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Rishi Agrawal, MD, MPH

Pediatric Hospitalist, Children's Memorial Hospital and LaRabida Children's Hospital

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine

Chicago, IL

Feeding Tubes

Brian Alverson, MD

Head, Pediatric Hospitalist Section, Hasbro Children's Hospital

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University

Providence, RI

Neonatal Fever

Pneumonia

Allison Ballantine, MD

Medical Director of the Integrated Care Service, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

Philadelphia, PA

Technology Dependent Children

Julia Beauchamp‐Walters, MD

Pediatric Emergency Transport Coordinator, CSSD, RCHHC Pediatric Emergency Transports, Rady Childrens Hospital

Clinical Instructor of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego

San Diego, CA

Transport of the Critically Ill Child

Glenn F. Billman, MD

Medical Safety and Regulatory Officer, Rady Children's Hospital

San Diego, CA

Patient Safety

April O. Buchanan, MD, FAAP

Vice Chair of Quality, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Greenville Hospital System University Medical Center

Assistant Professor of Clinical Pediatrics, University of South Carolina School of Medicine

Greenville, SC

Shock

Douglas W. Carlson, MD

Chief, Pediatric Hospital Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital

Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Washington University

St. Louis, MO

Procedural Sedation

Technology Dependent Children

Vincent W. Chiang, MD

Chief, Inpatient Services, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston

Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School

Boston, MA

Seizures

Michael R. Clemmens, MD

Director Pediatric Hospitalist Program, Anne Arundel Medical Center

Assistant Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine

Annapolis, MD

Acute Abdominal Pain and The Acute Abdomen

Jamie L. Clute, MD, FAAP, FHM

Medical Director, Inpatient Services, Joe Dimaggio Children's Hospital

Clinical Assistant Professor, NOVA Southeastern University, College of Osteopathic Medicine and Assistant Affiliate Professor, Barry University

Hollywood, FL

Kawasaki Disease

Shannon Connor Phillips, MD, MPH

Patient Safety Officer, Quality and Patient Safety Institute, Cleveland Clinic

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University

Cleveland, OH

Evidence Based Medicine

Tanya Dansky, MD

Medical Director, Children's Physicians Medical GroupMedical Director, San Diego Hospice and The Institute For Palliative Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital

Assistant Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego

San Diego, CA

Hospice and Palliative Care, Ethics

Jennifer Daru, MD, FAAP, FHM

Chief, Pediatric Hospitalist Division; Interim Chief, Pediatric and Neonatal Transport, California Pacific Medical Center

Clinical Assistant Professor (pending), University of California San Francisco

San Francisco, CA

Leading a Healthcare Team

Newborn Care and Delivery Room Management

Yasmeen N. Daud, MD

Director of Pediatric Hospitalist Sedation in the Pediatric Acute Wound Service and Director of the Pediatric Hospitalist After Hours Sedation Program, St. Louis Children's Hospital

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, MO

Oxygen Delivery and Airway Management

Craig DeWolfe, MD, MEd

Pediatric Hospitalist, Children's National Medical Center

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences

Washington DC

Apparent Life‐Threatening Event

Joseph M. Geskey, DO

Division Chief, Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Medical Director of Hospital Care Management, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital

Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Penn State M. S. Hershey Medical Center

Hershey, PA

Pneumonia

Upper Airway Infections

Bronchiolitis

Paul D. Hain, MD

Associate Chief of Staff, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University

Nashville, TN

Health Information Systems

Keith Herzog, MD

Pediatric Hospitalist, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine

Philadelphia, PA

Central Nervous System Infections

Margaret Hood, MD, FAAP

Pediatric Hospitalist, Seattle Children's Hospital

Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington

Seattle, WA

Diabetes Mellitus

Hospice and Palliative Care

Kevin B. Johnson, MD, MS

Vice Chair of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Associate Professor of Medical Informatics and Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Nashville, TN

Health Information Systems

Rick Johnson, MD, FAAP

Division Head, Regional Pediatrics, CCMC, and American Heart Association Regional and National PALS Faculty, Connecticut Children's Medical Center

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine

Hartford, CT

Pediatric Advanced Life Support

Brian Kelly, MD, MRCP (UK), FAAP

Pediatric Hospitalist, Ranken Jordan Pediatric Rehabilitative Hospital, St. Louis Children's Hospital

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, MO

Bladder Catheterization/Suprapubic Bladder Tap

Herbert C Kimmons, MD, MMM

President Children's Specialists of San Diego (Medical Quality Officer of Rady Children's Hospital of San Diego, 20062008), Children's Specialists of San Diego in California

Professor of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego

San Diego, CA

Continuous Quality Improvement

Patient Safety

Su‐Ting T. Li, MD, MPH

Associate Pediatric Residency Program Director, University of California, Davis

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis

Sacramento, CA

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Patricia S. Lye, MD

Medical Director, Hospitalists, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin

Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin

Milwaukee, WI

Transitions of Care

Jennifer Maniscalco, MD, MPH, FAAP

Director of Education, Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles

Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine

Los Angeles, CA

Failure to Thrive

Transitions of Care

Nutrition

David E. Marcello III, MD, FAAP

Pediatric Hospitalist, Connecticut Children's Medical Center

Assistant Professor in Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Medical School

Hartford, CT

Lumbar Puncture

Intravenous Access and Phlebotomy

Sanford M. Melzer, MD, MBA

Senior Vice President, Strategic Planning and Business Development, Seattle Children's Hospital

Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine

Seattle, WA

Cost Effective Care

Margaret I. Mikula, MD

Pediatric Hospitalist, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Penn State M. S. Hershey Medical Center

Hershey, PA

Pneumonia

Bronchiolitis

Laura J Mirkinson, MD, FAAP

Director of Pediatrics, Blythedale Children's Hospital

Valhalla, NY

Neonatal Jaundice

Christopher D. Miller, MD, FAAP

Pediatric Hospitalist and Allergist, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Missouri‐Kansas City School of Medicine

Kansas City, MO

Asthma

Christopher O'Hara, MD, FACP

St. Christopher's Hospital for Children

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine

Philadelphia PA

Pain Management

Mary C. Ottolini MD, MPH, FAAP, FHM

Chair, Academic Pediatric Association Education Committee Immediate Past Hospitalist Division Chief; Vice Chair for Medical Education, Children's National Medical Center

Professor of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine

Washington DC

Fluid and Electrolyte Management

Gastroenteritis

Education

Brian M. Pate, MD, FAAP, FHM

Section Chief, Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Vice Chairman, Inpatient Services, Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Missouri‐Kansas City School of Medicine

Business Practices

Asthma

Dana Patrick, RN, BSN

Transport Program Manager NICU\PICU, Rady Children's Hospital

San Diego, CA

Transport of the Critically Ill Child

Jack M. Percelay, MD, MPH, FAAP, FHM

Society of Hospital Medicine, Pediatric Board Member; Immediate Past‐Chair, AAP Section on Hospital Medicine, E.L.M.O. Pediatrics

Associate Professor, Pace University Physician Assistant Program

New York, New York

Advocacy

David Pressel, MD, PhD, FHM, FAAP

Director, General Pediatrics Inpatient Services, A.I. duPont Hospital for Children

