Mitchel L. Zoler, PhD

WASHINGTON – Influenza vaccine continues to cut not just the incidence of flu but also mitigates infection severity in both children and adults, according to recent U.S. experience collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

During recent U.S. flu seasons, children and adults who contracted influenza despite vaccination had significantly fewer severe infections and infection complications, compared with unimmunized people, according to two separate reports from CDC researchers presented at an annual scientific meeting on infectious diseases.

One of the reports tracked the impact of flu vaccine in children using data that the CDC collected at seven medical centers that participated in the agency’s New Vaccine Surveillance Network, which provided information on children aged 6 months to 17 years who were hospitalized for an acute respiratory illness, including more than 1,700 children during the 2016-2017 flu season and more than 1,900 during the 2017-2018 season. Roughly 10% of these children tested positive for influenza, and the subsequent analysis focused on these cases and compared incidence rates among children who had been vaccinated during the index season and those who had remained unvaccinated.

Combined data from both seasons showed that vaccinated children were 50% less likely to have been hospitalized for an acute influenza infection, compared with unvaccinated kids, a pattern consistently seen both in children aged 6 months to 8 years and in those aged 9-17 years. The pattern of vaccine effectiveness also held regardless of which flu strain caused the infections, reported Angela P. Campbell, MD, a CDC medical officer.

“We saw a nice benefit from vaccination, both in previously healthy children and in those with an underlying medical condition,” a finding that adds to existing evidence of vaccine effectiveness, Dr. Campbell said in a video interview. The results confirmed that flu vaccination does not just prevent infections but also cuts the rate of more severe infections that lead to hospitalization, she explained.

Another CDC study looked at data collected by the agency’s Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network from adults at least 18 years old who were hospitalized for a laboratory-confirmed influenza infection during five flu seasons, 2013-2014 through 2017-18. The data, which came from more than 250 acute-care hospitals in 13 states, included more than 43,000 people hospitalized for an identified influenza strain and with a known vaccination history who were not institutionalized and had not received any antiviral treatment.

After propensity-weighted adjustment to create better parity between the vaccinated and unvaccinated patients, the results showed that people 18-64 years old with vaccination had statistically significant decreases in mortality of a relative 36%, need for mechanical ventilation of 34%, pneumonia of 20%, and need for ICU admission of a relative 19%, as well as an 18% drop in average ICU length of stay, Shikha Garg, MD, said at the meeting. The propensity-weighted analysis of data from people at least 65 years old showed statistically significant relative reductions linked with vaccination: 46% reduction in the need for mechanical ventilation, 28% reduction in ICU admissions, and 9% reduction in hospitalized length of stay.

Further analysis of these outcomes by the strains that caused these influenza infections showed that the statistically significant benefits from vaccination were seen only in patients infected with an H1N1 strain. Statistically significant effects on these severe outcomes were not apparent among people infected with the H3N2 or B strains, said Dr. Garg, a medical epidemiologist at the CDC.

“All adults should receive an annual flu vaccination as it can improve outcomes among those who develop influenza despite vaccination,” she concluded.

Results from a third CDC study reported at the meeting examined the importance of two vaccine doses (administered at least 4 weeks apart) given to children aged 6 months to 8 years for the first season they receive flu vaccination, which is the immunization approach for flu recommended by the CDC. The findings from a total of more than 7,500 children immunized during the 2014-2018 seasons showed a clear increment in vaccine protection among kids who received two doses during their first season vaccinated, especially in children who were 2 years old or younger. In that age group, administration of two doses produced vaccine effectiveness of 53% versus a 23% vaccine effectiveness after a single vaccine dose, reported Jessie Chung, a CDC epidemiologist.

mzoler@mdedge.com

WASHINGTON – Influenza vaccine continues to cut not just the incidence of flu but also mitigates infection severity in both children and adults, according to recent U.S. experience collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

During recent U.S. flu seasons, children and adults who contracted influenza despite vaccination had significantly fewer severe infections and infection complications, compared with unimmunized people, according to two separate reports from CDC researchers presented at an annual scientific meeting on infectious diseases.

One of the reports tracked the impact of flu vaccine in children using data that the CDC collected at seven medical centers that participated in the agency’s New Vaccine Surveillance Network, which provided information on children aged 6 months to 17 years who were hospitalized for an acute respiratory illness, including more than 1,700 children during the 2016-2017 flu season and more than 1,900 during the 2017-2018 season. Roughly 10% of these children tested positive for influenza, and the subsequent analysis focused on these cases and compared incidence rates among children who had been vaccinated during the index season and those who had remained unvaccinated.

Combined data from both seasons showed that vaccinated children were 50% less likely to have been hospitalized for an acute influenza infection, compared with unvaccinated kids, a pattern consistently seen both in children aged 6 months to 8 years and in those aged 9-17 years. The pattern of vaccine effectiveness also held regardless of which flu strain caused the infections, reported Angela P. Campbell, MD, a CDC medical officer.

“We saw a nice benefit from vaccination, both in previously healthy children and in those with an underlying medical condition,” a finding that adds to existing evidence of vaccine effectiveness, Dr. Campbell said in a video interview. The results confirmed that flu vaccination does not just prevent infections but also cuts the rate of more severe infections that lead to hospitalization, she explained.

Another CDC study looked at data collected by the agency’s Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network from adults at least 18 years old who were hospitalized for a laboratory-confirmed influenza infection during five flu seasons, 2013-2014 through 2017-18. The data, which came from more than 250 acute-care hospitals in 13 states, included more than 43,000 people hospitalized for an identified influenza strain and with a known vaccination history who were not institutionalized and had not received any antiviral treatment.

After propensity-weighted adjustment to create better parity between the vaccinated and unvaccinated patients, the results showed that people 18-64 years old with vaccination had statistically significant decreases in mortality of a relative 36%, need for mechanical ventilation of 34%, pneumonia of 20%, and need for ICU admission of a relative 19%, as well as an 18% drop in average ICU length of stay, Shikha Garg, MD, said at the meeting. The propensity-weighted analysis of data from people at least 65 years old showed statistically significant relative reductions linked with vaccination: 46% reduction in the need for mechanical ventilation, 28% reduction in ICU admissions, and 9% reduction in hospitalized length of stay.

Further analysis of these outcomes by the strains that caused these influenza infections showed that the statistically significant benefits from vaccination were seen only in patients infected with an H1N1 strain. Statistically significant effects on these severe outcomes were not apparent among people infected with the H3N2 or B strains, said Dr. Garg, a medical epidemiologist at the CDC.

“All adults should receive an annual flu vaccination as it can improve outcomes among those who develop influenza despite vaccination,” she concluded.

Results from a third CDC study reported at the meeting examined the importance of two vaccine doses (administered at least 4 weeks apart) given to children aged 6 months to 8 years for the first season they receive flu vaccination, which is the immunization approach for flu recommended by the CDC. The findings from a total of more than 7,500 children immunized during the 2014-2018 seasons showed a clear increment in vaccine protection among kids who received two doses during their first season vaccinated, especially in children who were 2 years old or younger. In that age group, administration of two doses produced vaccine effectiveness of 53% versus a 23% vaccine effectiveness after a single vaccine dose, reported Jessie Chung, a CDC epidemiologist.

mzoler@mdedge.com

WASHINGTON – Influenza vaccine continues to cut not just the incidence of flu but also mitigates infection severity in both children and adults, according to recent U.S. experience collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

During recent U.S. flu seasons, children and adults who contracted influenza despite vaccination had significantly fewer severe infections and infection complications, compared with unimmunized people, according to two separate reports from CDC researchers presented at an annual scientific meeting on infectious diseases.

One of the reports tracked the impact of flu vaccine in children using data that the CDC collected at seven medical centers that participated in the agency’s New Vaccine Surveillance Network, which provided information on children aged 6 months to 17 years who were hospitalized for an acute respiratory illness, including more than 1,700 children during the 2016-2017 flu season and more than 1,900 during the 2017-2018 season. Roughly 10% of these children tested positive for influenza, and the subsequent analysis focused on these cases and compared incidence rates among children who had been vaccinated during the index season and those who had remained unvaccinated.

Combined data from both seasons showed that vaccinated children were 50% less likely to have been hospitalized for an acute influenza infection, compared with unvaccinated kids, a pattern consistently seen both in children aged 6 months to 8 years and in those aged 9-17 years. The pattern of vaccine effectiveness also held regardless of which flu strain caused the infections, reported Angela P. Campbell, MD, a CDC medical officer.

“We saw a nice benefit from vaccination, both in previously healthy children and in those with an underlying medical condition,” a finding that adds to existing evidence of vaccine effectiveness, Dr. Campbell said in a video interview. The results confirmed that flu vaccination does not just prevent infections but also cuts the rate of more severe infections that lead to hospitalization, she explained.

Another CDC study looked at data collected by the agency’s Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network from adults at least 18 years old who were hospitalized for a laboratory-confirmed influenza infection during five flu seasons, 2013-2014 through 2017-18. The data, which came from more than 250 acute-care hospitals in 13 states, included more than 43,000 people hospitalized for an identified influenza strain and with a known vaccination history who were not institutionalized and had not received any antiviral treatment.

After propensity-weighted adjustment to create better parity between the vaccinated and unvaccinated patients, the results showed that people 18-64 years old with vaccination had statistically significant decreases in mortality of a relative 36%, need for mechanical ventilation of 34%, pneumonia of 20%, and need for ICU admission of a relative 19%, as well as an 18% drop in average ICU length of stay, Shikha Garg, MD, said at the meeting. The propensity-weighted analysis of data from people at least 65 years old showed statistically significant relative reductions linked with vaccination: 46% reduction in the need for mechanical ventilation, 28% reduction in ICU admissions, and 9% reduction in hospitalized length of stay.

Further analysis of these outcomes by the strains that caused these influenza infections showed that the statistically significant benefits from vaccination were seen only in patients infected with an H1N1 strain. Statistically significant effects on these severe outcomes were not apparent among people infected with the H3N2 or B strains, said Dr. Garg, a medical epidemiologist at the CDC.

“All adults should receive an annual flu vaccination as it can improve outcomes among those who develop influenza despite vaccination,” she concluded.

Results from a third CDC study reported at the meeting examined the importance of two vaccine doses (administered at least 4 weeks apart) given to children aged 6 months to 8 years for the first season they receive flu vaccination, which is the immunization approach for flu recommended by the CDC. The findings from a total of more than 7,500 children immunized during the 2014-2018 seasons showed a clear increment in vaccine protection among kids who received two doses during their first season vaccinated, especially in children who were 2 years old or younger. In that age group, administration of two doses produced vaccine effectiveness of 53% versus a 23% vaccine effectiveness after a single vaccine dose, reported Jessie Chung, a CDC epidemiologist.

mzoler@mdedge.com

WASHINGTON – Patients hospitalized for pyelonephritis and discharged after receiving intravenous antibiotic treatment who then received step-down treatment with an oral beta-lactam had 30-day outcomes that were noninferior to patients who received an oral fluoroquinolone or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as their discharge regimen, in a retrospective study of 211 patients managed at either of two U.S. hospitals.

This was the largest comparison reported on oral beta-lactam drugs for postdischarge treatment of pyelonephritis relative to the standard oral agents, fluoroquinolones and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim), Athena Hobbs, PharmD, said at an annual scientific meeting on infectious diseases. The superiority of an oral fluoroquinolone or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and inferiority of oral beta-lactam drugs were cited in 2010 guidelines for managing pyelonephritis from the Infectious Diseases Society of America (Clin Infect Dis. 2011 March 1;52 [5]: e103-20).

