Clinical question: What factors are associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage at hospital discharge to home health care, prolonged MRSA colonization, and MRSA transmission to household contacts?

Background: Previous studies have reported prolonged colonization with hospital-acquired MRSA after discharge, as well as transmission of MRSA to household contacts. However, the rates and risk factors for MRSA carriage and transmission are unknown.

Study design: Multicenter prospective cohort.

Setting: Home-health-care system associated with 47 public teaching hospitals in France.

Synopsis: More than 1,500 hospitalized adult patients with planned discharge to home health care were screened for MRSA colonization, and 12.7% were MRSA-positive by nasal or skin lesion swab.

Factors independently associated with MRSA carriage at hospital discharge were chronic skin lesions, older age, longer duration of hospitalization, and neurologic and cardiovascular primary diagnoses.

Surveillance sampling for up to one year showed that approximately half of these patients had clearance of MRSA, with a median time to clearance of 282 days. Lack of self-sufficiency in daily activities was associated with persistent MRSA carriage.

Nineteen percent of household contacts acquired MRSA during the study period. Risks included older age and providing healthcare to the index patient.

Bottom line: Hospital-acquired MRSA colonization is prevalent at discharge to home health settings, is frequently prolonged, and commonly results in transmission to household contacts, particularly those providing healthcare to the index patient.

Citation: Lucet JC, Paoletti X, Demontpion C, et al. Carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in home care settings: prevalence, duration, and transmission to household members. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(15):1372-1378.

—Reviewed for TH eWire by Kelly Cunningham, MD, Elizabeth Rice, MD, Eduard Vasilevskis, MD, Joshua LaBrin, MD, Kelly Sopko, MD, Shelley Ellis, MD, MPH, and Sunil Kripalani, MD, MSc, Section of Hospital Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn.

Clinical question: What factors are associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage at hospital discharge to home health care, prolonged MRSA colonization, and MRSA transmission to household contacts?

Background: Previous studies have reported prolonged colonization with hospital-acquired MRSA after discharge, as well as transmission of MRSA to household contacts. However, the rates and risk factors for MRSA carriage and transmission are unknown.

Study design: Multicenter prospective cohort.

Setting: Home-health-care system associated with 47 public teaching hospitals in France.

Synopsis: More than 1,500 hospitalized adult patients with planned discharge to home health care were screened for MRSA colonization, and 12.7% were MRSA-positive by nasal or skin lesion swab.

Factors independently associated with MRSA carriage at hospital discharge were chronic skin lesions, older age, longer duration of hospitalization, and neurologic and cardiovascular primary diagnoses.

Surveillance sampling for up to one year showed that approximately half of these patients had clearance of MRSA, with a median time to clearance of 282 days. Lack of self-sufficiency in daily activities was associated with persistent MRSA carriage.

Nineteen percent of household contacts acquired MRSA during the study period. Risks included older age and providing healthcare to the index patient.

Bottom line: Hospital-acquired MRSA colonization is prevalent at discharge to home health settings, is frequently prolonged, and commonly results in transmission to household contacts, particularly those providing healthcare to the index patient.

Citation: Lucet JC, Paoletti X, Demontpion C, et al. Carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in home care settings: prevalence, duration, and transmission to household members. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(15):1372-1378.

—Reviewed for TH eWire by Kelly Cunningham, MD, Elizabeth Rice, MD, Eduard Vasilevskis, MD, Joshua LaBrin, MD, Kelly Sopko, MD, Shelley Ellis, MD, MPH, and Sunil Kripalani, MD, MSc, Section of Hospital Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn.

Clinical question: What factors are associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage at hospital discharge to home health care, prolonged MRSA colonization, and MRSA transmission to household contacts?

Background: Previous studies have reported prolonged colonization with hospital-acquired MRSA after discharge, as well as transmission of MRSA to household contacts. However, the rates and risk factors for MRSA carriage and transmission are unknown.

Study design: Multicenter prospective cohort.

Setting: Home-health-care system associated with 47 public teaching hospitals in France.

Synopsis: More than 1,500 hospitalized adult patients with planned discharge to home health care were screened for MRSA colonization, and 12.7% were MRSA-positive by nasal or skin lesion swab.

Factors independently associated with MRSA carriage at hospital discharge were chronic skin lesions, older age, longer duration of hospitalization, and neurologic and cardiovascular primary diagnoses.

Surveillance sampling for up to one year showed that approximately half of these patients had clearance of MRSA, with a median time to clearance of 282 days. Lack of self-sufficiency in daily activities was associated with persistent MRSA carriage.

Nineteen percent of household contacts acquired MRSA during the study period. Risks included older age and providing healthcare to the index patient.

Bottom line: Hospital-acquired MRSA colonization is prevalent at discharge to home health settings, is frequently prolonged, and commonly results in transmission to household contacts, particularly those providing healthcare to the index patient.

Citation: Lucet JC, Paoletti X, Demontpion C, et al. Carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in home care settings: prevalence, duration, and transmission to household members. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(15):1372-1378.

—Reviewed for TH eWire by Kelly Cunningham, MD, Elizabeth Rice, MD, Eduard Vasilevskis, MD, Joshua LaBrin, MD, Kelly Sopko, MD, Shelley Ellis, MD, MPH, and Sunil Kripalani, MD, MSc, Section of Hospital Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn.

Improving patient discharges and reducing preventable "bounce-back" readmissions will have increasing implications for hospitals’ bottom lines—especially if proposed Medicare payment bundling reforms are adopted by Congress. Discharge improvement also enhances a hospital’s reputation with patients and providers, says Neil Gupta, MD, a hospitalist at the University of California at San Francisco.