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University

Wilmington, DE

Child Abuse and Neglect

Kris P Rehm, MD

Director, Division of Hospital Medicine, Monroe Carell Jr Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University

Nashville, TN

Respiratory Failure

Kyung E. Rhee, MD, MSc

Pediatric Hospitalist, Hasbro Children's Hospital and The Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University

Providence, RI

Fever of Unknown Origin

Mark F Riederer, MD

Pediatric Hospitalist, Monroe Carell Jr Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics,

Nashville, TN

Respiratory Failure

Michael Ruhlen, MD, MHCM, FAAP, FHM, FACHE

Vice President and Chief Medical Officer, Carolinas Medical Center Mercy

Carolinas Medical Center Pineville

Charlotte, NC

Legal Issues/Risk Management

Henry M. Seidel, MD

Professor Emeritus, Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics

Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Baltimore, MD

Communication

Anand Sekaran, MD

Medical Director, Inpatient Services, Connecticut Children's Medical Center

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine

Hartford, CT

Radiographic Interpretation

Kristin A. Shadman, MD, FAAP

Pediatric Hospitalist

Oxygen Delivery and Airway Management

Vipul Singla, MD, FAAP

Site Leader, Lake Forest Hospital (Children's Memorial Medical Group)

Instructor in Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine

Chicago, IL

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Karen Smith, MD, MEd

Chief Medical Officer, The HSC Pediatric Center

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine

Washington DC

Apparent Life‐Threatening Event

Jeffrey L. Sperring, MD

Chief Medical Officer, Riley Hospital for Children

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine

Indianapolis, IN

Bone and Joint Infections

Glenn Stryjewski, MD, MPH

Associate Residency Program Director, AI duPont Hospital for Children

Assistant professor of Pediatrics, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University

Wilmington, DE

Toxic Ingestion

Erin R. Stucky, MD, FAAP, FHM

Director of Graduate Medical Education, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego; Medical Director of Quality Improvement, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego; Associate Program Director, UCSD Pediatric Residency Program; Vice Chair for Clinical Affairs, UCSD Department of Pediatrics; Director, Pediatric Hospital Medicine Fellowship, Rady Children's Hospital

Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego

San Diego, CA

Evidence Based Medicine

Continuous Quality Improvement

Technology Dependent Children

E. Douglas Thompson, Jr., MD

Director, Pediatric Generalist Service, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine

Philadelphia, PA

Sickle Cell Disease

Michael Turmelle, MD

Pediatric Hospitalist, St. Louis Children's Hospital

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, MO

Non‐Invasive Monitoring

Macdara G. Tynan, MD, MBA, FAAP

Associate Director of Inpatient Pediatrics, Levine Children's Hospital

Charlotte, NC

Diabetes Mellitus

Toxic Ingestion

Ronald J. Williams, MD

Pediatric Hospitalist, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital

Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine, Penn State M. S. Hershey Medical Center

Hershey, PA

Upper Airway Infections

Heidi Wolf MD, FAAP

Director Pediatric Hospitalist Program, Johns Hopkins

Assistant Clinical Professor, John Hopkins University

Baltimore, MD

Fever of Unknown Origin

Neonatal Fever

Susan Wu, MD

Pediatric Hospitalist, Children's Hospital Los Angeles

Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine

Los Angeles, CA

Bronchiolitis

Lisa B. Zaoutis, MD

Section Chief of Inpatient Services, Division of General Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

Philadelphia, PA

Urinary Tract Infections

William T. Zempsky, MD

Associate Director; Division of Pain Medicine; Department of Pediatrics, Associate Director, Pain Relief Program, Connecticut Children's Medical Center

Professor of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine

Hartford, CT

Pain Management

Reviewers

Allison Ballantine, MD

Medical Director of the Integrated Care Service, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

Philadelphia, PA

Technology Dependent Children

Margaret Hood, MD, FAAP

Pediatric Hospitalist, Seattle Children's Hospital

Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington

Seattle, WA

Hospice and Palliative Care

Ethics

Brian Kit, MD, MPH

Anne Arundel Medical Center

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine

Annapolis, MD

Advocacy

Evelina M. Krieger, MD

Children's National Medical Center

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine

Washington, DC

Advocacy

Cynthia L. Kuelbs, MD

Medical Director, Chadwick Center for Child Abuse; Division Director Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital

Associate Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego

San Diego, CA

Child Abuse and Neglect

Christopher P. Landrigan, MD, MPH

Division Director, Pediatrics and Hospital Medicine; Research and Fellowship Director, Children's Hospital Boston Inpatient Pediatrics Service; Director, Sleep and Patient Safety Program at the Brigham and Women's Hospital, Children's Hospital Boston

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harvard Medical School

Boston, MA

Research

Michael Ruhlen, MD, MHCM, FAAP, FHM, FACHE

Vice President and Chief Medical Officer, Carolinas Medical Center Mercy

Carolinas Medical Center Pineville

Charlotte, NC

Legal Issues/Risk Management

Samir S. Shah, MD, MSCE

Senior Scholar, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

Assistant Professor, Departments of Pediatrics and Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

Philadelphia, PA

Research

Rajendu Srivastava, MD, FRCP(C), MPH

Director of Pediatric Research in the Inpatient Setting (PRIS) Network, Primary Children's Medical Center, Intermountain Healthcare Inc.

Associate Professor, Division of Inpatient Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah Health Sciences Center

Salt Lake City, UT

Research

Ben Bauer, MD, FAAP

Pediatric Hospital Medicine; Fellowship Director, Riley Children's Hospital, Indiana University School of Medicine

Indianapolis, IN

John Combes, MD

President/COO, Center for Healthcare Governance, American Hospital Association (AHA)

Washington, DC

Jennifer Daru, MD, FAAP, FHM

Chair‐elect AAP; Section on Hospital Medicine, American Academy of Pediatrics

San Francisco, CA

Jerrold Eichner, MD, FAAP

Chair, AAP National Committee on Hospital Care, American Academy of Pediatrics

Great Falls, MT

Rosemarie Faber, MSN/ED, RN, CCRN

Clinical Practice Specialist, American Association of Critical Care Nurses

Aliso Viejo, CA

Rani S Gereige, MD, MPH, FAAP

Director of Medical Education, Miami Children's Hospital

Miami, FL

David Jaimovich, MD, FAAP

President, QRI (Former Chief Medical Officer and Vice President for International Accreditation Services for Joint Commission Resources (JCR) and Joint Commission International (JCI)), Quality Resources International

Andrea Kline RN, MS, CPNP‐AC, CCRN, FCCM

Executive Board; Professional Issues; Pediatric Critical Care NP, National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners (NAPNAP)

Cherry Hill, NJ

David D. Lloyd, MD, FRCP(C), FAAP

Section Chief of General Pediatrics Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Director of Undergraduate Pediatric Education, Director of the Pediatric Hospitalist Fellowship, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine

Atlanta, GA

Patricia S. Lye, MD, FAAP

AAP Section on Hospital Medicine, American Academy of Pediatrics

Milwaukee, WI

Sanjay Mahant, MD, FRCPC

Pediatric Hospital Medicine Fellowship Director, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine

Toronto, Canada

Jennifer Maniscalco, MD, MPH, FAAP

Pediatric Hospital Medicine Fellowship Director, Children's Hospital Los Angeles

University of Southern California School of Medicine

Marlene Miller, MD, MSc, FAAP

Vice President for Quality, National Association of Children's Hospitals and Related Institutions (NACHRI)

Alexandria, VA

Paul E. Manicone, MD, FAAP

Associate Division Chief; Division of Hospitalist Medicine; Immediate past Fellowship Director, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine

Washington DC

Warren Newton, MD

American Board of Family Medicine Board of Directors: Research and Development, IT, and Communications/publications Committees; Executive Associate Dean for Medical Education and William B. Aycock Distinguished Professor and Chair, Department of Family Medicine at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, American Board of Family Medicine

Lexington, KY

Daniel Rauch, MD, FAAP, FHM

Chair, AAP Section on Hospital Medicine; Immediate Past Chair, Academic Pediatric Association Hospital Medicine Special Interest Group

AAP and APA

Ellen Schwalenstocker, PhD, MBA

Quality, Advocacy and Measurement, NACHRI

Alexandria, VA

Mary Jean Schuman, MSN, MBA, RN, CPNP

Chief Programs Officer, American Nursing Association

Silver Spring, MD

Neha H. Shah, MD, FAAP

Fellowship Director, Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Children's National Medical Center

George Washington University School of Medicine

Washington, DC

Geeta Singhal, MD, FAAP

Director, Pediatric Hospital Medicine Fellowship; Director, Faculty Inpatient Service; Co‐Director, PEM Faculty Development Program, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine

Houston, TX

Jeffrey L. Sperring, MD, FAAP

Chair, Academic Pediatric Association Hospital Medicine Special Interest Group

Chief Medical Officer, Academic Pediatric Association

Indianapolis, IN

Erin R. Stucky, MD, FAAP, FHM

Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Fellowship Director, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego

University of California San Diego School of Medicine

San Diego, CA

Editors

Michael G. Burke, MD, MBA

Chairman of Pediatrics, Saint Agnes Hospital

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Baltimore, MD

Douglas W. Carlson, MD

Chief, Pediatric Hospital Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital

Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Washington University

St. Louis, MO

Timothy T. Cornell, MD

C. S. Mott Women and Children's Hospital

Assistant Professor in the Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan

Ann Arbor, MI

Jack M. Percelay, MD, MPH, FAAP, FHM

Society of Hospital Medicine, Pediatric Board Member; Immediate Past‐Chair, AAP Section on Hospital Medicine, E.L.M.O. Pediatrics

Associate Professor, Pace University Physician Assistant Program

New York, New York

Daniel Rauch, MD, FAAP, FHM

Associate Director of Pediatrics, Elmhurst Hospital

New York

Anand Sekaran, MD

Medical Director, Inpatient Services, Connecticut Children's Medical Center

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine

Hartford, CT

E. Douglas Thompson, Jr., MD

Director, Pediatric Generalist Service, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine

Philadelphia, PA

Heidi Wolf MD, FAAP

Director Pediatric Hospitalist Program, Johns Hopkins

Assistant Clinical Professor, John Hopkins University

Baltimore, MD

David Zipes, MD FAAP, FHM

Director, St. Vincent Pediatric Hospitalists, Peyton Manning Children's Hospital at St. Vincent

Indianapolis, IN

Senior Editors

Jennifer Maniscalco, MD, MPH, FAAP

Director of Education, Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles

Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine

Los Angeles, CA

Mary C. Ottolini MD, MPH, FAAP, FHM

Chair, Academic Pediatric Association Education Committee Immediate Past Hospitalist Division Chief; Vice Chair for Medical Education, Children's National Medical Center

Professor of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine

Washington DC

Erin R. Stucky, MD, FAAP, FHM

Director of Graduate Medical Education, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego; Medical Director of Quality Improvement, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego; Associate Program Director, UCSD Pediatric Residency Program; Vice Chair for Clinical Affairs, UCSD Department of Pediatrics; Director, Pediatric Hospital Medicine Fellowship, Rady Children's Hospital

Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego

San Diego, CA

Article PDF
Issue
Journal of Hospital Medicine - 5(2)
Page Number
vii-xv
Sections
Article PDF
Article PDF

Rishi Agrawal, MD, MPH

Pediatric Hospitalist, Children's Memorial Hospital and LaRabida Children's Hospital

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine

Chicago, IL

Feeding Tubes

Brian Alverson, MD

Head, Pediatric Hospitalist Section, Hasbro Children's Hospital

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University

Providence, RI

Neonatal Fever

Pneumonia

Allison Ballantine, MD

Medical Director of the Integrated Care Service, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

Philadelphia, PA

Technology Dependent Children

Julia Beauchamp‐Walters, MD

Pediatric Emergency Transport Coordinator, CSSD, RCHHC Pediatric Emergency Transports, Rady Childrens Hospital

Clinical Instructor of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego

San Diego, CA

Transport of the Critically Ill Child

Glenn F. Billman, MD

Medical Safety and Regulatory Officer, Rady Children's Hospital

San Diego, CA

Patient Safety

April O. Buchanan, MD, FAAP

Vice Chair of Quality, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Greenville Hospital System University Medical Center

Assistant Professor of Clinical Pediatrics, University of South Carolina School of Medicine

Greenville, SC

Shock

Douglas W. Carlson, MD

Chief, Pediatric Hospital Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital

Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Washington University

St. Louis, MO

Procedural Sedation

Technology Dependent Children

Vincent W. Chiang, MD

Chief, Inpatient Services, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston

Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School

Boston, MA

Seizures

Michael R. Clemmens, MD

Director Pediatric Hospitalist Program, Anne Arundel Medical Center

Assistant Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine

Annapolis, MD

Acute Abdominal Pain and The Acute Abdomen

Jamie L. Clute, MD, FAAP, FHM

Medical Director, Inpatient Services, Joe Dimaggio Children's Hospital

Clinical Assistant Professor, NOVA Southeastern University, College of Osteopathic Medicine and Assistant Affiliate Professor, Barry University

Hollywood, FL

Kawasaki Disease

Shannon Connor Phillips, MD, MPH

Patient Safety Officer, Quality and Patient Safety Institute, Cleveland Clinic

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University

Cleveland, OH

Evidence Based Medicine

Tanya Dansky, MD

Medical Director, Children's Physicians Medical GroupMedical Director, San Diego Hospice and The Institute For Palliative Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital

Assistant Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego

San Diego, CA

Hospice and Palliative Care, Ethics

Jennifer Daru, MD, FAAP, FHM

Chief, Pediatric Hospitalist Division; Interim Chief, Pediatric and Neonatal Transport, California Pacific Medical Center

Clinical Assistant Professor (pending), University of California San Francisco

San Francisco, CA

Leading a Healthcare Team

Newborn Care and Delivery Room Management

Yasmeen N. Daud, MD

Director of Pediatric Hospitalist Sedation in the Pediatric Acute Wound Service and Director of the Pediatric Hospitalist After Hours Sedation Program, St. Louis Children's Hospital

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, MO

Oxygen Delivery and Airway Management

Craig DeWolfe, MD, MEd

Pediatric Hospitalist, Children's National Medical Center

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences

Washington DC

Apparent Life‐Threatening Event

Joseph M. Geskey, DO

Division Chief, Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Medical Director of Hospital Care Management, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital

Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Penn State M. S. Hershey Medical Center

Hershey, PA

Pneumonia

Upper Airway Infections

Bronchiolitis

Paul D. Hain, MD

Associate Chief of Staff, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University

Nashville, TN

Health Information Systems

Keith Herzog, MD

Pediatric Hospitalist, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine

Philadelphia, PA

Central Nervous System Infections

Margaret Hood, MD, FAAP

Pediatric Hospitalist, Seattle Children's Hospital

Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington

Seattle, WA

Diabetes Mellitus

Hospice and Palliative Care

Kevin B. Johnson, MD, MS

Vice Chair of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Associate Professor of Medical Informatics and Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Nashville, TN

Health Information Systems

Rick Johnson, MD, FAAP

Division Head, Regional Pediatrics, CCMC, and American Heart Association Regional and National PALS Faculty, Connecticut Children's Medical Center

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine

Hartford, CT

Pediatric Advanced Life Support

Brian Kelly, MD, MRCP (UK), FAAP

Pediatric Hospitalist, Ranken Jordan Pediatric Rehabilitative Hospital, St. Louis Children's Hospital

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, MO

Bladder Catheterization/Suprapubic Bladder Tap

Herbert C Kimmons, MD, MMM

President Children's Specialists of San Diego (Medical Quality Officer of Rady Children's Hospital of San Diego, 20062008), Children's Specialists of San Diego in California

Professor of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego

San Diego, CA

Continuous Quality Improvement

Patient Safety

Su‐Ting T. Li, MD, MPH

Associate Pediatric Residency Program Director, University of California, Davis

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis

Sacramento, CA

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Patricia S. Lye, MD

Medical Director, Hospitalists, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin

Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin

Milwaukee, WI

Transitions of Care

Jennifer Maniscalco, MD, MPH, FAAP

Director of Education, Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles

Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine

Los Angeles, CA

Failure to Thrive

Transitions of Care

Nutrition

David E. Marcello III, MD, FAAP

Pediatric Hospitalist, Connecticut Children's Medical Center

Assistant Professor in Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Medical School

Hartford, CT

Lumbar Puncture

Intravenous Access and Phlebotomy

Sanford M. Melzer, MD, MBA

Senior Vice President, Strategic Planning and Business Development, Seattle Children's Hospital

Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine

Seattle, WA

Cost Effective Care

Margaret I. Mikula, MD

Pediatric Hospitalist, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Penn State M. S. Hershey Medical Center

Hershey, PA

Pneumonia

Bronchiolitis

Laura J Mirkinson, MD, FAAP

Director of Pediatrics, Blythedale Children's Hospital

Valhalla, NY

Neonatal Jaundice

Christopher D. Miller, MD, FAAP

Pediatric Hospitalist and Allergist, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Missouri‐Kansas City School of Medicine

Kansas City, MO

Asthma

Christopher O'Hara, MD, FACP

St. Christopher's Hospital for Children

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine

Philadelphia PA

Pain Management

Mary C. Ottolini MD, MPH, FAAP, FHM

Chair, Academic Pediatric Association Education Committee Immediate Past Hospitalist Division Chief; Vice Chair for Medical Education, Children's National Medical Center

Professor of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine

Washington DC

Fluid and Electrolyte Management

Gastroenteritis

Education

Brian M. Pate, MD, FAAP, FHM

Section Chief, Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Vice Chairman, Inpatient Services, Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Missouri‐Kansas City School of Medicine

Business Practices

Asthma

Dana Patrick, RN, BSN

Transport Program Manager NICU\PICU, Rady Children's Hospital

San Diego, CA

Transport of the Critically Ill Child

Jack M. Percelay, MD, MPH, FAAP, FHM

Society of Hospital Medicine, Pediatric Board Member; Immediate Past‐Chair, AAP Section on Hospital Medicine, E.L.M.O. Pediatrics

Associate Professor, Pace University Physician Assistant Program

New York, New York

Advocacy

David Pressel, MD, PhD, FHM, FAAP

Director, General Pediatrics Inpatient Services, A.I. duPont Hospital for Children

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University

Wilmington, DE

Child Abuse and Neglect

Kris P Rehm, MD

Director, Division of Hospital Medicine, Monroe Carell Jr Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University

Nashville, TN

Respiratory Failure

Kyung E. Rhee, MD, MSc

Pediatric Hospitalist, Hasbro Children's Hospital and The Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University

Providence, RI

Fever of Unknown Origin

Mark F Riederer, MD

Pediatric Hospitalist, Monroe Carell Jr Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics,

Nashville, TN

Respiratory Failure

Michael Ruhlen, MD, MHCM, FAAP, FHM, FACHE

Vice President and Chief Medical Officer, Carolinas Medical Center Mercy

Carolinas Medical Center Pineville

Charlotte, NC

Legal Issues/Risk Management

Henry M. Seidel, MD

Professor Emeritus, Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics

Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Baltimore, MD

Communication

Anand Sekaran, MD

Medical Director, Inpatient Services, Connecticut Children's Medical Center

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine

Hartford, CT

Radiographic Interpretation

Kristin A. Shadman, MD, FAAP

Pediatric Hospitalist

Oxygen Delivery and Airway Management

Vipul Singla, MD, FAAP

Site Leader, Lake Forest Hospital (Children's Memorial Medical Group)

Instructor in Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine

Chicago, IL

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Karen Smith, MD, MEd

Chief Medical Officer, The HSC Pediatric Center

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine

Washington DC

Apparent Life‐Threatening Event

Jeffrey L. Sperring, MD

Chief Medical Officer, Riley Hospital for Children

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine

Indianapolis, IN

Bone and Joint Infections

Glenn Stryjewski, MD, MPH

Associate Residency Program Director, AI duPont Hospital for Children

Assistant professor of Pediatrics, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University

Wilmington, DE

Toxic Ingestion

Erin R. Stucky, MD, FAAP, FHM

Director of Graduate Medical Education, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego; Medical Director of Quality Improvement, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego; Associate Program Director, UCSD Pediatric Residency Program; Vice Chair for Clinical Affairs, UCSD Department of Pediatrics; Director, Pediatric Hospital Medicine Fellowship, Rady Children's Hospital

Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego

San Diego, CA

Evidence Based Medicine

Continuous Quality Improvement

Technology Dependent Children

E. Douglas Thompson, Jr., MD

Director, Pediatric Generalist Service, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine

Philadelphia, PA

Sickle Cell Disease

Michael Turmelle, MD

Pediatric Hospitalist, St. Louis Children's Hospital

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, MO

Non‐Invasive Monitoring

Macdara G. Tynan, MD, MBA, FAAP

Associate Director of Inpatient Pediatrics, Levine Children's Hospital

Charlotte, NC

Diabetes Mellitus

Toxic Ingestion

Ronald J. Williams, MD

Pediatric Hospitalist, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital

Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine, Penn State M. S. Hershey Medical Center

Hershey, PA

Upper Airway Infections

Heidi Wolf MD, FAAP

Director Pediatric Hospitalist Program, Johns Hopkins

Assistant Clinical Professor, John Hopkins University

Baltimore, MD

Fever of Unknown Origin

Neonatal Fever

Susan Wu, MD

Pediatric Hospitalist, Children's Hospital Los Angeles

Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine

Los Angeles, CA

Bronchiolitis

Lisa B. Zaoutis, MD

Section Chief of Inpatient Services, Division of General Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