Although limited as a nonrandomized, retrospective comparison, the finding of at least similar efficacy by beta-lactam agents “opens new treatment options” that avoid issues with drug resistance and adverse effects from treatment with fluoroquinolones or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, Dr. Hobbs said in a video interview. Beta-lactams have already been embraced for this indication by some hospitalists, demonstrated by their use of beta-lactam antibiotics for 122 (58%) of the 211 patients included in the study. Among the 89 patients discharged on a non–beta-lactam, 69 (78%) had fluoroquinolone treatment and the remaining 20 patients went home taking trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The new finding “confirms that we are not doing harm to patients,” with this existing practice of mostly prescribing an oral beta-lactam drug, noted Dr. Hobbs, an infectious diseases pharmacy specialist at Baptist Memorial Hospital in Memphis.

The study included patients aged 18-89 years hospitalized during 2014-2017 for a primary diagnosis of pyelonephritis at Baptist or at a second Hospital in Austin, Tex. The study excluded patients in intensive care, with a urologic abnormality, pregnant women, and patients treated with an intravenous antibiotic other than a beta-lactam for more than 24 hours. The most commonly used intravenous drugs were cefazolin and ceftriaxone. The enrolled patients averaged just over 40 years old, and more than 90% were women.

The study’s primary outcome was the 30-day rate of either hospital readmission or an ED visit for pyelonephritis or a urinary tract infection. This occurred in 4.9% of the patients discharged on an oral course of a beta-lactam drug, and in 5.6% of those discharged on either a fluoroquinolone or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, a difference that was not statistically significant and that met the prespecified criteria for noninferiority, Dr. Hobbs reported. The most commonly prescribed oral beta-lactam was cefuroxime in about half the patients, followed by cephalexin or cefadroxil in about a quarter of patients, and amoxicillin with clavulanate in 19%. The two arms of the study also showed no significant difference in infection recurrences during 90-day follow-up.

The study received no commercial funding. Dr. Hobbs had no relevant disclosures.

mzoler@mdedge.com

WASHINGTON – Patients hospitalized for pyelonephritis and discharged after receiving intravenous antibiotic treatment who then received step-down treatment with an oral beta-lactam had 30-day outcomes that were noninferior to patients who received an oral fluoroquinolone or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as their discharge regimen, in a retrospective study of 211 patients managed at either of two U.S. hospitals.

This was the largest comparison reported on oral beta-lactam drugs for postdischarge treatment of pyelonephritis relative to the standard oral agents, fluoroquinolones and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim), Athena Hobbs, PharmD, said at an annual scientific meeting on infectious diseases. The superiority of an oral fluoroquinolone or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and inferiority of oral beta-lactam drugs were cited in 2010 guidelines for managing pyelonephritis from the Infectious Diseases Society of America (Clin Infect Dis. 2011 March 1;52 [5]: e103-20).

Although limited as a nonrandomized, retrospective comparison, the finding of at least similar efficacy by beta-lactam agents “opens new treatment options” that avoid issues with drug resistance and adverse effects from treatment with fluoroquinolones or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, Dr. Hobbs said in a video interview. Beta-lactams have already been embraced for this indication by some hospitalists, demonstrated by their use of beta-lactam antibiotics for 122 (58%) of the 211 patients included in the study. Among the 89 patients discharged on a non–beta-lactam, 69 (78%) had fluoroquinolone treatment and the remaining 20 patients went home taking trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The new finding “confirms that we are not doing harm to patients,” with this existing practice of mostly prescribing an oral beta-lactam drug, noted Dr. Hobbs, an infectious diseases pharmacy specialist at Baptist Memorial Hospital in Memphis.

The study included patients aged 18-89 years hospitalized during 2014-2017 for a primary diagnosis of pyelonephritis at Baptist or at a second Hospital in Austin, Tex. The study excluded patients in intensive care, with a urologic abnormality, pregnant women, and patients treated with an intravenous antibiotic other than a beta-lactam for more than 24 hours. The most commonly used intravenous drugs were cefazolin and ceftriaxone. The enrolled patients averaged just over 40 years old, and more than 90% were women.

The study’s primary outcome was the 30-day rate of either hospital readmission or an ED visit for pyelonephritis or a urinary tract infection. This occurred in 4.9% of the patients discharged on an oral course of a beta-lactam drug, and in 5.6% of those discharged on either a fluoroquinolone or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, a difference that was not statistically significant and that met the prespecified criteria for noninferiority, Dr. Hobbs reported. The most commonly prescribed oral beta-lactam was cefuroxime in about half the patients, followed by cephalexin or cefadroxil in about a quarter of patients, and amoxicillin with clavulanate in 19%. The two arms of the study also showed no significant difference in infection recurrences during 90-day follow-up.

The study received no commercial funding. Dr. Hobbs had no relevant disclosures.

mzoler@mdedge.com

WASHINGTON – Patients hospitalized for pyelonephritis and discharged after receiving intravenous antibiotic treatment who then received step-down treatment with an oral beta-lactam had 30-day outcomes that were noninferior to patients who received an oral fluoroquinolone or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as their discharge regimen, in a retrospective study of 211 patients managed at either of two U.S. hospitals.

This was the largest comparison reported on oral beta-lactam drugs for postdischarge treatment of pyelonephritis relative to the standard oral agents, fluoroquinolones and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim), Athena Hobbs, PharmD, said at an annual scientific meeting on infectious diseases. The superiority of an oral fluoroquinolone or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and inferiority of oral beta-lactam drugs were cited in 2010 guidelines for managing pyelonephritis from the Infectious Diseases Society of America (Clin Infect Dis. 2011 March 1;52 [5]: e103-20).

Although limited as a nonrandomized, retrospective comparison, the finding of at least similar efficacy by beta-lactam agents “opens new treatment options” that avoid issues with drug resistance and adverse effects from treatment with fluoroquinolones or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, Dr. Hobbs said in a video interview. Beta-lactams have already been embraced for this indication by some hospitalists, demonstrated by their use of beta-lactam antibiotics for 122 (58%) of the 211 patients included in the study. Among the 89 patients discharged on a non–beta-lactam, 69 (78%) had fluoroquinolone treatment and the remaining 20 patients went home taking trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The new finding “confirms that we are not doing harm to patients,” with this existing practice of mostly prescribing an oral beta-lactam drug, noted Dr. Hobbs, an infectious diseases pharmacy specialist at Baptist Memorial Hospital in Memphis.

The study included patients aged 18-89 years hospitalized during 2014-2017 for a primary diagnosis of pyelonephritis at Baptist or at a second Hospital in Austin, Tex. The study excluded patients in intensive care, with a urologic abnormality, pregnant women, and patients treated with an intravenous antibiotic other than a beta-lactam for more than 24 hours. The most commonly used intravenous drugs were cefazolin and ceftriaxone. The enrolled patients averaged just over 40 years old, and more than 90% were women.

The study’s primary outcome was the 30-day rate of either hospital readmission or an ED visit for pyelonephritis or a urinary tract infection. This occurred in 4.9% of the patients discharged on an oral course of a beta-lactam drug, and in 5.6% of those discharged on either a fluoroquinolone or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, a difference that was not statistically significant and that met the prespecified criteria for noninferiority, Dr. Hobbs reported. The most commonly prescribed oral beta-lactam was cefuroxime in about half the patients, followed by cephalexin or cefadroxil in about a quarter of patients, and amoxicillin with clavulanate in 19%. The two arms of the study also showed no significant difference in infection recurrences during 90-day follow-up.

The study received no commercial funding. Dr. Hobbs had no relevant disclosures.

mzoler@mdedge.com

PARIS – Treatment with the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin produced a statistically significant 27% drop in cardiovascular death or heart failure events in patients with existing heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and no diabetes, results that in a stroke changed the status of dapagliflozin from fundamentally a drug that treats diabetes to a drug that treats heart failure.

Mitchel L. Zoler/MDedge News

“Dapagliflozin offers a new approach to the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction” (HFrEF), John McMurray, MD, said at the annual congress of the European Society of Cardiology.

The results he reported from the DAPA-HF (Study to Evaluate the Effect of Dapagliflozin on the Incidence of Worsening Heart Failure or Cardiovascular Death in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure) trial showed statistically significant benefits when adding dapagliflozin to guideline-directed therapy for a list of outcomes that include a 17% drop in all-cause death compared with placebo, an 18% fall in cardiovascular death, and a 25% relative reduction in total heart failure hospitalizations plus cardiovascular deaths during a median follow-up of just over 18 months. The primary endpoint of the reduction in cardiovascular death, first heart failure hospitalization, or an urgent heart failure visit fell by 25% in the enrolled patients with diabetes (45% of the study population, all with type 2 diabetes), and by 27% in the remaining patients who had no diabetes, showing that the presence of diabetes had no impact on the heart failure benefit from dapagliflozin (Farxiga). The absolute reduction in the primary endpoint was about 5%, with a number needed to treat of 21 to prevent one primary endpoint during 18 months of treatment.

Dr. McMurray’s report of the primary endpoint as well as the finding that the drug was as effective in patients without diabetes as in those with diabetes were both met with loud applause by the packed congress audience.

The efficacy results also showed that 58% of patients on dapagliflozin had a clinically meaningful (5 point or greater) increase in their quality of life score on the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire after 8 months on treatment compared with a 51% rate in the placebo patients, a statistically significant difference.

The safety results showed no new signals for a drug that already has regulatory approval but was being used in a novel population. The rate of major hypoglycemia was virtually nonexistent, 0.2%, and identical in both treatment arms. All adverse events occurred at roughly equal rates in the dapagliflozin and placebo groups, with a 5% rate of adverse events leading to study discontinuation in both arms, and a serious adverse event rate of 38% in the dapaglifolzin patients and 42% in the placebo patients. The rate of worsening renal function was less than 2% in both arms and not statistically different.

“This is as close to a home run as you see in heart failure treatment,” commented Douglas L. Mann, MD, professor of medicine at Washington University, St. Louis, and a heart failure clinician and researcher.

DAPA-HF “is a landmark trial. It took a diabetes drug and used it in patients without diabetes, a concept that would have been considered outlandish 5 years ago. Scientifically it’s huge,” commented Deepak L. Bhatt, MD, professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School in Boston.

The DAPA-HF results were another step in the remarkable journey toward heart failure intervention taken by the SGLT2 (sodium glucose cotransport 2) inhibitor class of drugs that includes dapagliflozin as well as canagliflozin (Invokana) and empagliflozin(Jardiance), a path that began 4 years ago with the report of empagliflozin’s unexpected efficacy for reducing cardiovascular death and heart failure hospitalizations in a large cardiovascular-safety study, EMPA-REG OUTCOME (N Engl J Med. 2015 Nov 26;373[22]:2117-28). Subsequent reports showed similar effects benefiting heart failure and survival for canagliflozin and dapagliflozin, and now with DAPA-HF the evidence extended the benefit to heart failure patients regardless of whether they have diabetes. Additional studies now in progress are exploring the same question for empagliflozin and canagliflozin.

The results from DAPA-HF are likely a class effect for all these SGLT2 inhibitors, suggested Dr. McMurray in a video interview, a view shared by several other experts. He cautioned clinicians against using dapagliflozin to treat patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) but without diabetes until this indication receives regulatory approval, and even then using dapagliflozin or other SGLT2 inhibitors this way may take some getting used to on the part of cardiologists and other clinicians.