"I think we all recognize in our daily practice that there are things we can do better for patients at discharge," Dr. Gupta says. "It's sometimes hard to get the resources and motivation to do this. But we know it could really impact patient care and make it better."

Dr. Gupta's hospital is one of 24 participating in SHM's Project BOOST (Better Outcomes for Older Adults through Safe Transitions). The mentorship program is developing a consensus and resources for best practices in patient discharges. National data show that about one in five hospitalized Medicare patients are readmitted within 30 days. While some of these readmissions are appropriate, the sheer quantity of readmissions shows room for improvement, says Dr. Gupta's colleague, Arpana Vidyarthi, MD, a hospitalist and director of quality at UCSF. "In reality, no one in the United States is doing it very well," she says.

Drs. Gupta and Vidyarthi suggest focusing your HM group's communication with primary-care physicians (PCPs): Study whether the hospitalist's messages are getting through to the PCPs and ask for their feedback. Other targets should include identifying high-risk patients, reconciling medications, scheduling the patient's first outpatient visit prior to discharge, and confirming the patient's understanding of the discharge plan.

The first step is to form an interdisciplinary team that approaches discharges as a QI project, Dr. Gupta explains. "Building that team is huge," he says. "It adds a whole new perspective." At UCSF, the team meets monthly and includes hospitalists, PCPs, staff nurses and nursing supervisors, pharmacists, care managers, and patients.

For more information about Project BOOST, visit SHM's resource room.

Improving patient discharges and reducing preventable "bounce-back" readmissions will have increasing implications for hospitals’ bottom lines—especially if proposed Medicare payment bundling reforms are adopted by Congress. Discharge improvement also enhances a hospital’s reputation with patients and providers, says Neil Gupta, MD, a hospitalist at the University of California at San Francisco.

"I think we all recognize in our daily practice that there are things we can do better for patients at discharge," Dr. Gupta says. "It's sometimes hard to get the resources and motivation to do this. But we know it could really impact patient care and make it better."

Dr. Gupta's hospital is one of 24 participating in SHM's Project BOOST (Better Outcomes for Older Adults through Safe Transitions). The mentorship program is developing a consensus and resources for best practices in patient discharges. National data show that about one in five hospitalized Medicare patients are readmitted within 30 days. While some of these readmissions are appropriate, the sheer quantity of readmissions shows room for improvement, says Dr. Gupta's colleague, Arpana Vidyarthi, MD, a hospitalist and director of quality at UCSF. "In reality, no one in the United States is doing it very well," she says.

Drs. Gupta and Vidyarthi suggest focusing your HM group's communication with primary-care physicians (PCPs): Study whether the hospitalist's messages are getting through to the PCPs and ask for their feedback. Other targets should include identifying high-risk patients, reconciling medications, scheduling the patient's first outpatient visit prior to discharge, and confirming the patient's understanding of the discharge plan.

The first step is to form an interdisciplinary team that approaches discharges as a QI project, Dr. Gupta explains. "Building that team is huge," he says. "It adds a whole new perspective." At UCSF, the team meets monthly and includes hospitalists, PCPs, staff nurses and nursing supervisors, pharmacists, care managers, and patients.

For more information about Project BOOST, visit SHM's resource room.

Improving patient discharges and reducing preventable "bounce-back" readmissions will have increasing implications for hospitals’ bottom lines—especially if proposed Medicare payment bundling reforms are adopted by Congress. Discharge improvement also enhances a hospital’s reputation with patients and providers, says Neil Gupta, MD, a hospitalist at the University of California at San Francisco.

"I think we all recognize in our daily practice that there are things we can do better for patients at discharge," Dr. Gupta says. "It's sometimes hard to get the resources and motivation to do this. But we know it could really impact patient care and make it better."

Dr. Gupta's hospital is one of 24 participating in SHM's Project BOOST (Better Outcomes for Older Adults through Safe Transitions). The mentorship program is developing a consensus and resources for best practices in patient discharges. National data show that about one in five hospitalized Medicare patients are readmitted within 30 days. While some of these readmissions are appropriate, the sheer quantity of readmissions shows room for improvement, says Dr. Gupta's colleague, Arpana Vidyarthi, MD, a hospitalist and director of quality at UCSF. "In reality, no one in the United States is doing it very well," she says.

Drs. Gupta and Vidyarthi suggest focusing your HM group's communication with primary-care physicians (PCPs): Study whether the hospitalist's messages are getting through to the PCPs and ask for their feedback. Other targets should include identifying high-risk patients, reconciling medications, scheduling the patient's first outpatient visit prior to discharge, and confirming the patient's understanding of the discharge plan.

The first step is to form an interdisciplinary team that approaches discharges as a QI project, Dr. Gupta explains. "Building that team is huge," he says. "It adds a whole new perspective." At UCSF, the team meets monthly and includes hospitalists, PCPs, staff nurses and nursing supervisors, pharmacists, care managers, and patients.

For more information about Project BOOST, visit SHM's resource room.

Every six months, physicians and nurses from Geisinger Medical Center in Danville, Pa., travel to a rural area outside of Chiquimula, Guatemala, to care for people who live without access to modern medicine. Lice, tooth decay, poor eyesight, and asthma are common. Some of the locals suffer from more severe health issues, including parasitic infections, pneumonia, malnutrition, and malaria.