Philadelphia, PA

Urinary Tract Infections

William T. Zempsky, MD

Associate Director; Division of Pain Medicine; Department of Pediatrics, Associate Director, Pain Relief Program, Connecticut Children's Medical Center

Professor of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine

Hartford, CT

Pain Management

Reviewers

Allison Ballantine, MD

Medical Director of the Integrated Care Service, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

Philadelphia, PA

Technology Dependent Children

Margaret Hood, MD, FAAP

Pediatric Hospitalist, Seattle Children's Hospital

Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington

Seattle, WA

Hospice and Palliative Care

Ethics

Brian Kit, MD, MPH

Anne Arundel Medical Center

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine

Annapolis, MD

Advocacy

Evelina M. Krieger, MD

Children's National Medical Center

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine

Washington, DC

Advocacy

Cynthia L. Kuelbs, MD

Medical Director, Chadwick Center for Child Abuse; Division Director Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital

Associate Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego

San Diego, CA

Child Abuse and Neglect

Christopher P. Landrigan, MD, MPH

Division Director, Pediatrics and Hospital Medicine; Research and Fellowship Director, Children's Hospital Boston Inpatient Pediatrics Service; Director, Sleep and Patient Safety Program at the Brigham and Women's Hospital, Children's Hospital Boston

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harvard Medical School

Boston, MA

Research

Michael Ruhlen, MD, MHCM, FAAP, FHM, FACHE

Vice President and Chief Medical Officer, Carolinas Medical Center Mercy

Carolinas Medical Center Pineville

Charlotte, NC

Legal Issues/Risk Management

Samir S. Shah, MD, MSCE

Senior Scholar, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

Assistant Professor, Departments of Pediatrics and Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

Philadelphia, PA

Research

Rajendu Srivastava, MD, FRCP(C), MPH

Director of Pediatric Research in the Inpatient Setting (PRIS) Network, Primary Children's Medical Center, Intermountain Healthcare Inc.

Associate Professor, Division of Inpatient Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah Health Sciences Center

Salt Lake City, UT

Research

Ben Bauer, MD, FAAP

Pediatric Hospital Medicine; Fellowship Director, Riley Children's Hospital, Indiana University School of Medicine

Indianapolis, IN

John Combes, MD

President/COO, Center for Healthcare Governance, American Hospital Association (AHA)

Washington, DC

Jennifer Daru, MD, FAAP, FHM

Chair‐elect AAP; Section on Hospital Medicine, American Academy of Pediatrics

San Francisco, CA

Jerrold Eichner, MD, FAAP

Chair, AAP National Committee on Hospital Care, American Academy of Pediatrics

Great Falls, MT

Rosemarie Faber, MSN/ED, RN, CCRN

Clinical Practice Specialist, American Association of Critical Care Nurses

Aliso Viejo, CA

Rani S Gereige, MD, MPH, FAAP

Director of Medical Education, Miami Children's Hospital

Miami, FL

David Jaimovich, MD, FAAP

President, QRI (Former Chief Medical Officer and Vice President for International Accreditation Services for Joint Commission Resources (JCR) and Joint Commission International (JCI)), Quality Resources International

Andrea Kline RN, MS, CPNP‐AC, CCRN, FCCM

Executive Board; Professional Issues; Pediatric Critical Care NP, National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners (NAPNAP)

Cherry Hill, NJ

David D. Lloyd, MD, FRCP(C), FAAP

Section Chief of General Pediatrics Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Director of Undergraduate Pediatric Education, Director of the Pediatric Hospitalist Fellowship, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine

Atlanta, GA

Patricia S. Lye, MD, FAAP

AAP Section on Hospital Medicine, American Academy of Pediatrics

Milwaukee, WI

Sanjay Mahant, MD, FRCPC

Pediatric Hospital Medicine Fellowship Director, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine

Toronto, Canada

Jennifer Maniscalco, MD, MPH, FAAP

Pediatric Hospital Medicine Fellowship Director, Children's Hospital Los Angeles

University of Southern California School of Medicine

Marlene Miller, MD, MSc, FAAP

Vice President for Quality, National Association of Children's Hospitals and Related Institutions (NACHRI)

Alexandria, VA

Paul E. Manicone, MD, FAAP

Associate Division Chief; Division of Hospitalist Medicine; Immediate past Fellowship Director, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine

Washington DC

Warren Newton, MD

American Board of Family Medicine Board of Directors: Research and Development, IT, and Communications/publications Committees; Executive Associate Dean for Medical Education and William B. Aycock Distinguished Professor and Chair, Department of Family Medicine at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, American Board of Family Medicine

Lexington, KY

Daniel Rauch, MD, FAAP, FHM

Chair, AAP Section on Hospital Medicine; Immediate Past Chair, Academic Pediatric Association Hospital Medicine Special Interest Group

AAP and APA

Ellen Schwalenstocker, PhD, MBA

Quality, Advocacy and Measurement, NACHRI

Alexandria, VA

Mary Jean Schuman, MSN, MBA, RN, CPNP

Chief Programs Officer, American Nursing Association

Silver Spring, MD

Neha H. Shah, MD, FAAP

Fellowship Director, Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Children's National Medical Center

George Washington University School of Medicine

Washington, DC

Geeta Singhal, MD, FAAP

Director, Pediatric Hospital Medicine Fellowship; Director, Faculty Inpatient Service; Co‐Director, PEM Faculty Development Program, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine

Houston, TX

Jeffrey L. Sperring, MD, FAAP

Chair, Academic Pediatric Association Hospital Medicine Special Interest Group

Chief Medical Officer, Academic Pediatric Association

Indianapolis, IN

Erin R. Stucky, MD, FAAP, FHM

Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Fellowship Director, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego

University of California San Diego School of Medicine

San Diego, CA

Editors

Michael G. Burke, MD, MBA

Chairman of Pediatrics, Saint Agnes Hospital

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Baltimore, MD

Douglas W. Carlson, MD

Chief, Pediatric Hospital Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital

Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Washington University

St. Louis, MO

Timothy T. Cornell, MD

C. S. Mott Women and Children's Hospital

Assistant Professor in the Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan

Ann Arbor, MI

Jack M. Percelay, MD, MPH, FAAP, FHM

Society of Hospital Medicine, Pediatric Board Member; Immediate Past‐Chair, AAP Section on Hospital Medicine, E.L.M.O. Pediatrics

Associate Professor, Pace University Physician Assistant Program

New York, New York

Daniel Rauch, MD, FAAP, FHM

Associate Director of Pediatrics, Elmhurst Hospital

New York

Anand Sekaran, MD

Medical Director, Inpatient Services, Connecticut Children's Medical Center

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine

Hartford, CT

E. Douglas Thompson, Jr., MD

Director, Pediatric Generalist Service, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine

Philadelphia, PA

Heidi Wolf MD, FAAP

Director Pediatric Hospitalist Program, Johns Hopkins

Assistant Clinical Professor, John Hopkins University

Baltimore, MD

David Zipes, MD FAAP, FHM

Director, St. Vincent Pediatric Hospitalists, Peyton Manning Children's Hospital at St. Vincent

