same day” for the 3 to 6 months preceding the use of scribes (pre-scribe period) and the 3 to 6 months after employing scribes (scribe period). We chose diabetes encounters as examples of notes addressing chronic disease management and same-day encounters as examples of problem-focused notes because these 2 types of encounters are common in outpatient primary care practice.

Note quality was evaluated using the Physician Documentation Quality Instrument 9 (PDQI-9), a validated instrument designed for this purpose, comprising 9 items rated subjectively on a 5-point Likert scale (1= not at all, 5= extremely). The items assess whether notes are up-to-date, accurate, thorough, useful, organized, comprehensible, succinct, synthesized, and internally consistent.^11,12 The PDQI-9 has been applied previously in inpatient¹² and outpatient settings.¹³

While the PDQI-9 is a validated tool, it relies on subjective ratings of note quality by the reviewer. To control for the subjective nature of the ratings, an experienced internist and an internal medicine resident coded 10 progress notes separately using the PDQI-9 and discussed the results. The process was repeated for a total of 20 notes, after which consensus was reached with >70% agreement on each attribute of the PDQI-9, suggesting that the resident’s ratings were reliable when compared with those of an experienced practicing physician.

The resident then evaluated a random sample of notes written by each physician for diabetes or same-day appointments in the pre-scribe and scribe periods. Word counts for the entire note were measured. The notes used to establish the reliability of the ratings were excluded from the analysis for this study.

Data analysis

We used linear mixed-effects models to examine note quality measures by adjusting for possible correlations of notes from the same physician. Least-squares estimates were derived; the results were not adjusted for multiple comparisons.

RESULTS

One hundred eight notes from the pre-scribe period and 109 notes from the scribe period were reviewed. Compared with notes written by a physician alone, scribed notes were rated slightly higher in overall quality (mean total PDQI-9 score 30.3 for scribe notes vs 28.9 for pre-scribe notes; P=.01) and more up-to-date, thorough, useful, and comprehensible (TABLES 1 AND 2). The differences were limited to diabetes encounters. For same day appointments, scribed notes did not differ in quality from nonscribed notes (TABLE 2). Total word count did not vary significantly between all scribe and pre-scribe notes (mean words 618, SD 273 for scribed notes vs 558 words, SD 289 for nonscribed notes; P=.12).

DISCUSSION

In this retrospective review of ambulatory notes, progress notes written by medical assistant scribes were of higher quality than notes physicians wrote alone, at least for diabetes visits. Scribe and pre-scribe notes were of similar quality for problem-focused same-day visits. This is the first study of which we are aware that compares the quality of scribed notes with notes written by physicians.

Quality scribe notes can save physician time. The progress note is an important vehicle for describing care provided and transferring information among physicians caring for the same patient. Writing a note, however, adds a considerable amount of time to the physician’s workflow. Using a scribe can decrease the time burden of note writing, and if scribed notes are of similar or better quality, this practice innovation can allow the physician to focus more on clinical than clerical tasks.

Over-documentation is a possible concern. While implementation of the EMR may improve certain aspects of quality of care delivered^14,15 and note quality,¹⁶ concern has been raised about over-documentation related to the connection between documentation and reimbursement.¹⁷ In our study, we found that physician notes and scribed notes for both diabetes and same-day encounters often used EMR-based note templates, which can lead to over-documentation.

Future EMR development might best focus on planned utilization by physician-scribe teams.

In general, both physician and scribed notes were rated to be of average to low quality because none of the mean scores on the 9 individual components of the PDQI-9 reached 4.0. Scribed notes were not inaccurate and had word counts similar to physician notes.

Scribing has potential drawbacks—and benefits. Drawbacks to scribing have not been well-studied. It has been suggested that using scribes to work around the EMR may actually hinder its further advancement because scribing insulates physicians from the inefficiencies of current EMRs and will not spur demands for improvements.³ Inaccurate or poor-quality notes could represent another downside to scribing, although concern about the quality of notes has not been documented. Our results suggest the opposite may be true.

Note quality has not been associated with quality of care as assessed by clinical quality scores,¹³ but using scribes may improve the quality of care in other ways. For example, the EMR may negatively affect patient-physician communication,^18,19 and freeing the physician from documentation may improve the interaction.^8,20 Incorporating scribing into practice may also improve the physician experience,^9,10,21,22 a possible benefit that we did not measure.

We also did not measure the cost of using a scribe to assist in EMR documentation compared with the cost of physician time spent in performing this task. If the scribe model were associated with cost savings through increased physician productivity, as well as improved physician experience, future EMR development might best focus on planned utilization by physician-scribe teams.

Study limitations. The study was conducted in a single health system, although at 8 different practice sites. The sites all used the same EMR, but templates used for documentation could be individualized by the physician and medical assistant team, so our findings may reflect variation in template design. Our analysis did adjust for possible correlations of notes from the same physician. The selection of note types in our study may make our results less generalizable to other encounter types. Our sample was not large enough to detect variations in note quality among different providers and scribes.

The ratings on the PDQI-9 may be subjective, and the reviewers were not blinded to whether a scribe was used to write the note. The differences in PDQI-9 scores were small. Although statistically significant, they may not significantly affect clinical practice. Our care model is unique in that scribes are active members of the clinical care team; the higher quality of scribed notes we found may not apply to professional scribes who are not part of the team.

Future research directions. In our study, medical assistants acting as scribes composed progress notes of similar or higher quality than physicians who wrote notes alone, although all notes were of generally average quality. As the use of scribes in medicine expands, additional studies should examine the impact of scribes on primary care workflow, quality and cost of care delivered, and quality of physician experience.

CORRESPONDENCE
Anita D. Misra-Hebert, MD, MPH, Center for Value-Based Care Research, Medicine Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, G10, Cleveland, OH 44195; misraa@ccf.org.