Joel L. Strohecker, DO, a family-medicine-trained hospitalist practicing at Lutheran Medical Center and St. Anthony Hospital in Denver, joined the Geisinger group in June. He recently spoke with TH eWire about his weeklong trip.

Question: About 70% of your patients were children. When did you really feel like you were able to help?

Answer: A couple of little kids who had asthma were brought back a couple days later and were so much better. And the joint injections you could do for the men who worked in the fields. Those were gratifying experiences because they immediately feel better. Then they bring their families the next day because we’ve done something good for them.

Q: You mentioned one memorable patient, a woman with a spinal cord injury. Tell me more about her.

A: She's someone that brought tears to my eyes. It had taken her a couple of hours to walk the trails to get there. She had fallen 20 years earlier and had never been able to really walk well since then. It was very obvious, just by her exam, that she had an upper cervical spinal cord injury. It was just so sad. I mean, what can you do? We gave her steroids, but she had diminished function in her legs.

Q: What was the most rewarding part of the trip?

A: The work was tiring and not necessarily uplifting at times, but I think the best part for me was when we would go back to Chiquimula every night. … We would all go back and play soccer. For me, that was probably the biggest treat and most enjoyable time of the trip. You weren't just a tourist; you were really embedded with the people.

For more information about volunteer opportunities in Guatemala, contact Dr. Strohecker at JoelStrohecker@hotmail.com.

Every six months, physicians and nurses from Geisinger Medical Center in Danville, Pa., travel to a rural area outside of Chiquimula, Guatemala, to care for people who live without access to modern medicine. Lice, tooth decay, poor eyesight, and asthma are common. Some of the locals suffer from more severe health issues, including parasitic infections, pneumonia, malnutrition, and malaria.

Joel L. Strohecker, DO, a family-medicine-trained hospitalist practicing at Lutheran Medical Center and St. Anthony Hospital in Denver, joined the Geisinger group in June. He recently spoke with TH eWire about his weeklong trip.

Question: About 70% of your patients were children. When did you really feel like you were able to help?

Answer: A couple of little kids who had asthma were brought back a couple days later and were so much better. And the joint injections you could do for the men who worked in the fields. Those were gratifying experiences because they immediately feel better. Then they bring their families the next day because we’ve done something good for them.

Q: You mentioned one memorable patient, a woman with a spinal cord injury. Tell me more about her.

A: She's someone that brought tears to my eyes. It had taken her a couple of hours to walk the trails to get there. She had fallen 20 years earlier and had never been able to really walk well since then. It was very obvious, just by her exam, that she had an upper cervical spinal cord injury. It was just so sad. I mean, what can you do? We gave her steroids, but she had diminished function in her legs.

Q: What was the most rewarding part of the trip?

A: The work was tiring and not necessarily uplifting at times, but I think the best part for me was when we would go back to Chiquimula every night. … We would all go back and play soccer. For me, that was probably the biggest treat and most enjoyable time of the trip. You weren't just a tourist; you were really embedded with the people.

For more information about volunteer opportunities in Guatemala, contact Dr. Strohecker at JoelStrohecker@hotmail.com.

Every six months, physicians and nurses from Geisinger Medical Center in Danville, Pa., travel to a rural area outside of Chiquimula, Guatemala, to care for people who live without access to modern medicine. Lice, tooth decay, poor eyesight, and asthma are common. Some of the locals suffer from more severe health issues, including parasitic infections, pneumonia, malnutrition, and malaria.

Joel L. Strohecker, DO, a family-medicine-trained hospitalist practicing at Lutheran Medical Center and St. Anthony Hospital in Denver, joined the Geisinger group in June. He recently spoke with TH eWire about his weeklong trip.

Question: About 70% of your patients were children. When did you really feel like you were able to help?

Answer: A couple of little kids who had asthma were brought back a couple days later and were so much better. And the joint injections you could do for the men who worked in the fields. Those were gratifying experiences because they immediately feel better. Then they bring their families the next day because we’ve done something good for them.

Q: You mentioned one memorable patient, a woman with a spinal cord injury. Tell me more about her.

A: She's someone that brought tears to my eyes. It had taken her a couple of hours to walk the trails to get there. She had fallen 20 years earlier and had never been able to really walk well since then. It was very obvious, just by her exam, that she had an upper cervical spinal cord injury. It was just so sad. I mean, what can you do? We gave her steroids, but she had diminished function in her legs.

Q: What was the most rewarding part of the trip?

A: The work was tiring and not necessarily uplifting at times, but I think the best part for me was when we would go back to Chiquimula every night. … We would all go back and play soccer. For me, that was probably the biggest treat and most enjoyable time of the trip. You weren't just a tourist; you were really embedded with the people.

For more information about volunteer opportunities in Guatemala, contact Dr. Strohecker at JoelStrohecker@hotmail.com.

The final 2010 Medicare physician fee schedule presents a mixed bag for hospitalists. As officials from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) warned, the update carries a hefty 21.2% fee schedule cut. Congressional action to avert that cut is expected, though wrangling over healthcare reform may force a stopgap measure to prevent the cuts from taking effect Jan. 1.

In a statement, Jonathan Blum, director of the CMS Center for Medicare Management, said the Obama administration is committed to repealing the sustainable growth rate formula that resulted in the substantial cut. In the meantime, he said, CMS is finalizing its proposal to drop physician-administered drugs from the definition of "physician services," which is used to formulate future fee updates. SHM has strongly supported both efforts and is calling on members to contact their legislators before a Nov. 16 vote.