“The results put dapagliflozin in the same league as [standard HFrEF drugs], but using it will require a shift in thinking. Most physicians will initially say “aren’t SGLT2 inhibitors used for treating diabetes?” Dr. Bhatt said.

“I’m sure most cardiologists are not familiar with the SGLT2 inhibitors; we’ll have to educate them,” conceded Dr. McMurray, professor of medical cardiology at the University of Glasgow. However, other aspects of dapagliflozin and this drug class in general may make the SGLT2 inhibitors particularly attractive and spur their use once labeling changes.

mzoler@mdedge.com

PARIS – Treatment with the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin produced a statistically significant 27% drop in cardiovascular death or heart failure events in patients with existing heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and no diabetes, results that in a stroke changed the status of dapagliflozin from fundamentally a drug that treats diabetes to a drug that treats heart failure.

Mitchel L. Zoler/MDedge News

“Dapagliflozin offers a new approach to the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction” (HFrEF), John McMurray, MD, said at the annual congress of the European Society of Cardiology.

The results he reported from the DAPA-HF (Study to Evaluate the Effect of Dapagliflozin on the Incidence of Worsening Heart Failure or Cardiovascular Death in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure) trial showed statistically significant benefits when adding dapagliflozin to guideline-directed therapy for a list of outcomes that include a 17% drop in all-cause death compared with placebo, an 18% fall in cardiovascular death, and a 25% relative reduction in total heart failure hospitalizations plus cardiovascular deaths during a median follow-up of just over 18 months. The primary endpoint of the reduction in cardiovascular death, first heart failure hospitalization, or an urgent heart failure visit fell by 25% in the enrolled patients with diabetes (45% of the study population, all with type 2 diabetes), and by 27% in the remaining patients who had no diabetes, showing that the presence of diabetes had no impact on the heart failure benefit from dapagliflozin (Farxiga). The absolute reduction in the primary endpoint was about 5%, with a number needed to treat of 21 to prevent one primary endpoint during 18 months of treatment.

Dr. McMurray’s report of the primary endpoint as well as the finding that the drug was as effective in patients without diabetes as in those with diabetes were both met with loud applause by the packed congress audience.

The efficacy results also showed that 58% of patients on dapagliflozin had a clinically meaningful (5 point or greater) increase in their quality of life score on the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire after 8 months on treatment compared with a 51% rate in the placebo patients, a statistically significant difference.

The safety results showed no new signals for a drug that already has regulatory approval but was being used in a novel population. The rate of major hypoglycemia was virtually nonexistent, 0.2%, and identical in both treatment arms. All adverse events occurred at roughly equal rates in the dapagliflozin and placebo groups, with a 5% rate of adverse events leading to study discontinuation in both arms, and a serious adverse event rate of 38% in the dapaglifolzin patients and 42% in the placebo patients. The rate of worsening renal function was less than 2% in both arms and not statistically different.

“This is as close to a home run as you see in heart failure treatment,” commented Douglas L. Mann, MD, professor of medicine at Washington University, St. Louis, and a heart failure clinician and researcher.

DAPA-HF “is a landmark trial. It took a diabetes drug and used it in patients without diabetes, a concept that would have been considered outlandish 5 years ago. Scientifically it’s huge,” commented Deepak L. Bhatt, MD, professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School in Boston.

The DAPA-HF results were another step in the remarkable journey toward heart failure intervention taken by the SGLT2 (sodium glucose cotransport 2) inhibitor class of drugs that includes dapagliflozin as well as canagliflozin (Invokana) and empagliflozin(Jardiance), a path that began 4 years ago with the report of empagliflozin’s unexpected efficacy for reducing cardiovascular death and heart failure hospitalizations in a large cardiovascular-safety study, EMPA-REG OUTCOME (N Engl J Med. 2015 Nov 26;373[22]:2117-28). Subsequent reports showed similar effects benefiting heart failure and survival for canagliflozin and dapagliflozin, and now with DAPA-HF the evidence extended the benefit to heart failure patients regardless of whether they have diabetes. Additional studies now in progress are exploring the same question for empagliflozin and canagliflozin.

The results from DAPA-HF are likely a class effect for all these SGLT2 inhibitors, suggested Dr. McMurray in a video interview, a view shared by several other experts. He cautioned clinicians against using dapagliflozin to treat patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) but without diabetes until this indication receives regulatory approval, and even then using dapagliflozin or other SGLT2 inhibitors this way may take some getting used to on the part of cardiologists and other clinicians.

“The results put dapagliflozin in the same league as [standard HFrEF drugs], but using it will require a shift in thinking. Most physicians will initially say “aren’t SGLT2 inhibitors used for treating diabetes?” Dr. Bhatt said.

“I’m sure most cardiologists are not familiar with the SGLT2 inhibitors; we’ll have to educate them,” conceded Dr. McMurray, professor of medical cardiology at the University of Glasgow. However, other aspects of dapagliflozin and this drug class in general may make the SGLT2 inhibitors particularly attractive and spur their use once labeling changes.

mzoler@mdedge.com

PARIS – Treatment with the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin produced a statistically significant 27% drop in cardiovascular death or heart failure events in patients with existing heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and no diabetes, results that in a stroke changed the status of dapagliflozin from fundamentally a drug that treats diabetes to a drug that treats heart failure.

Mitchel L. Zoler/MDedge News

“Dapagliflozin offers a new approach to the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction” (HFrEF), John McMurray, MD, said at the annual congress of the European Society of Cardiology.

The results he reported from the DAPA-HF (Study to Evaluate the Effect of Dapagliflozin on the Incidence of Worsening Heart Failure or Cardiovascular Death in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure) trial showed statistically significant benefits when adding dapagliflozin to guideline-directed therapy for a list of outcomes that include a 17% drop in all-cause death compared with placebo, an 18% fall in cardiovascular death, and a 25% relative reduction in total heart failure hospitalizations plus cardiovascular deaths during a median follow-up of just over 18 months. The primary endpoint of the reduction in cardiovascular death, first heart failure hospitalization, or an urgent heart failure visit fell by 25% in the enrolled patients with diabetes (45% of the study population, all with type 2 diabetes), and by 27% in the remaining patients who had no diabetes, showing that the presence of diabetes had no impact on the heart failure benefit from dapagliflozin (Farxiga). The absolute reduction in the primary endpoint was about 5%, with a number needed to treat of 21 to prevent one primary endpoint during 18 months of treatment.

Dr. McMurray’s report of the primary endpoint as well as the finding that the drug was as effective in patients without diabetes as in those with diabetes were both met with loud applause by the packed congress audience.

The efficacy results also showed that 58% of patients on dapagliflozin had a clinically meaningful (5 point or greater) increase in their quality of life score on the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire after 8 months on treatment compared with a 51% rate in the placebo patients, a statistically significant difference.

The safety results showed no new signals for a drug that already has regulatory approval but was being used in a novel population. The rate of major hypoglycemia was virtually nonexistent, 0.2%, and identical in both treatment arms. All adverse events occurred at roughly equal rates in the dapagliflozin and placebo groups, with a 5% rate of adverse events leading to study discontinuation in both arms, and a serious adverse event rate of 38% in the dapaglifolzin patients and 42% in the placebo patients. The rate of worsening renal function was less than 2% in both arms and not statistically different.

“This is as close to a home run as you see in heart failure treatment,” commented Douglas L. Mann, MD, professor of medicine at Washington University, St. Louis, and a heart failure clinician and researcher.

DAPA-HF “is a landmark trial. It took a diabetes drug and used it in patients without diabetes, a concept that would have been considered outlandish 5 years ago. Scientifically it’s huge,” commented Deepak L. Bhatt, MD, professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School in Boston.

The DAPA-HF results were another step in the remarkable journey toward heart failure intervention taken by the SGLT2 (sodium glucose cotransport 2) inhibitor class of drugs that includes dapagliflozin as well as canagliflozin (Invokana) and empagliflozin(Jardiance), a path that began 4 years ago with the report of empagliflozin’s unexpected efficacy for reducing cardiovascular death and heart failure hospitalizations in a large cardiovascular-safety study, EMPA-REG OUTCOME (N Engl J Med. 2015 Nov 26;373[22]:2117-28). Subsequent reports showed similar effects benefiting heart failure and survival for canagliflozin and dapagliflozin, and now with DAPA-HF the evidence extended the benefit to heart failure patients regardless of whether they have diabetes. Additional studies now in progress are exploring the same question for empagliflozin and canagliflozin.

The results from DAPA-HF are likely a class effect for all these SGLT2 inhibitors, suggested Dr. McMurray in a video interview, a view shared by several other experts. He cautioned clinicians against using dapagliflozin to treat patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) but without diabetes until this indication receives regulatory approval, and even then using dapagliflozin or other SGLT2 inhibitors this way may take some getting used to on the part of cardiologists and other clinicians.

“The results put dapagliflozin in the same league as [standard HFrEF drugs], but using it will require a shift in thinking. Most physicians will initially say “aren’t SGLT2 inhibitors used for treating diabetes?” Dr. Bhatt said.

“I’m sure most cardiologists are not familiar with the SGLT2 inhibitors; we’ll have to educate them,” conceded Dr. McMurray, professor of medical cardiology at the University of Glasgow. However, other aspects of dapagliflozin and this drug class in general may make the SGLT2 inhibitors particularly attractive and spur their use once labeling changes.

mzoler@mdedge.com

MADRID – Two major changes that improved RA management in recent years – the introduction of potent biologic and targeted synthetic drugs to control inflammatory disease, and the treat-to-target strategy – have also produced an unanticipated snag in the care patients receive. Their persistent comorbidities and their more atypical rheumatoid manifestations often go overlooked and untreated.

The situation has been dubbed “DAS blindness,” when clinicians caring for patients with RA are so focused on a patient’s disease activity score (DAS), measured by counting their swollen and tender joints (usually 28 joints to tally the DAS28 score), that they lose sight of other important features of a RA patient’s disease such as pain and fatigue, Ruth Williams, MBChB, said in an invited talk at the European Congress of Rheumatology.

“There is so much focus on the DAS28 that people are blinded by it. Clinicians concentrate too much on the primary physical condition” of RA, “and they miss important functional, psychological, and social impacts of the disease,” said Dr. Williams, a general-practice physician who is also a long-time RA patient who works as a patient representative and RA researcher at King’s College London.

In Dr. William’s extended personal experience as an RA patient (she was first diagnosed in 1966 as a child), management of the disease changed dramatically with the relatively recent, widespread adoption of the DAS28 score in routine clinical practice in Europe and the United States, migrating from its initial use in research studies. Once her clinicians began to use the DAS28 “I felt that perhaps I wasn’t being seen anymore. It was just the biology of my disease being noted rather than me as an individual,” Dr. Williams said in an interview. Clinicians “need to discuss with patients what remission means to them, and their objectives” from treatment, because a patient’s treatment goals may go beyond just reducing the number of swollen or tender joints they total in the DAS28 assessment.

Rheumatologists also have begun to recognize this common disconnect between both the assessment and the antirheumatoid treatment that RA patients routinely receive, and the symptoms that cause problems for RA patients that are not directly tied to their inflammatory disease. Patients can present with remission-level responses in their tender and swollen joint counts and in their serum level of C-reactive protein or erythrocyte sedimentation rate but still score high on the patient global assessment (PGA) scale, a residual consequence of RA that places them out of remission range based on the 2011 “Boolean” criteria for RA remission in trials endorsed by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) (Arthritis Rheum. 2011 Mar;63[3]:373-86).