Indianapolis, IN

Senior Editors

Jennifer Maniscalco, MD, MPH, FAAP

Director of Education, Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles

Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine

Los Angeles, CA

Mary C. Ottolini MD, MPH, FAAP, FHM

Chair, Academic Pediatric Association Education Committee Immediate Past Hospitalist Division Chief; Vice Chair for Medical Education, Children's National Medical Center

Professor of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine

Washington DC

Erin R. Stucky, MD, FAAP, FHM

Director of Graduate Medical Education, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego; Medical Director of Quality Improvement, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego; Associate Program Director, UCSD Pediatric Residency Program; Vice Chair for Clinical Affairs, UCSD Department of Pediatrics; Director, Pediatric Hospital Medicine Fellowship, Rady Children's Hospital

Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego

San Diego, CA

Rishi Agrawal, MD, MPH

Pediatric Hospitalist, Children's Memorial Hospital and LaRabida Children's Hospital

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine

Chicago, IL

Feeding Tubes

Brian Alverson, MD

Head, Pediatric Hospitalist Section, Hasbro Children's Hospital

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University

Providence, RI

Neonatal Fever

Pneumonia

Allison Ballantine, MD

Medical Director of the Integrated Care Service, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

Philadelphia, PA

Technology Dependent Children

Julia Beauchamp‐Walters, MD

Pediatric Emergency Transport Coordinator, CSSD, RCHHC Pediatric Emergency Transports, Rady Childrens Hospital

Clinical Instructor of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego

San Diego, CA

Transport of the Critically Ill Child

Glenn F. Billman, MD

Medical Safety and Regulatory Officer, Rady Children's Hospital

San Diego, CA

Patient Safety

April O. Buchanan, MD, FAAP

Vice Chair of Quality, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Greenville Hospital System University Medical Center

Assistant Professor of Clinical Pediatrics, University of South Carolina School of Medicine

Greenville, SC

Shock

Douglas W. Carlson, MD

Chief, Pediatric Hospital Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital

Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Washington University

St. Louis, MO

Procedural Sedation

Technology Dependent Children

Vincent W. Chiang, MD

Chief, Inpatient Services, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston

Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School

Boston, MA

Seizures

Michael R. Clemmens, MD

Director Pediatric Hospitalist Program, Anne Arundel Medical Center

Assistant Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine

Annapolis, MD

Acute Abdominal Pain and The Acute Abdomen

Jamie L. Clute, MD, FAAP, FHM

Medical Director, Inpatient Services, Joe Dimaggio Children's Hospital

Clinical Assistant Professor, NOVA Southeastern University, College of Osteopathic Medicine and Assistant Affiliate Professor, Barry University

Hollywood, FL

Kawasaki Disease

Shannon Connor Phillips, MD, MPH

Patient Safety Officer, Quality and Patient Safety Institute, Cleveland Clinic

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University

Cleveland, OH

Evidence Based Medicine

Tanya Dansky, MD

Medical Director, Children's Physicians Medical GroupMedical Director, San Diego Hospice and The Institute For Palliative Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital

Assistant Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego

San Diego, CA

Hospice and Palliative Care, Ethics

Jennifer Daru, MD, FAAP, FHM

Chief, Pediatric Hospitalist Division; Interim Chief, Pediatric and Neonatal Transport, California Pacific Medical Center

Clinical Assistant Professor (pending), University of California San Francisco

San Francisco, CA

Leading a Healthcare Team

Newborn Care and Delivery Room Management

Yasmeen N. Daud, MD

Director of Pediatric Hospitalist Sedation in the Pediatric Acute Wound Service and Director of the Pediatric Hospitalist After Hours Sedation Program, St. Louis Children's Hospital

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, MO

Oxygen Delivery and Airway Management

Craig DeWolfe, MD, MEd

Pediatric Hospitalist, Children's National Medical Center

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences

Washington DC

Apparent Life‐Threatening Event

Joseph M. Geskey, DO

Division Chief, Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Medical Director of Hospital Care Management, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital

Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Penn State M. S. Hershey Medical Center

Hershey, PA

Pneumonia

Upper Airway Infections

Bronchiolitis

Paul D. Hain, MD

Associate Chief of Staff, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University

Nashville, TN

Health Information Systems

Keith Herzog, MD

Pediatric Hospitalist, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine

Philadelphia, PA

Central Nervous System Infections

Margaret Hood, MD, FAAP

Pediatric Hospitalist, Seattle Children's Hospital

Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington

Seattle, WA

Diabetes Mellitus

Hospice and Palliative Care

Kevin B. Johnson, MD, MS

Vice Chair of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Associate Professor of Medical Informatics and Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Nashville, TN

Health Information Systems

Rick Johnson, MD, FAAP

Division Head, Regional Pediatrics, CCMC, and American Heart Association Regional and National PALS Faculty, Connecticut Children's Medical Center

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine

Hartford, CT

Pediatric Advanced Life Support

Brian Kelly, MD, MRCP (UK), FAAP

Pediatric Hospitalist, Ranken Jordan Pediatric Rehabilitative Hospital, St. Louis Children's Hospital

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, MO

Bladder Catheterization/Suprapubic Bladder Tap

Herbert C Kimmons, MD, MMM

President Children's Specialists of San Diego (Medical Quality Officer of Rady Children's Hospital of San Diego, 20062008), Children's Specialists of San Diego in California

Professor of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego

San Diego, CA

Continuous Quality Improvement

Patient Safety

Su‐Ting T. Li, MD, MPH

Associate Pediatric Residency Program Director, University of California, Davis

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis

Sacramento, CA

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Patricia S. Lye, MD

Medical Director, Hospitalists, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin

Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin

Milwaukee, WI

Transitions of Care

Jennifer Maniscalco, MD, MPH, FAAP

Director of Education, Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles

Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine

Los Angeles, CA

Failure to Thrive

Transitions of Care

Nutrition

David E. Marcello III, MD, FAAP

Pediatric Hospitalist, Connecticut Children's Medical Center

Assistant Professor in Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Medical School

Hartford, CT

Lumbar Puncture

Intravenous Access and Phlebotomy

Sanford M. Melzer, MD, MBA

Senior Vice President, Strategic Planning and Business Development, Seattle Children's Hospital

Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine

Seattle, WA

Cost Effective Care

Margaret I. Mikula, MD

Pediatric Hospitalist, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Penn State M. S. Hershey Medical Center

Hershey, PA

Pneumonia

Bronchiolitis

Laura J Mirkinson, MD, FAAP

Director of Pediatrics, Blythedale Children's Hospital

Valhalla, NY

Neonatal Jaundice

Christopher D. Miller, MD, FAAP

Pediatric Hospitalist and Allergist, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Missouri‐Kansas City School of Medicine

Kansas City, MO

Asthma

Christopher O'Hara, MD, FACP

St. Christopher's Hospital for Children

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine

Philadelphia PA

Pain Management

Mary C. Ottolini MD, MPH, FAAP, FHM

Chair, Academic Pediatric Association Education Committee Immediate Past Hospitalist Division Chief; Vice Chair for Medical Education, Children's National Medical Center