Another huge change for hospitalists: The use of consultation codes has been discontinued, with the exception of codes related to telemedicine. In their place, healthcare providers must bill under initial hospital care, initial nursing facility care, or initial office visits. All transfers of care, for example, will now require billing under an initial visit code rather than a subsequent visit code. Consultation documentation requirements will no longer apply, though initial codes could be valued somewhat lower than similar consultation codes despite proposed adjustments to the relative value units (RVUs). Although bad for traditional consultations, some analysts see the net change as good for the comanagement of patients.

To help smooth the transition to this new coding system, SHM will be hosting a webinar, "Hot Topics in Evaluation and Management Coding," on Dec. 2.

The final 2010 Medicare physician fee schedule presents a mixed bag for hospitalists. As officials from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) warned, the update carries a hefty 21.2% fee schedule cut. Congressional action to avert that cut is expected, though wrangling over healthcare reform may force a stopgap measure to prevent the cuts from taking effect Jan. 1.

In a statement, Jonathan Blum, director of the CMS Center for Medicare Management, said the Obama administration is committed to repealing the sustainable growth rate formula that resulted in the substantial cut. In the meantime, he said, CMS is finalizing its proposal to drop physician-administered drugs from the definition of "physician services," which is used to formulate future fee updates. SHM has strongly supported both efforts and is calling on members to contact their legislators before a Nov. 16 vote.

Another huge change for hospitalists: The use of consultation codes has been discontinued, with the exception of codes related to telemedicine. In their place, healthcare providers must bill under initial hospital care, initial nursing facility care, or initial office visits. All transfers of care, for example, will now require billing under an initial visit code rather than a subsequent visit code. Consultation documentation requirements will no longer apply, though initial codes could be valued somewhat lower than similar consultation codes despite proposed adjustments to the relative value units (RVUs). Although bad for traditional consultations, some analysts see the net change as good for the comanagement of patients.

To help smooth the transition to this new coding system, SHM will be hosting a webinar, "Hot Topics in Evaluation and Management Coding," on Dec. 2.

The final 2010 Medicare physician fee schedule presents a mixed bag for hospitalists. As officials from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) warned, the update carries a hefty 21.2% fee schedule cut. Congressional action to avert that cut is expected, though wrangling over healthcare reform may force a stopgap measure to prevent the cuts from taking effect Jan. 1.

In a statement, Jonathan Blum, director of the CMS Center for Medicare Management, said the Obama administration is committed to repealing the sustainable growth rate formula that resulted in the substantial cut. In the meantime, he said, CMS is finalizing its proposal to drop physician-administered drugs from the definition of "physician services," which is used to formulate future fee updates. SHM has strongly supported both efforts and is calling on members to contact their legislators before a Nov. 16 vote.

Another huge change for hospitalists: The use of consultation codes has been discontinued, with the exception of codes related to telemedicine. In their place, healthcare providers must bill under initial hospital care, initial nursing facility care, or initial office visits. All transfers of care, for example, will now require billing under an initial visit code rather than a subsequent visit code. Consultation documentation requirements will no longer apply, though initial codes could be valued somewhat lower than similar consultation codes despite proposed adjustments to the relative value units (RVUs). Although bad for traditional consultations, some analysts see the net change as good for the comanagement of patients.

To help smooth the transition to this new coding system, SHM will be hosting a webinar, "Hot Topics in Evaluation and Management Coding," on Dec. 2.

Frank Marquez, MD, wasn't told he was going to the Academic Hospitalist Academy (AHA) until a couple of days before the start of the four-day training program in Atlanta. Short notice aside, Dr. Marquez was elated he was able to attend.

"There are a lot of practical tips. For me, the biggest thing is the academy has shown me that I have to stop being passive and start being proactive. I need to take an active role, serve on committees," says Dr. Marquez, a third-year academic hospitalist at St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center in Phoenix. "I think that's going to help my career."

Dr. Marquez, who leads a five-person team of residents, interns, and medical students, was one of nearly 80 early-career physicians—the average attendee had two years of HM experience—who attended AHA. The inaugural event was co-sponsored by SHM, the Society of General Internal Medicine and the Associate Chiefs of General Internal Medicine. The program featured top-flight HM faculty, but Dr. Marquez especially enjoyed the emphasis on small-group workshops and interactive teaching.

"When we first took our jobs as hospitalists, no one took the time to explain to us how to be an effective leader, mentor people, implement change," he says. "Here you have an opportunity to learn that and to participate. It’s not a lecture; it’s not intimidating. You can speak up."

Frank Marquez, MD, wasn't told he was going to the Academic Hospitalist Academy (AHA) until a couple of days before the start of the four-day training program in Atlanta. Short notice aside, Dr. Marquez was elated he was able to attend.

"There are a lot of practical tips. For me, the biggest thing is the academy has shown me that I have to stop being passive and start being proactive. I need to take an active role, serve on committees," says Dr. Marquez, a third-year academic hospitalist at St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center in Phoenix. "I think that's going to help my career."

Dr. Marquez, who leads a five-person team of residents, interns, and medical students, was one of nearly 80 early-career physicians—the average attendee had two years of HM experience—who attended AHA. The inaugural event was co-sponsored by SHM, the Society of General Internal Medicine and the Associate Chiefs of General Internal Medicine. The program featured top-flight HM faculty, but Dr. Marquez especially enjoyed the emphasis on small-group workshops and interactive teaching.

"When we first took our jobs as hospitalists, no one took the time to explain to us how to be an effective leader, mentor people, implement change," he says. "Here you have an opportunity to learn that and to participate. It’s not a lecture; it’s not intimidating. You can speak up."