In a review of 411 RA patients who met three of the four ACR/EULAR criteria that collectively define remission, 61% missed on the PGA measure (Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Oct;71[10]:1702-5), noted Joan M. Bathon, MD, professor of medicine and director of rheumatology at Columbia University, New York, in a talk during the Congress. Another review of 273 RA patients who missed on one of the four criteria showed 80% missing because of their PGA score (Arthritis Res Ther. 2013;15:R221). The specific clinical features that triggered high PGAs in these patients were things like fibromyalgia, back pain, anxiety, depression, and rheumatoid activity in joints not included in the DAS28 score, Dr. Bathon noted. The PGA can have poor correlation with the other three measures, but that is a strength because it reflects different dimensions of RA that are important to patients. When the PGA is discordant with the other three measures of remission, it may not make sense to try to improve it by simply using more immunosuppressive treatment.

The solution to the dilemma of what remission target to aim for when treating to target is to apply common sense to existing guidelines and recommendations and tailor management to each patient, she concluded. “The worst thing we can do is to take criteria meant for clinical rials and for patients with average scores and apply them to every individual patient,” she said. Remission guidelines are good for large populations, “but we shouldn’t apply them to every single patient without thinking.”

A similar plea for thoughtful use of the treat-to-target model and immunomodulatory treatment came in a separate talk from Laure Gossec, MD, a professor of rheumatology at Pitie-Salpétriere Hospital and Sorbonne University in Paris.

The challenge of DAS28 is that it was a remission criteria developed by the ACR and EULAR to use in clinical trials that was coopted for use in routine practice. Despite that, Dr. Gossec believes that DAS28 largely succeeded in this transition. “The DAS28 performs well, it has good prognostic capacity and is widely used.” In her practice, Dr. Gossec relies on the DAS28 score as her primary tool to track disease status in RA patients. “It’s not perfect, but I’m familiar with it, and I work with it,” she said.

It’s undeniable, she acknowledged, that a high PGA often stands between a patient and remission. PGA “is hard to use to guide anti-inflammatory treatment. Many patients have high PGA scores even though they have no inflammation.” Discrepancies like this create a case for dual-treatment targets, both a low swollen and tender joint count and low PGA, as separate and equal treatment goals, Dr. Gossec said, an approach she and her associates proposed in a recent article (Arthritis Care Res. 2018 Mar;709[3]:369-78).

Dr. Williams had no disclosures. Dr. Bathon has been a consultant to AbbVie and has received research funding from Bristol-Myers Squibb and Pfizer. Dr. Gossec has been a consultant to and has received research funding from several companies.

mzoler@mdedge.com

MADRID – Two major changes that improved RA management in recent years – the introduction of potent biologic and targeted synthetic drugs to control inflammatory disease, and the treat-to-target strategy – have also produced an unanticipated snag in the care patients receive. Their persistent comorbidities and their more atypical rheumatoid manifestations often go overlooked and untreated.

The situation has been dubbed “DAS blindness,” when clinicians caring for patients with RA are so focused on a patient’s disease activity score (DAS), measured by counting their swollen and tender joints (usually 28 joints to tally the DAS28 score), that they lose sight of other important features of a RA patient’s disease such as pain and fatigue, Ruth Williams, MBChB, said in an invited talk at the European Congress of Rheumatology.

“There is so much focus on the DAS28 that people are blinded by it. Clinicians concentrate too much on the primary physical condition” of RA, “and they miss important functional, psychological, and social impacts of the disease,” said Dr. Williams, a general-practice physician who is also a long-time RA patient who works as a patient representative and RA researcher at King’s College London.

In Dr. William’s extended personal experience as an RA patient (she was first diagnosed in 1966 as a child), management of the disease changed dramatically with the relatively recent, widespread adoption of the DAS28 score in routine clinical practice in Europe and the United States, migrating from its initial use in research studies. Once her clinicians began to use the DAS28 “I felt that perhaps I wasn’t being seen anymore. It was just the biology of my disease being noted rather than me as an individual,” Dr. Williams said in an interview. Clinicians “need to discuss with patients what remission means to them, and their objectives” from treatment, because a patient’s treatment goals may go beyond just reducing the number of swollen or tender joints they total in the DAS28 assessment.

Rheumatologists also have begun to recognize this common disconnect between both the assessment and the antirheumatoid treatment that RA patients routinely receive, and the symptoms that cause problems for RA patients that are not directly tied to their inflammatory disease. Patients can present with remission-level responses in their tender and swollen joint counts and in their serum level of C-reactive protein or erythrocyte sedimentation rate but still score high on the patient global assessment (PGA) scale, a residual consequence of RA that places them out of remission range based on the 2011 “Boolean” criteria for RA remission in trials endorsed by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) (Arthritis Rheum. 2011 Mar;63[3]:373-86).

In a review of 411 RA patients who met three of the four ACR/EULAR criteria that collectively define remission, 61% missed on the PGA measure (Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Oct;71[10]:1702-5), noted Joan M. Bathon, MD, professor of medicine and director of rheumatology at Columbia University, New York, in a talk during the Congress. Another review of 273 RA patients who missed on one of the four criteria showed 80% missing because of their PGA score (Arthritis Res Ther. 2013;15:R221). The specific clinical features that triggered high PGAs in these patients were things like fibromyalgia, back pain, anxiety, depression, and rheumatoid activity in joints not included in the DAS28 score, Dr. Bathon noted. The PGA can have poor correlation with the other three measures, but that is a strength because it reflects different dimensions of RA that are important to patients. When the PGA is discordant with the other three measures of remission, it may not make sense to try to improve it by simply using more immunosuppressive treatment.

The solution to the dilemma of what remission target to aim for when treating to target is to apply common sense to existing guidelines and recommendations and tailor management to each patient, she concluded. “The worst thing we can do is to take criteria meant for clinical rials and for patients with average scores and apply them to every individual patient,” she said. Remission guidelines are good for large populations, “but we shouldn’t apply them to every single patient without thinking.”

A similar plea for thoughtful use of the treat-to-target model and immunomodulatory treatment came in a separate talk from Laure Gossec, MD, a professor of rheumatology at Pitie-Salpétriere Hospital and Sorbonne University in Paris.

The challenge of DAS28 is that it was a remission criteria developed by the ACR and EULAR to use in clinical trials that was coopted for use in routine practice. Despite that, Dr. Gossec believes that DAS28 largely succeeded in this transition. “The DAS28 performs well, it has good prognostic capacity and is widely used.” In her practice, Dr. Gossec relies on the DAS28 score as her primary tool to track disease status in RA patients. “It’s not perfect, but I’m familiar with it, and I work with it,” she said.

It’s undeniable, she acknowledged, that a high PGA often stands between a patient and remission. PGA “is hard to use to guide anti-inflammatory treatment. Many patients have high PGA scores even though they have no inflammation.” Discrepancies like this create a case for dual-treatment targets, both a low swollen and tender joint count and low PGA, as separate and equal treatment goals, Dr. Gossec said, an approach she and her associates proposed in a recent article (Arthritis Care Res. 2018 Mar;709[3]:369-78).

Dr. Williams had no disclosures. Dr. Bathon has been a consultant to AbbVie and has received research funding from Bristol-Myers Squibb and Pfizer. Dr. Gossec has been a consultant to and has received research funding from several companies.

mzoler@mdedge.com

MADRID – Two major changes that improved RA management in recent years – the introduction of potent biologic and targeted synthetic drugs to control inflammatory disease, and the treat-to-target strategy – have also produced an unanticipated snag in the care patients receive. Their persistent comorbidities and their more atypical rheumatoid manifestations often go overlooked and untreated.

The situation has been dubbed “DAS blindness,” when clinicians caring for patients with RA are so focused on a patient’s disease activity score (DAS), measured by counting their swollen and tender joints (usually 28 joints to tally the DAS28 score), that they lose sight of other important features of a RA patient’s disease such as pain and fatigue, Ruth Williams, MBChB, said in an invited talk at the European Congress of Rheumatology.

“There is so much focus on the DAS28 that people are blinded by it. Clinicians concentrate too much on the primary physical condition” of RA, “and they miss important functional, psychological, and social impacts of the disease,” said Dr. Williams, a general-practice physician who is also a long-time RA patient who works as a patient representative and RA researcher at King’s College London.

In Dr. William’s extended personal experience as an RA patient (she was first diagnosed in 1966 as a child), management of the disease changed dramatically with the relatively recent, widespread adoption of the DAS28 score in routine clinical practice in Europe and the United States, migrating from its initial use in research studies. Once her clinicians began to use the DAS28 “I felt that perhaps I wasn’t being seen anymore. It was just the biology of my disease being noted rather than me as an individual,” Dr. Williams said in an interview. Clinicians “need to discuss with patients what remission means to them, and their objectives” from treatment, because a patient’s treatment goals may go beyond just reducing the number of swollen or tender joints they total in the DAS28 assessment.

Rheumatologists also have begun to recognize this common disconnect between both the assessment and the antirheumatoid treatment that RA patients routinely receive, and the symptoms that cause problems for RA patients that are not directly tied to their inflammatory disease. Patients can present with remission-level responses in their tender and swollen joint counts and in their serum level of C-reactive protein or erythrocyte sedimentation rate but still score high on the patient global assessment (PGA) scale, a residual consequence of RA that places them out of remission range based on the 2011 “Boolean” criteria for RA remission in trials endorsed by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) (Arthritis Rheum. 2011 Mar;63[3]:373-86).

In a review of 411 RA patients who met three of the four ACR/EULAR criteria that collectively define remission, 61% missed on the PGA measure (Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Oct;71[10]:1702-5), noted Joan M. Bathon, MD, professor of medicine and director of rheumatology at Columbia University, New York, in a talk during the Congress. Another review of 273 RA patients who missed on one of the four criteria showed 80% missing because of their PGA score (Arthritis Res Ther. 2013;15:R221). The specific clinical features that triggered high PGAs in these patients were things like fibromyalgia, back pain, anxiety, depression, and rheumatoid activity in joints not included in the DAS28 score, Dr. Bathon noted. The PGA can have poor correlation with the other three measures, but that is a strength because it reflects different dimensions of RA that are important to patients. When the PGA is discordant with the other three measures of remission, it may not make sense to try to improve it by simply using more immunosuppressive treatment.

The solution to the dilemma of what remission target to aim for when treating to target is to apply common sense to existing guidelines and recommendations and tailor management to each patient, she concluded. “The worst thing we can do is to take criteria meant for clinical rials and for patients with average scores and apply them to every individual patient,” she said. Remission guidelines are good for large populations, “but we shouldn’t apply them to every single patient without thinking.”

A similar plea for thoughtful use of the treat-to-target model and immunomodulatory treatment came in a separate talk from Laure Gossec, MD, a professor of rheumatology at Pitie-Salpétriere Hospital and Sorbonne University in Paris.

The challenge of DAS28 is that it was a remission criteria developed by the ACR and EULAR to use in clinical trials that was coopted for use in routine practice. Despite that, Dr. Gossec believes that DAS28 largely succeeded in this transition. “The DAS28 performs well, it has good prognostic capacity and is widely used.” In her practice, Dr. Gossec relies on the DAS28 score as her primary tool to track disease status in RA patients. “It’s not perfect, but I’m familiar with it, and I work with it,” she said.

It’s undeniable, she acknowledged, that a high PGA often stands between a patient and remission. PGA “is hard to use to guide anti-inflammatory treatment. Many patients have high PGA scores even though they have no inflammation.” Discrepancies like this create a case for dual-treatment targets, both a low swollen and tender joint count and low PGA, as separate and equal treatment goals, Dr. Gossec said, an approach she and her associates proposed in a recent article (Arthritis Care Res. 2018 Mar;709[3]:369-78).