Professor of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine

Washington DC

Fluid and Electrolyte Management

Gastroenteritis

Education

Brian M. Pate, MD, FAAP, FHM

Section Chief, Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Vice Chairman, Inpatient Services, Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Missouri‐Kansas City School of Medicine

Business Practices

Asthma

Dana Patrick, RN, BSN

Transport Program Manager NICU\PICU, Rady Children's Hospital

San Diego, CA

Transport of the Critically Ill Child

Jack M. Percelay, MD, MPH, FAAP, FHM

Society of Hospital Medicine, Pediatric Board Member; Immediate Past‐Chair, AAP Section on Hospital Medicine, E.L.M.O. Pediatrics

Associate Professor, Pace University Physician Assistant Program

New York, New York

Advocacy

David Pressel, MD, PhD, FHM, FAAP

Director, General Pediatrics Inpatient Services, A.I. duPont Hospital for Children

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University

Wilmington, DE

Child Abuse and Neglect

Kris P Rehm, MD

Director, Division of Hospital Medicine, Monroe Carell Jr Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University

Nashville, TN

Respiratory Failure

Kyung E. Rhee, MD, MSc

Pediatric Hospitalist, Hasbro Children's Hospital and The Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University

Providence, RI

Fever of Unknown Origin

Mark F Riederer, MD

Pediatric Hospitalist, Monroe Carell Jr Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics,

Nashville, TN

Respiratory Failure

Michael Ruhlen, MD, MHCM, FAAP, FHM, FACHE

Vice President and Chief Medical Officer, Carolinas Medical Center Mercy

Carolinas Medical Center Pineville

Charlotte, NC

Legal Issues/Risk Management

Henry M. Seidel, MD

Professor Emeritus, Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics

Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Baltimore, MD

Communication

Anand Sekaran, MD

Medical Director, Inpatient Services, Connecticut Children's Medical Center

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine

Hartford, CT

Radiographic Interpretation

Kristin A. Shadman, MD, FAAP

Pediatric Hospitalist

Oxygen Delivery and Airway Management

Vipul Singla, MD, FAAP

Site Leader, Lake Forest Hospital (Children's Memorial Medical Group)

Instructor in Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine

Chicago, IL

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Karen Smith, MD, MEd

Chief Medical Officer, The HSC Pediatric Center

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine

Washington DC

Apparent Life‐Threatening Event

Jeffrey L. Sperring, MD

Chief Medical Officer, Riley Hospital for Children

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine

Indianapolis, IN

Bone and Joint Infections

Glenn Stryjewski, MD, MPH

Associate Residency Program Director, AI duPont Hospital for Children

Assistant professor of Pediatrics, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University

Wilmington, DE

Toxic Ingestion

Erin R. Stucky, MD, FAAP, FHM

Director of Graduate Medical Education, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego; Medical Director of Quality Improvement, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego; Associate Program Director, UCSD Pediatric Residency Program; Vice Chair for Clinical Affairs, UCSD Department of Pediatrics; Director, Pediatric Hospital Medicine Fellowship, Rady Children's Hospital

Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego

San Diego, CA

Evidence Based Medicine

Continuous Quality Improvement

Technology Dependent Children

E. Douglas Thompson, Jr., MD

Director, Pediatric Generalist Service, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine

Philadelphia, PA

Sickle Cell Disease

Michael Turmelle, MD

Pediatric Hospitalist, St. Louis Children's Hospital

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, MO

Non‐Invasive Monitoring

Macdara G. Tynan, MD, MBA, FAAP

Associate Director of Inpatient Pediatrics, Levine Children's Hospital

Charlotte, NC

Diabetes Mellitus

Toxic Ingestion

Ronald J. Williams, MD

Pediatric Hospitalist, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital

Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine, Penn State M. S. Hershey Medical Center

Hershey, PA

Upper Airway Infections

Heidi Wolf MD, FAAP

Director Pediatric Hospitalist Program, Johns Hopkins

Assistant Clinical Professor, John Hopkins University

Baltimore, MD

Fever of Unknown Origin

Neonatal Fever

Susan Wu, MD

Pediatric Hospitalist, Children's Hospital Los Angeles

Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine

Los Angeles, CA

Bronchiolitis

Lisa B. Zaoutis, MD

Section Chief of Inpatient Services, Division of General Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

Philadelphia, PA

Urinary Tract Infections

William T. Zempsky, MD

Associate Director; Division of Pain Medicine; Department of Pediatrics, Associate Director, Pain Relief Program, Connecticut Children's Medical Center

Professor of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine

Hartford, CT

Pain Management

Reviewers

Allison Ballantine, MD

Medical Director of the Integrated Care Service, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

Philadelphia, PA

Technology Dependent Children

Margaret Hood, MD, FAAP

Pediatric Hospitalist, Seattle Children's Hospital

Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington

Seattle, WA

Hospice and Palliative Care

Ethics

Brian Kit, MD, MPH

Anne Arundel Medical Center

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine

Annapolis, MD

Advocacy

Evelina M. Krieger, MD

Children's National Medical Center

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine

Washington, DC

Advocacy

Cynthia L. Kuelbs, MD

Medical Director, Chadwick Center for Child Abuse; Division Director Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital

Associate Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego

San Diego, CA

Child Abuse and Neglect

Christopher P. Landrigan, MD, MPH

Division Director, Pediatrics and Hospital Medicine; Research and Fellowship Director, Children's Hospital Boston Inpatient Pediatrics Service; Director, Sleep and Patient Safety Program at the Brigham and Women's Hospital, Children's Hospital Boston

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harvard Medical School

Boston, MA

Research

Michael Ruhlen, MD, MHCM, FAAP, FHM, FACHE

Vice President and Chief Medical Officer, Carolinas Medical Center Mercy

Carolinas Medical Center Pineville

Charlotte, NC

Legal Issues/Risk Management

Samir S. Shah, MD, MSCE

Senior Scholar, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

Assistant Professor, Departments of Pediatrics and Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

Philadelphia, PA

Research

Rajendu Srivastava, MD, FRCP(C), MPH

Director of Pediatric Research in the Inpatient Setting (PRIS) Network, Primary Children's Medical Center, Intermountain Healthcare Inc.

Associate Professor, Division of Inpatient Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah Health Sciences Center

Salt Lake City, UT

Research

Ben Bauer, MD, FAAP

Pediatric Hospital Medicine; Fellowship Director, Riley Children's Hospital, Indiana University School of Medicine

Indianapolis, IN

John Combes, MD

President/COO, Center for Healthcare Governance, American Hospital Association (AHA)

Washington, DC

Jennifer Daru, MD, FAAP, FHM

Chair‐elect AAP; Section on Hospital Medicine, American Academy of Pediatrics

San Francisco, CA

Jerrold Eichner, MD, FAAP

Chair, AAP National Committee on Hospital Care, American Academy of Pediatrics

Great Falls, MT

Rosemarie Faber, MSN/ED, RN, CCRN

Clinical Practice Specialist, American Association of Critical Care Nurses

Aliso Viejo, CA

Rani S Gereige, MD, MPH, FAAP

Director of Medical Education, Miami Children's Hospital

Miami, FL

David Jaimovich, MD, FAAP

President, QRI (Former Chief Medical Officer and Vice President for International Accreditation Services for Joint Commission Resources (JCR) and Joint Commission International (JCI)), Quality Resources International