Frank Marquez, MD, wasn't told he was going to the Academic Hospitalist Academy (AHA) until a couple of days before the start of the four-day training program in Atlanta. Short notice aside, Dr. Marquez was elated he was able to attend.

"There are a lot of practical tips. For me, the biggest thing is the academy has shown me that I have to stop being passive and start being proactive. I need to take an active role, serve on committees," says Dr. Marquez, a third-year academic hospitalist at St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center in Phoenix. "I think that's going to help my career."

Dr. Marquez, who leads a five-person team of residents, interns, and medical students, was one of nearly 80 early-career physicians—the average attendee had two years of HM experience—who attended AHA. The inaugural event was co-sponsored by SHM, the Society of General Internal Medicine and the Associate Chiefs of General Internal Medicine. The program featured top-flight HM faculty, but Dr. Marquez especially enjoyed the emphasis on small-group workshops and interactive teaching.

"When we first took our jobs as hospitalists, no one took the time to explain to us how to be an effective leader, mentor people, implement change," he says. "Here you have an opportunity to learn that and to participate. It’s not a lecture; it’s not intimidating. You can speak up."

Only one in six medical discharges receives venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis that conforms to the seventh American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) guidelines, according to a report in the Journal of Hospital Medicine.

The study reported that, overall, 65.9% of medical discharges and 77.7% of surgical discharges received at least one order for VTE prophylaxis during hospitalization. However, when ACCP guidelines for type, dose, and duration are overlaid on the same data set, the percentage of "appropriate prophylaxis" dropped to 16.4% for medical discharges and 12.7% for surgical discharges (JHM 2009;doi 10.1002/jhm.526).

"If we're going to be in the business of healthcare safety and quality … that's not good enough," says lead investigator Alpesh Amin, MD, MBA, FHM, FACP, professor and chairman of the Department of Medicine and executive director of the hospitalist program at the University of California at Irvine. "We're only doing it appropriately [part] of the time."

Dr. Amin has turned VTE research into an area of focus, and is in San Diego today presenting two additional VTE studies at CHEST 2009. One study, "Analysis of Inpatient and Outpatient Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis Patterns in U.S. Critical Care Patients," found that of 1,279 discharges analyzed, only 4% continued prophylaxis. The other study, "VTE Prophylaxis Across the Continuum of Care in U.S. Medical and Surgical Patients at Risk of Venous Thromboembolism," reported nearly 90% of patients received no outpatient prophylaxis.

All three studies were supported by Sanofi-Aventis U.S. Inc. The CHEST 2009 presentations have not been published yet. Dr. Amin says the studies show hospitalists can take charge of VTE orders to assure treatment is delivered in line with approved protocols.

"The idea of these studies was to say, 'We've got these national recommendations; how well are we actually doing?' " Dr. Amin says. "You can do something, but you ought to do it according to national guidelines."

For more information on the essential elements of VTE prevention and performance improvement, visit SHM's VTE Resource Room.

Only one in six medical discharges receives venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis that conforms to the seventh American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) guidelines, according to a report in the Journal of Hospital Medicine.

The study reported that, overall, 65.9% of medical discharges and 77.7% of surgical discharges received at least one order for VTE prophylaxis during hospitalization. However, when ACCP guidelines for type, dose, and duration are overlaid on the same data set, the percentage of "appropriate prophylaxis" dropped to 16.4% for medical discharges and 12.7% for surgical discharges (JHM 2009;doi 10.1002/jhm.526).

"If we're going to be in the business of healthcare safety and quality … that's not good enough," says lead investigator Alpesh Amin, MD, MBA, FHM, FACP, professor and chairman of the Department of Medicine and executive director of the hospitalist program at the University of California at Irvine. "We're only doing it appropriately [part] of the time."

Dr. Amin has turned VTE research into an area of focus, and is in San Diego today presenting two additional VTE studies at CHEST 2009. One study, "Analysis of Inpatient and Outpatient Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis Patterns in U.S. Critical Care Patients," found that of 1,279 discharges analyzed, only 4% continued prophylaxis. The other study, "VTE Prophylaxis Across the Continuum of Care in U.S. Medical and Surgical Patients at Risk of Venous Thromboembolism," reported nearly 90% of patients received no outpatient prophylaxis.

All three studies were supported by Sanofi-Aventis U.S. Inc. The CHEST 2009 presentations have not been published yet. Dr. Amin says the studies show hospitalists can take charge of VTE orders to assure treatment is delivered in line with approved protocols.

"The idea of these studies was to say, 'We've got these national recommendations; how well are we actually doing?' " Dr. Amin says. "You can do something, but you ought to do it according to national guidelines."

For more information on the essential elements of VTE prevention and performance improvement, visit SHM's VTE Resource Room.

Only one in six medical discharges receives venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis that conforms to the seventh American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) guidelines, according to a report in the Journal of Hospital Medicine.

The study reported that, overall, 65.9% of medical discharges and 77.7% of surgical discharges received at least one order for VTE prophylaxis during hospitalization. However, when ACCP guidelines for type, dose, and duration are overlaid on the same data set, the percentage of "appropriate prophylaxis" dropped to 16.4% for medical discharges and 12.7% for surgical discharges (JHM 2009;doi 10.1002/jhm.526).

"If we're going to be in the business of healthcare safety and quality … that's not good enough," says lead investigator Alpesh Amin, MD, MBA, FHM, FACP, professor and chairman of the Department of Medicine and executive director of the hospitalist program at the University of California at Irvine. "We're only doing it appropriately [part] of the time."