Dr. Williams had no disclosures. Dr. Bathon has been a consultant to AbbVie and has received research funding from Bristol-Myers Squibb and Pfizer. Dr. Gossec has been a consultant to and has received research funding from several companies.

mzoler@mdedge.com

VIENNA – Daily treatment of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with obeticholic acid led to a near doubling of patients who had fibrosis regression in a phase 3 trial with 931 patients, making obeticholic acid the first agent proven to improve the course of this disease.

“There is no doubt that with these data we have changed the treatment” of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), Zobair M. Younossi, MD, of Inova Fairfax Medical Campus in Falls Church, Va., said at the meeting sponsored by the European Association for the Study of the Liver. “We are at a watershed moment” in NASH treatment, Dr. Younossi added in a video interview.

Until now “we have had no effective treatments for NASH. This is the first success in a phase 3 trial; obeticholic acid looks very promising,” commented Philip N. Newsome, PhD, professor of experimental hepatology at the University of Birmingham (England).

Obeticholic acid (OCA), an agonist of the farnesoid X receptor, already has Food and Drug Administration marketing approval for the indication of primary biliary cholangitis, a much rarer disease than NASH.

Mitchel L. Zoler/MDedge News

The REGENERATE (Randomized Global Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Impact on NASH With Fibrosis of Obeticholic Acid Treatment) trial has so far enrolled 931 patients at about 350 sites in 20 countries, including the United States, and followed them during 18 months of treatment, the prespecified time for an interim analysis. The study enrolled adults with biopsy-proven NASH and generally focused on patients with either stage 2 or 3 liver fibrosis and a nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score of at least 4. Enrolled patients averaged about 55 years old, slightly more than half the enrolled patients had type 2 diabetes, and more than half had stage 3 fibrosis.

Adverse events on OCA were mostly mild or moderate, with similar rates of serious adverse events in the OCA groups and in control patients. The most common adverse effect on OCA treatment was pruritus, a previously described effect, reported by 51% of patients on the 25 mg/day dosage and by 19% of control patients.

REGENERATE will continue until a goal level of endpoint events occur, and may eventually enroll as many as 2,400 patients and extend for a few more years. By then, Dr. Younossi said, he hopes that an analysis will be possible of “harder” endpoints than fibrosis, such as development of cirrhosis. He noted, however, that the FDA has designated fibrosis regression as a valid surrogate endpoint for assessing treatment efficacy for NASH.

Already on the U.S. market, a single 10-mg OCA pill currently retails for almost $230; a 25-mg formulation is not currently marketed. Dr. Younossi said that subsequent studies will assess the cost-effectiveness of OCA treatment for NASH. He also hopes that further study of patient characteristics will identify which NASH patients are most likely to respond to OCA. Eventually, OCA may be part of a multidrug strategy for treating this disease, Dr. Younossi said.

REGENERATE was sponsored by Intercept, the company that markets obeticholic acid (Ocaliva). Dr. Younossi is a consultant to and has received research funding from Intercept. He has also been a consultant to Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Quest, Siemens, Terns Pharmaceutical, and Viking Therapeutics. Dr. Newsome has been a consultant or speaker for Intercept as well as Boehringer Ingelheim, Dignity Sciences, Johnson & Johnson, Novo Nordisk, and Shire, and he has received research funding from Pharmaxis and Boehringer Ingelheim.

mzoler@mdedge.com

VIENNA – Daily treatment of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with obeticholic acid led to a near doubling of patients who had fibrosis regression in a phase 3 trial with 931 patients, making obeticholic acid the first agent proven to improve the course of this disease.

“There is no doubt that with these data we have changed the treatment” of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), Zobair M. Younossi, MD, of Inova Fairfax Medical Campus in Falls Church, Va., said at the meeting sponsored by the European Association for the Study of the Liver. “We are at a watershed moment” in NASH treatment, Dr. Younossi added in a video interview.

Until now “we have had no effective treatments for NASH. This is the first success in a phase 3 trial; obeticholic acid looks very promising,” commented Philip N. Newsome, PhD, professor of experimental hepatology at the University of Birmingham (England).

Obeticholic acid (OCA), an agonist of the farnesoid X receptor, already has Food and Drug Administration marketing approval for the indication of primary biliary cholangitis, a much rarer disease than NASH.

Mitchel L. Zoler/MDedge News

The REGENERATE (Randomized Global Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Impact on NASH With Fibrosis of Obeticholic Acid Treatment) trial has so far enrolled 931 patients at about 350 sites in 20 countries, including the United States, and followed them during 18 months of treatment, the prespecified time for an interim analysis. The study enrolled adults with biopsy-proven NASH and generally focused on patients with either stage 2 or 3 liver fibrosis and a nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score of at least 4. Enrolled patients averaged about 55 years old, slightly more than half the enrolled patients had type 2 diabetes, and more than half had stage 3 fibrosis.

Adverse events on OCA were mostly mild or moderate, with similar rates of serious adverse events in the OCA groups and in control patients. The most common adverse effect on OCA treatment was pruritus, a previously described effect, reported by 51% of patients on the 25 mg/day dosage and by 19% of control patients.

REGENERATE will continue until a goal level of endpoint events occur, and may eventually enroll as many as 2,400 patients and extend for a few more years. By then, Dr. Younossi said, he hopes that an analysis will be possible of “harder” endpoints than fibrosis, such as development of cirrhosis. He noted, however, that the FDA has designated fibrosis regression as a valid surrogate endpoint for assessing treatment efficacy for NASH.

Already on the U.S. market, a single 10-mg OCA pill currently retails for almost $230; a 25-mg formulation is not currently marketed. Dr. Younossi said that subsequent studies will assess the cost-effectiveness of OCA treatment for NASH. He also hopes that further study of patient characteristics will identify which NASH patients are most likely to respond to OCA. Eventually, OCA may be part of a multidrug strategy for treating this disease, Dr. Younossi said.

REGENERATE was sponsored by Intercept, the company that markets obeticholic acid (Ocaliva). Dr. Younossi is a consultant to and has received research funding from Intercept. He has also been a consultant to Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Quest, Siemens, Terns Pharmaceutical, and Viking Therapeutics. Dr. Newsome has been a consultant or speaker for Intercept as well as Boehringer Ingelheim, Dignity Sciences, Johnson & Johnson, Novo Nordisk, and Shire, and he has received research funding from Pharmaxis and Boehringer Ingelheim.

mzoler@mdedge.com

VIENNA – Daily treatment of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with obeticholic acid led to a near doubling of patients who had fibrosis regression in a phase 3 trial with 931 patients, making obeticholic acid the first agent proven to improve the course of this disease.

“There is no doubt that with these data we have changed the treatment” of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), Zobair M. Younossi, MD, of Inova Fairfax Medical Campus in Falls Church, Va., said at the meeting sponsored by the European Association for the Study of the Liver. “We are at a watershed moment” in NASH treatment, Dr. Younossi added in a video interview.

Until now “we have had no effective treatments for NASH. This is the first success in a phase 3 trial; obeticholic acid looks very promising,” commented Philip N. Newsome, PhD, professor of experimental hepatology at the University of Birmingham (England).

Obeticholic acid (OCA), an agonist of the farnesoid X receptor, already has Food and Drug Administration marketing approval for the indication of primary biliary cholangitis, a much rarer disease than NASH.

Mitchel L. Zoler/MDedge News

The REGENERATE (Randomized Global Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Impact on NASH With Fibrosis of Obeticholic Acid Treatment) trial has so far enrolled 931 patients at about 350 sites in 20 countries, including the United States, and followed them during 18 months of treatment, the prespecified time for an interim analysis. The study enrolled adults with biopsy-proven NASH and generally focused on patients with either stage 2 or 3 liver fibrosis and a nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score of at least 4. Enrolled patients averaged about 55 years old, slightly more than half the enrolled patients had type 2 diabetes, and more than half had stage 3 fibrosis.

Adverse events on OCA were mostly mild or moderate, with similar rates of serious adverse events in the OCA groups and in control patients. The most common adverse effect on OCA treatment was pruritus, a previously described effect, reported by 51% of patients on the 25 mg/day dosage and by 19% of control patients.

REGENERATE will continue until a goal level of endpoint events occur, and may eventually enroll as many as 2,400 patients and extend for a few more years. By then, Dr. Younossi said, he hopes that an analysis will be possible of “harder” endpoints than fibrosis, such as development of cirrhosis. He noted, however, that the FDA has designated fibrosis regression as a valid surrogate endpoint for assessing treatment efficacy for NASH.

Already on the U.S. market, a single 10-mg OCA pill currently retails for almost $230; a 25-mg formulation is not currently marketed. Dr. Younossi said that subsequent studies will assess the cost-effectiveness of OCA treatment for NASH. He also hopes that further study of patient characteristics will identify which NASH patients are most likely to respond to OCA. Eventually, OCA may be part of a multidrug strategy for treating this disease, Dr. Younossi said.

REGENERATE was sponsored by Intercept, the company that markets obeticholic acid (Ocaliva). Dr. Younossi is a consultant to and has received research funding from Intercept. He has also been a consultant to Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Quest, Siemens, Terns Pharmaceutical, and Viking Therapeutics. Dr. Newsome has been a consultant or speaker for Intercept as well as Boehringer Ingelheim, Dignity Sciences, Johnson & Johnson, Novo Nordisk, and Shire, and he has received research funding from Pharmaxis and Boehringer Ingelheim.

mzoler@mdedge.com

AMSTERDAM – The new systemic lupus erythematosus classification criteria of the American College of Rheumatology and the European League Against Rheumatism are based on a point system that will produce a “paradigm shift” in how the disease gets studied going forward, said Sindhu Johnson, MD, while presenting the latest version of the newly revised classification scheme at the European Congress of Rheumatology.

Until now, classification of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was a yes-or-no decision, based on whether the patient had a minimum number of characteristic signs or symptoms. The new criteria, which are on track for formal endorsement before the end of 2018 by the two medical societies that sponsored the revision, instead use a point system that gives varying weight to each of the 22 criteria. A patient needs to score at least 10 points from these criteria, and all patients classified with SLE also must have an antinuclear antibody (ANA) titer of at least 1:80 on HEp-2 cells or an equivalent positive test. This means that the criteria also can define patients who just miss classification with SLE by meeting the ANA standard and by tallying 8 or 9 points, and the criteria also identify patients who far exceed the classification threshold by having the requisite ANA plus racking up as many as, perhaps, 20 or 30 points.

“This is a real research opportunity,” to follow patients who fall just short with 8 or 9 points to assess their longer-term prognosis, as well as to study whether “higher scores mean a higher risk for developing a bad outcome,” said Dr. Johnson, a rheumatologist at the University of Toronto and director of the Toronto Scleroderma Program. Other areas for future research with the new criteria include seeing how they work in various SLE subgroups, such as patients with renal-predominant disease or skin-predominant disease, and also seeing how they work in various ethnic populations.

That’s because “85% of our experts said that they would feel confident classifying a patient as having lupus based only on a renal biopsy” and ANA positivity, said Dr. Johnson, who served as the ACR-appointed cochair of the criteria-writing panel along with a cochair selected by EULAR, Martin Aringer, MD, PhD, of the Technical University of Dresden (Germany). She cautioned that other levels of lupus nephritis, class II or V, confer only 8 points to the classification and so by themselves are not enough to label a person as having lupus.

During her presentation, Dr. Johnson cited the high levels of sensitivity and specificity that the new classification criteria demonstrated in a validation cohort of more than 1,000 cases and controls. In the validation analysis, the new criteria had a sensitivity of 96.12% and specificity of 94.43% for classifying SLE, giving the new criteria a better result on both these measures than either the 1997 ACR criteria (Arthritis Rheum. 1997 Sept;40[9]:1725) or the 2012 Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics criteria (Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Aug;64[8]:2677-86).

The 22 criteria cluster into seven separate clinical domains and three different immunologic domains. The point values assigned to each criterion range from 2 to 10 points.

Dr. Johnson had no disclosures.

mzoler@mdedge.com

AMSTERDAM – The new systemic lupus erythematosus classification criteria of the American College of Rheumatology and the European League Against Rheumatism are based on a point system that will produce a “paradigm shift” in how the disease gets studied going forward, said Sindhu Johnson, MD, while presenting the latest version of the newly revised classification scheme at the European Congress of Rheumatology.

Until now, classification of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was a yes-or-no decision, based on whether the patient had a minimum number of characteristic signs or symptoms. The new criteria, which are on track for formal endorsement before the end of 2018 by the two medical societies that sponsored the revision, instead use a point system that gives varying weight to each of the 22 criteria. A patient needs to score at least 10 points from these criteria, and all patients classified with SLE also must have an antinuclear antibody (ANA) titer of at least 1:80 on HEp-2 cells or an equivalent positive test. This means that the criteria also can define patients who just miss classification with SLE by meeting the ANA standard and by tallying 8 or 9 points, and the criteria also identify patients who far exceed the classification threshold by having the requisite ANA plus racking up as many as, perhaps, 20 or 30 points.

“This is a real research opportunity,” to follow patients who fall just short with 8 or 9 points to assess their longer-term prognosis, as well as to study whether “higher scores mean a higher risk for developing a bad outcome,” said Dr. Johnson, a rheumatologist at the University of Toronto and director of the Toronto Scleroderma Program. Other areas for future research with the new criteria include seeing how they work in various SLE subgroups, such as patients with renal-predominant disease or skin-predominant disease, and also seeing how they work in various ethnic populations.

That’s because “85% of our experts said that they would feel confident classifying a patient as having lupus based only on a renal biopsy” and ANA positivity, said Dr. Johnson, who served as the ACR-appointed cochair of the criteria-writing panel along with a cochair selected by EULAR, Martin Aringer, MD, PhD, of the Technical University of Dresden (Germany). She cautioned that other levels of lupus nephritis, class II or V, confer only 8 points to the classification and so by themselves are not enough to label a person as having lupus.

During her presentation, Dr. Johnson cited the high levels of sensitivity and specificity that the new classification criteria demonstrated in a validation cohort of more than 1,000 cases and controls. In the validation analysis, the new criteria had a sensitivity of 96.12% and specificity of 94.43% for classifying SLE, giving the new criteria a better result on both these measures than either the 1997 ACR criteria (Arthritis Rheum. 1997 Sept;40[9]:1725) or the 2012 Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics criteria (Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Aug;64[8]:2677-86).

The 22 criteria cluster into seven separate clinical domains and three different immunologic domains. The point values assigned to each criterion range from 2 to 10 points.

Dr. Johnson had no disclosures.

mzoler@mdedge.com

AMSTERDAM – The new systemic lupus erythematosus classification criteria of the American College of Rheumatology and the European League Against Rheumatism are based on a point system that will produce a “paradigm shift” in how the disease gets studied going forward, said Sindhu Johnson, MD, while presenting the latest version of the newly revised classification scheme at the European Congress of Rheumatology.

Until now, classification of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was a yes-or-no decision, based on whether the patient had a minimum number of characteristic signs or symptoms. The new criteria, which are on track for formal endorsement before the end of 2018 by the two medical societies that sponsored the revision, instead use a point system that gives varying weight to each of the 22 criteria. A patient needs to score at least 10 points from these criteria, and all patients classified with SLE also must have an antinuclear antibody (ANA) titer of at least 1:80 on HEp-2 cells or an equivalent positive test. This means that the criteria also can define patients who just miss classification with SLE by meeting the ANA standard and by tallying 8 or 9 points, and the criteria also identify patients who far exceed the classification threshold by having the requisite ANA plus racking up as many as, perhaps, 20 or 30 points.

“This is a real research opportunity,” to follow patients who fall just short with 8 or 9 points to assess their longer-term prognosis, as well as to study whether “higher scores mean a higher risk for developing a bad outcome,” said Dr. Johnson, a rheumatologist at the University of Toronto and director of the Toronto Scleroderma Program. Other areas for future research with the new criteria include seeing how they work in various SLE subgroups, such as patients with renal-predominant disease or skin-predominant disease, and also seeing how they work in various ethnic populations.

That’s because “85% of our experts said that they would feel confident classifying a patient as having lupus based only on a renal biopsy” and ANA positivity, said Dr. Johnson, who served as the ACR-appointed cochair of the criteria-writing panel along with a cochair selected by EULAR, Martin Aringer, MD, PhD, of the Technical University of Dresden (Germany). She cautioned that other levels of lupus nephritis, class II or V, confer only 8 points to the classification and so by themselves are not enough to label a person as having lupus.

During her presentation, Dr. Johnson cited the high levels of sensitivity and specificity that the new classification criteria demonstrated in a validation cohort of more than 1,000 cases and controls. In the validation analysis, the new criteria had a sensitivity of 96.12% and specificity of 94.43% for classifying SLE, giving the new criteria a better result on both these measures than either the 1997 ACR criteria (Arthritis Rheum. 1997 Sept;40[9]:1725) or the 2012 Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics criteria (Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Aug;64[8]:2677-86).

The 22 criteria cluster into seven separate clinical domains and three different immunologic domains. The point values assigned to each criterion range from 2 to 10 points.

Dr. Johnson had no disclosures.

mzoler@mdedge.com

WASHINGTON – Treatment of hepatitis C infection with a direct-acting antiviral drug strongly linked with a rapid, 14% drop in the incidence of all nonhepatic cancers, based on analysis of data from more than 30,000 U.S. patients.

The data also showed statistically significant drops in the incidence rates of several specific nonliver cancers among hepatitis C–infected patients treated with a direct-acting antiviral (DAA) drug, compared with infected patients who had been treated with an interferon-based regimen during the period immediately preceding the availability of DAAs in late 2013. This included a 45% cut in lung cancers, a 49% cut in bladder cancer, a 62% relative risk reduction in leukemia, and a 29% drop in prostate cancer, Michael B. Charlton, MD, said at the annual Digestive Disease Week.^®

The relative reductions in nonhepatic cancer incidence appeared soon after DAA treatment. The data Dr. Charlton reported reflected a median follow-up of 1 year for DAA-treated patients and 2.6 years for the hepatitis C–infected patients who had received interferon and did not get a DAA. A major difference between these two regimens is their efficacy, with DAA regimens producing sustained virologic response rates of 90% or better, while the interferon regimens produced substantially lower eradication rates.

“The most obvious hypothesis” to explain the observed effects is that “hepatitis C is a potent carcinogen,” possibly acting by inhibiting immune surveillance for new cancers in infected people, Dr. Charlton said in a video interview.

The study he reported used insurance-claims data from more than 146 million U.S. residents during 2007-2017 in the IQVIA PharMetrics Plus database, which included more than 367,000 adults infected with hepatitis C. Dr. Charlton and his associates pulled from this claims data on 10,989 of the infected patients who received interferon during January 2007-May 2011 (and followed through November 2013), and 22,894 infected patients treated with any type of DAA during December 2013 through March 2017. They used these two discrete time windows to completely separate the patients who received a DAA from those who did not.

The primary analysis calculated a hazard ratio for the development of any nonhepatic cancer after adjustment for a number of demographic and clinical covariates including age, smoking history, and weight, and also applied propensity-score weighting to the data. The Kaplan-Meier analysis of the data showed clear separation of the cancer-free survival curves of the two subgroups by 6 months of follow-up, and then showed steady further separation over time suggesting an ongoing carcinogenic effect from continued hepatitis C infection in patients who had received the less effective antiviral regimen. The analysis was able to reveal this effect because it had data from many thousands of treated hepatitis C patients, far more than had been enrolled in the pivotal trials for the DAAs, noted Dr. Charlton, professor and director of the Center for Liver Diseases at the University of Chicago.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 3.5 million Americans have a chronic hepatitis C infection. Dr. Charlton believed the number today might be more like 1-2 million remaining chronic U.S. cases because of the strong impact of DAA treatment. These chronic infections largely remain because hepatitis C is mostly silent and many clinicians fail to act on screening recommendations. The new findings provide even greater incentive for more rigorous screening and treatment, Dr. Charlton suggested.

“As if you needed another reason to get rid of hepatitis C, lowering your cancer risk is now added to the list,” he said.

mzoler@mdedge.com

WASHINGTON – Treatment of hepatitis C infection with a direct-acting antiviral drug strongly linked with a rapid, 14% drop in the incidence of all nonhepatic cancers, based on analysis of data from more than 30,000 U.S. patients.

The data also showed statistically significant drops in the incidence rates of several specific nonliver cancers among hepatitis C–infected patients treated with a direct-acting antiviral (DAA) drug, compared with infected patients who had been treated with an interferon-based regimen during the period immediately preceding the availability of DAAs in late 2013. This included a 45% cut in lung cancers, a 49% cut in bladder cancer, a 62% relative risk reduction in leukemia, and a 29% drop in prostate cancer, Michael B. Charlton, MD, said at the annual Digestive Disease Week.^®

The relative reductions in nonhepatic cancer incidence appeared soon after DAA treatment. The data Dr. Charlton reported reflected a median follow-up of 1 year for DAA-treated patients and 2.6 years for the hepatitis C–infected patients who had received interferon and did not get a DAA. A major difference between these two regimens is their efficacy, with DAA regimens producing sustained virologic response rates of 90% or better, while the interferon regimens produced substantially lower eradication rates.

“The most obvious hypothesis” to explain the observed effects is that “hepatitis C is a potent carcinogen,” possibly acting by inhibiting immune surveillance for new cancers in infected people, Dr. Charlton said in a video interview.

The study he reported used insurance-claims data from more than 146 million U.S. residents during 2007-2017 in the IQVIA PharMetrics Plus database, which included more than 367,000 adults infected with hepatitis C. Dr. Charlton and his associates pulled from this claims data on 10,989 of the infected patients who received interferon during January 2007-May 2011 (and followed through November 2013), and 22,894 infected patients treated with any type of DAA during December 2013 through March 2017. They used these two discrete time windows to completely separate the patients who received a DAA from those who did not.

The primary analysis calculated a hazard ratio for the development of any nonhepatic cancer after adjustment for a number of demographic and clinical covariates including age, smoking history, and weight, and also applied propensity-score weighting to the data. The Kaplan-Meier analysis of the data showed clear separation of the cancer-free survival curves of the two subgroups by 6 months of follow-up, and then showed steady further separation over time suggesting an ongoing carcinogenic effect from continued hepatitis C infection in patients who had received the less effective antiviral regimen. The analysis was able to reveal this effect because it had data from many thousands of treated hepatitis C patients, far more than had been enrolled in the pivotal trials for the DAAs, noted Dr. Charlton, professor and director of the Center for Liver Diseases at the University of Chicago.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 3.5 million Americans have a chronic hepatitis C infection. Dr. Charlton believed the number today might be more like 1-2 million remaining chronic U.S. cases because of the strong impact of DAA treatment. These chronic infections largely remain because hepatitis C is mostly silent and many clinicians fail to act on screening recommendations. The new findings provide even greater incentive for more rigorous screening and treatment, Dr. Charlton suggested.