Dr. Amin has turned VTE research into an area of focus, and is in San Diego today presenting two additional VTE studies at CHEST 2009. One study, "Analysis of Inpatient and Outpatient Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis Patterns in U.S. Critical Care Patients," found that of 1,279 discharges analyzed, only 4% continued prophylaxis. The other study, "VTE Prophylaxis Across the Continuum of Care in U.S. Medical and Surgical Patients at Risk of Venous Thromboembolism," reported nearly 90% of patients received no outpatient prophylaxis.

All three studies were supported by Sanofi-Aventis U.S. Inc. The CHEST 2009 presentations have not been published yet. Dr. Amin says the studies show hospitalists can take charge of VTE orders to assure treatment is delivered in line with approved protocols.

"The idea of these studies was to say, 'We've got these national recommendations; how well are we actually doing?' " Dr. Amin says. "You can do something, but you ought to do it according to national guidelines."

For more information on the essential elements of VTE prevention and performance improvement, visit SHM's VTE Resource Room.

Clinical question: Does PR prolongation have any clinical significance in ambulatory adults?

Background: Several studies have suggested that first-degree atrio-ventricular block (AVB) is associated with a benign prognosis. However, these studies were based on young, active men in the military. Another study, which was based on middle-aged men, has suggested that AVB may be associated with coronary artery disease. Little is known about AVB prognosis in ambulatory individuals older than 20 years of age.

Study design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting: Community-hospital-based patients.

Synopsis: A subset population of 7,575 individuals older than 20 from the Framingham Heart Study showed that a prolonged PR interval of more than 200 msec is associated with an increased risk of atrial fibrillation/flutter, pacemaker implantation, and all-cause mortality.

When adjusted for age, sex, cardiovascular disease status, body mass index, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and ratio of total to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, individuals with first-degree AVB had a twofold adjusted risk of atrial fibrillation (HR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.36-3.12; P<0.001), a threefold adjusted risk of pacemaker implantation (HR, 2.89; 95% CI, 1.83-4.57; P<0.001), and 1.4-fold adjusted risk of all-cause mortality (HR, 1.44, 95% CI, 1.09-1.91; P=0.01).

This study was confounded by the usual limitations of the Framingham Study Database. Most notably, this study focused specifically on ambulatory patients with prolonged PR interval demonstrated on routine electrocardiogram and, therefore, does not account for factors commonly related to the inpatient setting, such as electrolyte abnormalities. Hospitalists should neither prognosticate nor plan more frequent follow-up for patients based on a prolonged PR interval based on an EKG obtained during acute illness.

Bottom line: PR prolongation is associated with increased risks of atrial fibrillation/flutter, pacemaker implantation, and all-cause mortality in ambulatory adults.

Citation: Cheng S, Keyes M, Larson M, et al. Long-term outcomes in individuals with prolonged PR interval or first-degree atrioventricular block. JAMA. 2009;301(24):2571-2577.

—Reviewed for The Hospitalist by Robert Chang, MD; Nabil Alkhoury-Fallouh, MD; Anita Hart, MD; Hae-won Kim, MD; Francis McBee-Orzulak, MD; Helena Pasieka, MD; Division of General Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Clinical question: Does PR prolongation have any clinical significance in ambulatory adults?

Background: Several studies have suggested that first-degree atrio-ventricular block (AVB) is associated with a benign prognosis. However, these studies were based on young, active men in the military. Another study, which was based on middle-aged men, has suggested that AVB may be associated with coronary artery disease. Little is known about AVB prognosis in ambulatory individuals older than 20 years of age.

Study design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting: Community-hospital-based patients.

Synopsis: A subset population of 7,575 individuals older than 20 from the Framingham Heart Study showed that a prolonged PR interval of more than 200 msec is associated with an increased risk of atrial fibrillation/flutter, pacemaker implantation, and all-cause mortality.

When adjusted for age, sex, cardiovascular disease status, body mass index, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and ratio of total to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, individuals with first-degree AVB had a twofold adjusted risk of atrial fibrillation (HR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.36-3.12; P<0.001), a threefold adjusted risk of pacemaker implantation (HR, 2.89; 95% CI, 1.83-4.57; P<0.001), and 1.4-fold adjusted risk of all-cause mortality (HR, 1.44, 95% CI, 1.09-1.91; P=0.01).

This study was confounded by the usual limitations of the Framingham Study Database. Most notably, this study focused specifically on ambulatory patients with prolonged PR interval demonstrated on routine electrocardiogram and, therefore, does not account for factors commonly related to the inpatient setting, such as electrolyte abnormalities. Hospitalists should neither prognosticate nor plan more frequent follow-up for patients based on a prolonged PR interval based on an EKG obtained during acute illness.

Bottom line: PR prolongation is associated with increased risks of atrial fibrillation/flutter, pacemaker implantation, and all-cause mortality in ambulatory adults.

Citation: Cheng S, Keyes M, Larson M, et al. Long-term outcomes in individuals with prolonged PR interval or first-degree atrioventricular block. JAMA. 2009;301(24):2571-2577.

—Reviewed for The Hospitalist by Robert Chang, MD; Nabil Alkhoury-Fallouh, MD; Anita Hart, MD; Hae-won Kim, MD; Francis McBee-Orzulak, MD; Helena Pasieka, MD; Division of General Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Clinical question: Does PR prolongation have any clinical significance in ambulatory adults?