“As if you needed another reason to get rid of hepatitis C, lowering your cancer risk is now added to the list,” he said.

mzoler@mdedge.com

WASHINGTON – Treatment of hepatitis C infection with a direct-acting antiviral drug strongly linked with a rapid, 14% drop in the incidence of all nonhepatic cancers, based on analysis of data from more than 30,000 U.S. patients.

The data also showed statistically significant drops in the incidence rates of several specific nonliver cancers among hepatitis C–infected patients treated with a direct-acting antiviral (DAA) drug, compared with infected patients who had been treated with an interferon-based regimen during the period immediately preceding the availability of DAAs in late 2013. This included a 45% cut in lung cancers, a 49% cut in bladder cancer, a 62% relative risk reduction in leukemia, and a 29% drop in prostate cancer, Michael B. Charlton, MD, said at the annual Digestive Disease Week.^®

The relative reductions in nonhepatic cancer incidence appeared soon after DAA treatment. The data Dr. Charlton reported reflected a median follow-up of 1 year for DAA-treated patients and 2.6 years for the hepatitis C–infected patients who had received interferon and did not get a DAA. A major difference between these two regimens is their efficacy, with DAA regimens producing sustained virologic response rates of 90% or better, while the interferon regimens produced substantially lower eradication rates.

“The most obvious hypothesis” to explain the observed effects is that “hepatitis C is a potent carcinogen,” possibly acting by inhibiting immune surveillance for new cancers in infected people, Dr. Charlton said in a video interview.

The study he reported used insurance-claims data from more than 146 million U.S. residents during 2007-2017 in the IQVIA PharMetrics Plus database, which included more than 367,000 adults infected with hepatitis C. Dr. Charlton and his associates pulled from this claims data on 10,989 of the infected patients who received interferon during January 2007-May 2011 (and followed through November 2013), and 22,894 infected patients treated with any type of DAA during December 2013 through March 2017. They used these two discrete time windows to completely separate the patients who received a DAA from those who did not.

The primary analysis calculated a hazard ratio for the development of any nonhepatic cancer after adjustment for a number of demographic and clinical covariates including age, smoking history, and weight, and also applied propensity-score weighting to the data. The Kaplan-Meier analysis of the data showed clear separation of the cancer-free survival curves of the two subgroups by 6 months of follow-up, and then showed steady further separation over time suggesting an ongoing carcinogenic effect from continued hepatitis C infection in patients who had received the less effective antiviral regimen. The analysis was able to reveal this effect because it had data from many thousands of treated hepatitis C patients, far more than had been enrolled in the pivotal trials for the DAAs, noted Dr. Charlton, professor and director of the Center for Liver Diseases at the University of Chicago.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 3.5 million Americans have a chronic hepatitis C infection. Dr. Charlton believed the number today might be more like 1-2 million remaining chronic U.S. cases because of the strong impact of DAA treatment. These chronic infections largely remain because hepatitis C is mostly silent and many clinicians fail to act on screening recommendations. The new findings provide even greater incentive for more rigorous screening and treatment, Dr. Charlton suggested.

“As if you needed another reason to get rid of hepatitis C, lowering your cancer risk is now added to the list,” he said.

mzoler@mdedge.com

NEW ORLEANS – Pelvic radiation was as effective for producing recurrence-free survival as vaginal cuff brachytherapy plus chemotherapy but with less acute toxicity and fewer local recurrences in women with high-risk stage I or stage II endometrial cancer in a multicenter, randomized trial with 601 patients.

These findings should result in wider use of pelvic radiation as the preferred treatment for these patients, Marcus E. Randall, MD, said at the annual meeting of the Society of Gynecologic Oncology. “It will change practice,” he predicted.

Dr. Randall and his colleagues from the Gynecologic Oncology Group (which recently became part of NRG Oncology) designed the trial, GOG-0249, to address recent interest in using vaginal cuff brachytherapy plus chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel as an alternative to the more standard approach of pelvic radiation for treating women with either high-risk stage I or stage II endometrial cancers. Clinicians had considered the brachytherapy plus chemotherapy approach a reasonable option by “extrapolating from studies with advanced” endometrial cancer, but with no direct evidence to support this alternative, Dr. Randall explained in a video interview.

To generate evidence, the researchers enrolled 601 patients at several participating U.S. centers and followed them for a median of 53 months (4.4 years), with 259 patients treated and followed in the pelvic radiation arm and 268 patients treated and followed in the brachytherapy plus chemotherapy arm. Clinicians administered the complete planned treatment regimen to 91% of patients assigned to pelvic radiation and to 87% of those assigned to brachytherapy plus chemotherapy. Three quarters of enrolled patients had high-risk stage I disease, and the entire study group averaged about 62 years old.

The trial’s primary endpoint was recurrence-free survival, which occurred in 78% of the pelvic radiation patients and 79% of brachytherapy plus chemotherapy patients after 5 years when analyzed on an intention-to-treat basis. The two subgroups also showed similar rates of overall survival during follow-up.

Although the two treatments produced essentially identical outcomes for the primary result, they showed two important differences on secondary outcomes, reported Dr. Randall, professor and chair of radiation medicine at the University of Kentucky in Lexington.

Acute adverse effects rated as grade 3 severity or higher occurred in 11% of the pelvic radiation patients and in 64% of the brachytherapy plus chemotherapy patients, although late toxicities occurred at similar rates (13% and 12%, respectively) in the two subgroups.

Local pelvic and para-aortic nodal recurrences occurred in 4% of the pelvic radiation patients and in 9% of the brachytherapy plus chemotherapy patients, a 53% relative risk reduction with pelvic radiation. The difference in the nodal recurrences was apparent within the first year of follow-up, and the difference in rates continued to steadily widen over time after that. However the rates of both vaginal and distant recurrences were very similar in the two treatment arms. Distant recurrences were the most common type of treatment failure, occurring in about 18% of patients in both subgroups during complete follow-up.

“Pelvic radiation therapy remains an appropriate and preferable treatment for high-risk, early stage endometrial carcinoma,” Dr. Randall concluded.

mzoler@frontlinemedcom.com

SOURCE: Randall ME et al. SGO 2018.
 

NEW ORLEANS – Pelvic radiation was as effective for producing recurrence-free survival as vaginal cuff brachytherapy plus chemotherapy but with less acute toxicity and fewer local recurrences in women with high-risk stage I or stage II endometrial cancer in a multicenter, randomized trial with 601 patients.

These findings should result in wider use of pelvic radiation as the preferred treatment for these patients, Marcus E. Randall, MD, said at the annual meeting of the Society of Gynecologic Oncology. “It will change practice,” he predicted.

Dr. Randall and his colleagues from the Gynecologic Oncology Group (which recently became part of NRG Oncology) designed the trial, GOG-0249, to address recent interest in using vaginal cuff brachytherapy plus chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel as an alternative to the more standard approach of pelvic radiation for treating women with either high-risk stage I or stage II endometrial cancers. Clinicians had considered the brachytherapy plus chemotherapy approach a reasonable option by “extrapolating from studies with advanced” endometrial cancer, but with no direct evidence to support this alternative, Dr. Randall explained in a video interview.

To generate evidence, the researchers enrolled 601 patients at several participating U.S. centers and followed them for a median of 53 months (4.4 years), with 259 patients treated and followed in the pelvic radiation arm and 268 patients treated and followed in the brachytherapy plus chemotherapy arm. Clinicians administered the complete planned treatment regimen to 91% of patients assigned to pelvic radiation and to 87% of those assigned to brachytherapy plus chemotherapy. Three quarters of enrolled patients had high-risk stage I disease, and the entire study group averaged about 62 years old.

The trial’s primary endpoint was recurrence-free survival, which occurred in 78% of the pelvic radiation patients and 79% of brachytherapy plus chemotherapy patients after 5 years when analyzed on an intention-to-treat basis. The two subgroups also showed similar rates of overall survival during follow-up.

Although the two treatments produced essentially identical outcomes for the primary result, they showed two important differences on secondary outcomes, reported Dr. Randall, professor and chair of radiation medicine at the University of Kentucky in Lexington.

Acute adverse effects rated as grade 3 severity or higher occurred in 11% of the pelvic radiation patients and in 64% of the brachytherapy plus chemotherapy patients, although late toxicities occurred at similar rates (13% and 12%, respectively) in the two subgroups.

Local pelvic and para-aortic nodal recurrences occurred in 4% of the pelvic radiation patients and in 9% of the brachytherapy plus chemotherapy patients, a 53% relative risk reduction with pelvic radiation. The difference in the nodal recurrences was apparent within the first year of follow-up, and the difference in rates continued to steadily widen over time after that. However the rates of both vaginal and distant recurrences were very similar in the two treatment arms. Distant recurrences were the most common type of treatment failure, occurring in about 18% of patients in both subgroups during complete follow-up.

“Pelvic radiation therapy remains an appropriate and preferable treatment for high-risk, early stage endometrial carcinoma,” Dr. Randall concluded.

mzoler@frontlinemedcom.com

SOURCE: Randall ME et al. SGO 2018.
 

NEW ORLEANS – Pelvic radiation was as effective for producing recurrence-free survival as vaginal cuff brachytherapy plus chemotherapy but with less acute toxicity and fewer local recurrences in women with high-risk stage I or stage II endometrial cancer in a multicenter, randomized trial with 601 patients.

These findings should result in wider use of pelvic radiation as the preferred treatment for these patients, Marcus E. Randall, MD, said at the annual meeting of the Society of Gynecologic Oncology. “It will change practice,” he predicted.

Dr. Randall and his colleagues from the Gynecologic Oncology Group (which recently became part of NRG Oncology) designed the trial, GOG-0249, to address recent interest in using vaginal cuff brachytherapy plus chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel as an alternative to the more standard approach of pelvic radiation for treating women with either high-risk stage I or stage II endometrial cancers. Clinicians had considered the brachytherapy plus chemotherapy approach a reasonable option by “extrapolating from studies with advanced” endometrial cancer, but with no direct evidence to support this alternative, Dr. Randall explained in a video interview.

To generate evidence, the researchers enrolled 601 patients at several participating U.S. centers and followed them for a median of 53 months (4.4 years), with 259 patients treated and followed in the pelvic radiation arm and 268 patients treated and followed in the brachytherapy plus chemotherapy arm. Clinicians administered the complete planned treatment regimen to 91% of patients assigned to pelvic radiation and to 87% of those assigned to brachytherapy plus chemotherapy. Three quarters of enrolled patients had high-risk stage I disease, and the entire study group averaged about 62 years old.

The trial’s primary endpoint was recurrence-free survival, which occurred in 78% of the pelvic radiation patients and 79% of brachytherapy plus chemotherapy patients after 5 years when analyzed on an intention-to-treat basis. The two subgroups also showed similar rates of overall survival during follow-up.

Although the two treatments produced essentially identical outcomes for the primary result, they showed two important differences on secondary outcomes, reported Dr. Randall, professor and chair of radiation medicine at the University of Kentucky in Lexington.

Acute adverse effects rated as grade 3 severity or higher occurred in 11% of the pelvic radiation patients and in 64% of the brachytherapy plus chemotherapy patients, although late toxicities occurred at similar rates (13% and 12%, respectively) in the two subgroups.

Local pelvic and para-aortic nodal recurrences occurred in 4% of the pelvic radiation patients and in 9% of the brachytherapy plus chemotherapy patients, a 53% relative risk reduction with pelvic radiation. The difference in the nodal recurrences was apparent within the first year of follow-up, and the difference in rates continued to steadily widen over time after that. However the rates of both vaginal and distant recurrences were very similar in the two treatment arms. Distant recurrences were the most common type of treatment failure, occurring in about 18% of patients in both subgroups during complete follow-up.

“Pelvic radiation therapy remains an appropriate and preferable treatment for high-risk, early stage endometrial carcinoma,” Dr. Randall concluded.

mzoler@frontlinemedcom.com

SOURCE: Randall ME et al. SGO 2018.
 

ORLANDO – Treating patients who developed myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery with the anticoagulant dabigatran significantly cut the rate of subsequent major vascular complications in a randomized, multicenter trial with 1,754 patients, a result that gives surgeons and physicians the first evidence-based intervention for treating a common postsurgical condition.

“Because we have not systematically followed noncardiac surgery patients, it’s easy to presume that everyone is okay, but all the epidemiology data show that these patients [who develop myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery] don’t do okay. We need to be aggressive with secondary prophylaxis,” P.J. Devereaux, MD, said at the annual meeting of the American College of Cardiology. “The unfortunate thing is that right now, we don’t do much for these patients,” said Dr. Devereaux, professor of medicine and director of cardiology at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ont.

Results from prior epidemiology studies have shown that, among the roughly 200 million patients who undergo noncardiac surgery worldwide each year, 8% will develop MINS (myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery) (Anesthesiology. 2014 March;120[3]:564-78). The myocardial injury that defines MINS is identified by either an overt MI that meets the universal definition, or an otherwise unexplained rise in serum troponin levels from baseline in the first couple of days after surgery. In the new study, Dr. Devereaux and his associates identified 80% of MINS by a troponin rise and 20% by a diagnosed MI.

The challenge in diagnosing MINS and then administering dabigatran will be implementation of this strategy into routine practice, commented Erin A. Bohula May, MD, a cardiologist at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston. “The problem is, troponin is not routinely measured in postoperative patients. It will be hard to change practice,” she noted.

Dr. Devereaux agreed that a significant barrier is convincing clinicians, especially surgeons, to routinely measure a patient’s troponin levels just before and immediately after surgery. “People are lulled into a false sense of security because patients [who develop MINS] usually don’t have chest pain,” he said in a video interview. “When we first showed that patients with MINS have bad outcomes, that convinced some [surgeons] to measure troponin after surgery. “Showing we can do something about it” is another important step toward fostering more awareness of and interest in diagnosing and treating MINS.

The Management of Myocardial Injury After Noncardiac Surgery Trial (MANAGE) enrolled 1,754 patients at 82 centers in 19 countries. Researchers randomized patients to treatment with either 110 mg dabigatran b.i.d. or placebo. A majority of patients in both arms also received aspirin and a statin, treatments that Dr. Devereaux should be used along with dabigatran in routine practice, based on observational findings, although the efficacy of these drugs for MINS patients has not been tested in randomized studies. The study’s primary endpoint was the incidence of major vascular complications, a composite that included vascular mortality, nonfatal MI, nonfatal and nonhemorrhagic stroke, peripheral arterial thrombosis, amputation, or symptomatic venous thromboembolism.

After an average follow-up of 16 months, the primary endpoint occurred in 11% of the dabigatran-treated patients and in 15% of controls, which represented a 28% risk reduction that was statistically significant. The study’s primary safety endpoint was a composite of life-threatening, major, and critical organ bleeds, which occurred in 3% of the dabigatran-treated patients and in 4% of controls, a nonsignificant difference. The dabigatran-treated patients showed a significant excess of both minor bleeds – 15% compared with 10% in controls – and “nonsignificant” lower gastrointestinal bleeds, 4% with dabigatran and 1% in the controls. The dabigatran-treated patients also had a significantly higher incidence of dyspepsia.

MANAGE was funded by the Population Health Research Institute and had no commercial funding. Dr. Devereaux has received research support from Abbott Diagnostics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Philips Healthcare, and Roche Diagnostics. Dr. May has been a consultant to Daiichi Sankyo, Merck, and Servier and has received research funding from Eisai.

mzoler@frontlinemedcom.com

SOURCE: Devereaux P et al. ACC 18.

ORLANDO – Treating patients who developed myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery with the anticoagulant dabigatran significantly cut the rate of subsequent major vascular complications in a randomized, multicenter trial with 1,754 patients, a result that gives surgeons and physicians the first evidence-based intervention for treating a common postsurgical condition.

“Because we have not systematically followed noncardiac surgery patients, it’s easy to presume that everyone is okay, but all the epidemiology data show that these patients [who develop myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery] don’t do okay. We need to be aggressive with secondary prophylaxis,” P.J. Devereaux, MD, said at the annual meeting of the American College of Cardiology. “The unfortunate thing is that right now, we don’t do much for these patients,” said Dr. Devereaux, professor of medicine and director of cardiology at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ont.

Results from prior epidemiology studies have shown that, among the roughly 200 million patients who undergo noncardiac surgery worldwide each year, 8% will develop MINS (myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery) (Anesthesiology. 2014 March;120[3]:564-78). The myocardial injury that defines MINS is identified by either an overt MI that meets the universal definition, or an otherwise unexplained rise in serum troponin levels from baseline in the first couple of days after surgery. In the new study, Dr. Devereaux and his associates identified 80% of MINS by a troponin rise and 20% by a diagnosed MI.

The challenge in diagnosing MINS and then administering dabigatran will be implementation of this strategy into routine practice, commented Erin A. Bohula May, MD, a cardiologist at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston. “The problem is, troponin is not routinely measured in postoperative patients. It will be hard to change practice,” she noted.

Dr. Devereaux agreed that a significant barrier is convincing clinicians, especially surgeons, to routinely measure a patient’s troponin levels just before and immediately after surgery. “People are lulled into a false sense of security because patients [who develop MINS] usually don’t have chest pain,” he said in a video interview. “When we first showed that patients with MINS have bad outcomes, that convinced some [surgeons] to measure troponin after surgery. “Showing we can do something about it” is another important step toward fostering more awareness of and interest in diagnosing and treating MINS.

The Management of Myocardial Injury After Noncardiac Surgery Trial (MANAGE) enrolled 1,754 patients at 82 centers in 19 countries. Researchers randomized patients to treatment with either 110 mg dabigatran b.i.d. or placebo. A majority of patients in both arms also received aspirin and a statin, treatments that Dr. Devereaux should be used along with dabigatran in routine practice, based on observational findings, although the efficacy of these drugs for MINS patients has not been tested in randomized studies. The study’s primary endpoint was the incidence of major vascular complications, a composite that included vascular mortality, nonfatal MI, nonfatal and nonhemorrhagic stroke, peripheral arterial thrombosis, amputation, or symptomatic venous thromboembolism.

After an average follow-up of 16 months, the primary endpoint occurred in 11% of the dabigatran-treated patients and in 15% of controls, which represented a 28% risk reduction that was statistically significant. The study’s primary safety endpoint was a composite of life-threatening, major, and critical organ bleeds, which occurred in 3% of the dabigatran-treated patients and in 4% of controls, a nonsignificant difference. The dabigatran-treated patients showed a significant excess of both minor bleeds – 15% compared with 10% in controls – and “nonsignificant” lower gastrointestinal bleeds, 4% with dabigatran and 1% in the controls. The dabigatran-treated patients also had a significantly higher incidence of dyspepsia.

MANAGE was funded by the Population Health Research Institute and had no commercial funding. Dr. Devereaux has received research support from Abbott Diagnostics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Philips Healthcare, and Roche Diagnostics. Dr. May has been a consultant to Daiichi Sankyo, Merck, and Servier and has received research funding from Eisai.

mzoler@frontlinemedcom.com

SOURCE: Devereaux P et al. ACC 18.

ORLANDO – Treating patients who developed myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery with the anticoagulant dabigatran significantly cut the rate of subsequent major vascular complications in a randomized, multicenter trial with 1,754 patients, a result that gives surgeons and physicians the first evidence-based intervention for treating a common postsurgical condition.

“Because we have not systematically followed noncardiac surgery patients, it’s easy to presume that everyone is okay, but all the epidemiology data show that these patients [who develop myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery] don’t do okay. We need to be aggressive with secondary prophylaxis,” P.J. Devereaux, MD, said at the annual meeting of the American College of Cardiology. “The unfortunate thing is that right now, we don’t do much for these patients,” said Dr. Devereaux, professor of medicine and director of cardiology at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ont.

Results from prior epidemiology studies have shown that, among the roughly 200 million patients who undergo noncardiac surgery worldwide each year, 8% will develop MINS (myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery) (Anesthesiology. 2014 March;120[3]:564-78). The myocardial injury that defines MINS is identified by either an overt MI that meets the universal definition, or an otherwise unexplained rise in serum troponin levels from baseline in the first couple of days after surgery. In the new study, Dr. Devereaux and his associates identified 80% of MINS by a troponin rise and 20% by a diagnosed MI.

The challenge in diagnosing MINS and then administering dabigatran will be implementation of this strategy into routine practice, commented Erin A. Bohula May, MD, a cardiologist at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston. “The problem is, troponin is not routinely measured in postoperative patients. It will be hard to change practice,” she noted.

Dr. Devereaux agreed that a significant barrier is convincing clinicians, especially surgeons, to routinely measure a patient’s troponin levels just before and immediately after surgery. “People are lulled into a false sense of security because patients [who develop MINS] usually don’t have chest pain,” he said in a video interview. “When we first showed that patients with MINS have bad outcomes, that convinced some [surgeons] to measure troponin after surgery. “Showing we can do something about it” is another important step toward fostering more awareness of and interest in diagnosing and treating MINS.

The Management of Myocardial Injury After Noncardiac Surgery Trial (MANAGE) enrolled 1,754 patients at 82 centers in 19 countries. Researchers randomized patients to treatment with either 110 mg dabigatran b.i.d. or placebo. A majority of patients in both arms also received aspirin and a statin, treatments that Dr. Devereaux should be used along with dabigatran in routine practice, based on observational findings, although the efficacy of these drugs for MINS patients has not been tested in randomized studies. The study’s primary endpoint was the incidence of major vascular complications, a composite that included vascular mortality, nonfatal MI, nonfatal and nonhemorrhagic stroke, peripheral arterial thrombosis, amputation, or symptomatic venous thromboembolism.

After an average follow-up of 16 months, the primary endpoint occurred in 11% of the dabigatran-treated patients and in 15% of controls, which represented a 28% risk reduction that was statistically significant. The study’s primary safety endpoint was a composite of life-threatening, major, and critical organ bleeds, which occurred in 3% of the dabigatran-treated patients and in 4% of controls, a nonsignificant difference. The dabigatran-treated patients showed a significant excess of both minor bleeds – 15% compared with 10% in controls – and “nonsignificant” lower gastrointestinal bleeds, 4% with dabigatran and 1% in the controls. The dabigatran-treated patients also had a significantly higher incidence of dyspepsia.

MANAGE was funded by the Population Health Research Institute and had no commercial funding. Dr. Devereaux has received research support from Abbott Diagnostics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Philips Healthcare, and Roche Diagnostics. Dr. May has been a consultant to Daiichi Sankyo, Merck, and Servier and has received research funding from Eisai.

mzoler@frontlinemedcom.com

SOURCE: Devereaux P et al. ACC 18.