Background: Several studies have suggested that first-degree atrio-ventricular block (AVB) is associated with a benign prognosis. However, these studies were based on young, active men in the military. Another study, which was based on middle-aged men, has suggested that AVB may be associated with coronary artery disease. Little is known about AVB prognosis in ambulatory individuals older than 20 years of age.

Study design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting: Community-hospital-based patients.

Synopsis: A subset population of 7,575 individuals older than 20 from the Framingham Heart Study showed that a prolonged PR interval of more than 200 msec is associated with an increased risk of atrial fibrillation/flutter, pacemaker implantation, and all-cause mortality.

When adjusted for age, sex, cardiovascular disease status, body mass index, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and ratio of total to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, individuals with first-degree AVB had a twofold adjusted risk of atrial fibrillation (HR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.36-3.12; P<0.001), a threefold adjusted risk of pacemaker implantation (HR, 2.89; 95% CI, 1.83-4.57; P<0.001), and 1.4-fold adjusted risk of all-cause mortality (HR, 1.44, 95% CI, 1.09-1.91; P=0.01).

This study was confounded by the usual limitations of the Framingham Study Database. Most notably, this study focused specifically on ambulatory patients with prolonged PR interval demonstrated on routine electrocardiogram and, therefore, does not account for factors commonly related to the inpatient setting, such as electrolyte abnormalities. Hospitalists should neither prognosticate nor plan more frequent follow-up for patients based on a prolonged PR interval based on an EKG obtained during acute illness.

Bottom line: PR prolongation is associated with increased risks of atrial fibrillation/flutter, pacemaker implantation, and all-cause mortality in ambulatory adults.

Citation: Cheng S, Keyes M, Larson M, et al. Long-term outcomes in individuals with prolonged PR interval or first-degree atrioventricular block. JAMA. 2009;301(24):2571-2577.

—Reviewed for The Hospitalist by Robert Chang, MD; Nabil Alkhoury-Fallouh, MD; Anita Hart, MD; Hae-won Kim, MD; Francis McBee-Orzulak, MD; Helena Pasieka, MD; Division of General Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

New York, NY—A new study suggests that cancer testis antigens (CTAs) should be therapeutically targeted in patients with multiple myeloma (MM).

The study revealed that CTAs are frequently expressed in newly diagnosed MM patients, the presence of certain CTAs can help predict poor survival, and MM patients experience spontaneous antibody responses to CTAs. Adam Cohen, MD, of Fox Chase Cancer Center in Philadelphia, presented this research at Lymphoma & Myeloma 2009, where it was deemed “the best myeloma abstract.”

Dr Cohen and his colleagues enrolled in their study 67 newly diagnosed MM patients. Patients received an induction regimen consisting of thalidomide, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone, and 54 patients went on to receive autologous stem cell transplant.

The researchers assessed CTA expression in cryopreserved pretreatment bone marrow plasma cells. Seventy-seven percent of patients had at least 1 CTA. MAGE-A3 was present in 52% of patients, SSX1 in 40%, CT7 in 29%, CT10 in 25%, NY-ESO1 in 21%, and SSX5 was expressed in 17% of patients. Twenty-nine percent of patients had 3 or more CTAs.

“So the main question was, what was the prognostic significance of these findings?” Dr Cohen said. “We looked at overall survival on the basis of the presence or absence of each of these antigens or based on the absolute number of antigens that were expressed. What we found were 2 antigens that really seemed to stand out, in terms of having prognostic significance.”

Patients who expressed MAGE-A3 or NY-ESO1 had worse overall survival (OS) than patients who expressed other CTAs. OS was a median of 66 months in patients with MAGE-A3 and 65 months in patients with NY-ESO1, while OS was not reached in the other patients.

The poor OS observed in patients with MAGE-A3 and NY-ESO1 was independent of disease stage, cytogenetic abnormalities, and response to induction therapy.

Dr Cohen and his colleagues then assessed pre- and post-treatment sera for antibody responses. Forty-six patients had sera available. Six patients had antibody responses to NY-ESO1. Of these patients, 2 also demonstrated responses to CT7, 1 had response to CT10, and 1 had response to SSX4.

“[A]ll these patients had immunity to NY-ESO1, but in 2 patients, number 30 and 54, there actually was no NY-ESO1 expression in their bone marrow,” Dr Cohen said. “[B]oth of these had extramedullary disease, and so the suggestion was that there may be an additional source of the NY-ESO1 antigen.”  

This theory was supported by the fact that these 2 patients had soft tissue plasmacytomas. And the presence of NY-ESO1 antibody was significantly associated with soft tissue involvement, as 67% of NY-ESO1 antibody-positive patients had soft tissue plasmacytomas.

In addition, antibody response against NY-ESO1 was associated with poor OS. NY-ESO1 antibody-positive patients had an OS of 21 months, while OS was not reached in NY-ESO1 antibody-negative patients.

Dr Cohen presented these data at Lymphoma & Myeloma 2009, which took place October 22-24.

New York, NY—A new study suggests that cancer testis antigens (CTAs) should be therapeutically targeted in patients with multiple myeloma (MM).

The study revealed that CTAs are frequently expressed in newly diagnosed MM patients, the presence of certain CTAs can help predict poor survival, and MM patients experience spontaneous antibody responses to CTAs. Adam Cohen, MD, of Fox Chase Cancer Center in Philadelphia, presented this research at Lymphoma & Myeloma 2009, where it was deemed “the best myeloma abstract.”

Dr Cohen and his colleagues enrolled in their study 67 newly diagnosed MM patients. Patients received an induction regimen consisting of thalidomide, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone, and 54 patients went on to receive autologous stem cell transplant.

The researchers assessed CTA expression in cryopreserved pretreatment bone marrow plasma cells. Seventy-seven percent of patients had at least 1 CTA. MAGE-A3 was present in 52% of patients, SSX1 in 40%, CT7 in 29%, CT10 in 25%, NY-ESO1 in 21%, and SSX5 was expressed in 17% of patients. Twenty-nine percent of patients had 3 or more CTAs.

“So the main question was, what was the prognostic significance of these findings?” Dr Cohen said. “We looked at overall survival on the basis of the presence or absence of each of these antigens or based on the absolute number of antigens that were expressed. What we found were 2 antigens that really seemed to stand out, in terms of having prognostic significance.”

Patients who expressed MAGE-A3 or NY-ESO1 had worse overall survival (OS) than patients who expressed other CTAs. OS was a median of 66 months in patients with MAGE-A3 and 65 months in patients with NY-ESO1, while OS was not reached in the other patients.

The poor OS observed in patients with MAGE-A3 and NY-ESO1 was independent of disease stage, cytogenetic abnormalities, and response to induction therapy.

Dr Cohen and his colleagues then assessed pre- and post-treatment sera for antibody responses. Forty-six patients had sera available. Six patients had antibody responses to NY-ESO1. Of these patients, 2 also demonstrated responses to CT7, 1 had response to CT10, and 1 had response to SSX4.

“[A]ll these patients had immunity to NY-ESO1, but in 2 patients, number 30 and 54, there actually was no NY-ESO1 expression in their bone marrow,” Dr Cohen said. “[B]oth of these had extramedullary disease, and so the suggestion was that there may be an additional source of the NY-ESO1 antigen.”  

This theory was supported by the fact that these 2 patients had soft tissue plasmacytomas. And the presence of NY-ESO1 antibody was significantly associated with soft tissue involvement, as 67% of NY-ESO1 antibody-positive patients had soft tissue plasmacytomas.

In addition, antibody response against NY-ESO1 was associated with poor OS. NY-ESO1 antibody-positive patients had an OS of 21 months, while OS was not reached in NY-ESO1 antibody-negative patients.

Dr Cohen presented these data at Lymphoma & Myeloma 2009, which took place October 22-24.

New York, NY—A new study suggests that cancer testis antigens (CTAs) should be therapeutically targeted in patients with multiple myeloma (MM).

The study revealed that CTAs are frequently expressed in newly diagnosed MM patients, the presence of certain CTAs can help predict poor survival, and MM patients experience spontaneous antibody responses to CTAs. Adam Cohen, MD, of Fox Chase Cancer Center in Philadelphia, presented this research at Lymphoma & Myeloma 2009, where it was deemed “the best myeloma abstract.”

Dr Cohen and his colleagues enrolled in their study 67 newly diagnosed MM patients. Patients received an induction regimen consisting of thalidomide, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone, and 54 patients went on to receive autologous stem cell transplant.

The researchers assessed CTA expression in cryopreserved pretreatment bone marrow plasma cells. Seventy-seven percent of patients had at least 1 CTA. MAGE-A3 was present in 52% of patients, SSX1 in 40%, CT7 in 29%, CT10 in 25%, NY-ESO1 in 21%, and SSX5 was expressed in 17% of patients. Twenty-nine percent of patients had 3 or more CTAs.

“So the main question was, what was the prognostic significance of these findings?” Dr Cohen said. “We looked at overall survival on the basis of the presence or absence of each of these antigens or based on the absolute number of antigens that were expressed. What we found were 2 antigens that really seemed to stand out, in terms of having prognostic significance.”

Patients who expressed MAGE-A3 or NY-ESO1 had worse overall survival (OS) than patients who expressed other CTAs. OS was a median of 66 months in patients with MAGE-A3 and 65 months in patients with NY-ESO1, while OS was not reached in the other patients.

The poor OS observed in patients with MAGE-A3 and NY-ESO1 was independent of disease stage, cytogenetic abnormalities, and response to induction therapy.

Dr Cohen and his colleagues then assessed pre- and post-treatment sera for antibody responses. Forty-six patients had sera available. Six patients had antibody responses to NY-ESO1. Of these patients, 2 also demonstrated responses to CT7, 1 had response to CT10, and 1 had response to SSX4.

“[A]ll these patients had immunity to NY-ESO1, but in 2 patients, number 30 and 54, there actually was no NY-ESO1 expression in their bone marrow,” Dr Cohen said. “[B]oth of these had extramedullary disease, and so the suggestion was that there may be an additional source of the NY-ESO1 antigen.”  

This theory was supported by the fact that these 2 patients had soft tissue plasmacytomas. And the presence of NY-ESO1 antibody was significantly associated with soft tissue involvement, as 67% of NY-ESO1 antibody-positive patients had soft tissue plasmacytomas.

In addition, antibody response against NY-ESO1 was associated with poor OS. NY-ESO1 antibody-positive patients had an OS of 21 months, while OS was not reached in NY-ESO1 antibody-negative patients.

Dr Cohen presented these data at Lymphoma & Myeloma 2009, which took place October 22-24.

John Gilbert, MD, discusses SHM's "Fundamentals of Inpatient Billing and Coding" pre-course at HM09.

Click here to listen to the audio file

John Gilbert, MD, discusses SHM's "Fundamentals of Inpatient Billing and Coding" pre-course at HM09.

Click here to listen to the audio file

John Gilbert, MD, discusses SHM's "Fundamentals of Inpatient Billing and Coding" pre-course at HM09.

Click here to listen to the audio file