Andrea Kline RN, MS, CPNP‐AC, CCRN, FCCM

Executive Board; Professional Issues; Pediatric Critical Care NP, National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners (NAPNAP)

Cherry Hill, NJ

David D. Lloyd, MD, FRCP(C), FAAP

Section Chief of General Pediatrics Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Director of Undergraduate Pediatric Education, Director of the Pediatric Hospitalist Fellowship, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine

Atlanta, GA

Patricia S. Lye, MD, FAAP

AAP Section on Hospital Medicine, American Academy of Pediatrics

Milwaukee, WI

Sanjay Mahant, MD, FRCPC

Pediatric Hospital Medicine Fellowship Director, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto School of Medicine

Toronto, Canada

Jennifer Maniscalco, MD, MPH, FAAP

Pediatric Hospital Medicine Fellowship Director, Children's Hospital Los Angeles

University of Southern California School of Medicine

Marlene Miller, MD, MSc, FAAP

Vice President for Quality, National Association of Children's Hospitals and Related Institutions (NACHRI)

Alexandria, VA

Paul E. Manicone, MD, FAAP

Associate Division Chief; Division of Hospitalist Medicine; Immediate past Fellowship Director, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine

Washington DC

Warren Newton, MD

American Board of Family Medicine Board of Directors: Research and Development, IT, and Communications/publications Committees; Executive Associate Dean for Medical Education and William B. Aycock Distinguished Professor and Chair, Department of Family Medicine at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, American Board of Family Medicine

Lexington, KY

Daniel Rauch, MD, FAAP, FHM

Chair, AAP Section on Hospital Medicine; Immediate Past Chair, Academic Pediatric Association Hospital Medicine Special Interest Group

AAP and APA

Ellen Schwalenstocker, PhD, MBA

Quality, Advocacy and Measurement, NACHRI

Alexandria, VA

Mary Jean Schuman, MSN, MBA, RN, CPNP

Chief Programs Officer, American Nursing Association

Silver Spring, MD

Neha H. Shah, MD, FAAP

Fellowship Director, Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Children's National Medical Center

George Washington University School of Medicine

Washington, DC

Geeta Singhal, MD, FAAP

Director, Pediatric Hospital Medicine Fellowship; Director, Faculty Inpatient Service; Co‐Director, PEM Faculty Development Program, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine

Houston, TX

Jeffrey L. Sperring, MD, FAAP

Chair, Academic Pediatric Association Hospital Medicine Special Interest Group

Chief Medical Officer, Academic Pediatric Association

Indianapolis, IN

Erin R. Stucky, MD, FAAP, FHM

Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Fellowship Director, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego

University of California San Diego School of Medicine

San Diego, CA

Editors

Michael G. Burke, MD, MBA

Chairman of Pediatrics, Saint Agnes Hospital

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Baltimore, MD

Douglas W. Carlson, MD

Chief, Pediatric Hospital Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital

Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Washington University

St. Louis, MO

Timothy T. Cornell, MD

C. S. Mott Women and Children's Hospital

Assistant Professor in the Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan

Ann Arbor, MI

Jack M. Percelay, MD, MPH, FAAP, FHM

Society of Hospital Medicine, Pediatric Board Member; Immediate Past‐Chair, AAP Section on Hospital Medicine, E.L.M.O. Pediatrics

Associate Professor, Pace University Physician Assistant Program

New York, New York

Daniel Rauch, MD, FAAP, FHM

Associate Director of Pediatrics, Elmhurst Hospital

New York

Anand Sekaran, MD

Medical Director, Inpatient Services, Connecticut Children's Medical Center

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine

Hartford, CT

E. Douglas Thompson, Jr., MD

Director, Pediatric Generalist Service, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine

Philadelphia, PA

Heidi Wolf MD, FAAP

Director Pediatric Hospitalist Program, Johns Hopkins

Assistant Clinical Professor, John Hopkins University

Baltimore, MD

David Zipes, MD FAAP, FHM

Director, St. Vincent Pediatric Hospitalists, Peyton Manning Children's Hospital at St. Vincent

Indianapolis, IN

Senior Editors

Jennifer Maniscalco, MD, MPH, FAAP

Director of Education, Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles

Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine

Los Angeles, CA

Mary C. Ottolini MD, MPH, FAAP, FHM

Chair, Academic Pediatric Association Education Committee Immediate Past Hospitalist Division Chief; Vice Chair for Medical Education, Children's National Medical Center

Professor of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine

Washington DC

Erin R. Stucky, MD, FAAP, FHM

Director of Graduate Medical Education, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego; Medical Director of Quality Improvement, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego; Associate Program Director, UCSD Pediatric Residency Program; Vice Chair for Clinical Affairs, UCSD Department of Pediatrics; Director, Pediatric Hospital Medicine Fellowship, Rady Children's Hospital

Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego

San Diego, CA

Issue
Journal of Hospital Medicine - 5(2)
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Journal of Hospital Medicine - 5(2)
Page Number
vii-xv
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vii-xv
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Transitions of care

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Transitions of care

Introduction

Transitions of care occur when a patient moves from one level of care to another or from one institution to another. One component of transitions of care is the patient handoff, which refers to the interaction between providers when responsibility for patient care is transferred from one provider to another. Ineffective transitions of care jeopardize patient safety and may result in adverse events, increased healthcare utilization, and patient or caregiver stress. Thus, every transition of care should involve a set of actions designed to ensure that the transfer is safe, efficient, and effective. Pediatric hospitalists are routinely involved in patient transfers and can lead institutional efforts to promote optimal patient handoffs and transitions of care.

Knowledge

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Compare and contrast patient handoffs with transitions of care.

  • List the critical elements that should be communicated between providers at the time of a patient handoff, and describe how these elements may vary depending on characteristics of the patient or the provider.

  • List the relevant information that should be communicated during each transition of care to ensure patient safety and promote the continuum of care.

  • Explain the pros and cons of different modes of communication in the context of the various types of patient transfers.

  • Differentiate between the available levels of care and determine the most appropriate option for each patient, taking the need for isolation and level of nursing care into account.

  • Describe the impact of the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) on patient transfers.

  • Articulate the National Patient Safety Goals that relate to transitions of care, including effectiveness of communication and medication reconciliation.

 

Skills

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Prepare concise clinical summaries in preparation for patient handoffs or transitions of care, incorporating key elements as appropriate.

  • Utilize the most efficient and reliable mode of communication for each transition of care.

  • Arrange safe and efficient transfers to, from, and within the inpatient setting.

  • Promptly review the medical information received from referring providers and clarify any discrepancies when accepting a new patient.

  • Anticipate needs at the time of discharge and begin discharge planning early in the hospitalization.

  • Provide legible and clear discharge instructions that take into account the primary language and reading level of the patient and caregiver and include information about available resources after discharge should questions arise.

  • Communicate effectively with the primary care provider and other providers as necessary at the time of admission, discharge, and when there is a significant change in clinical status.

  • Accurately and completely reconcile medications during transitions of care.

  • Develop systems to ensure the future comprehensive review of patient data that was pending at the time of discharge.

 

Attitudes

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Appreciate the impact of ineffective handoffs and transitions of care on patient safety and quality of care.

  • Demonstrate respect for referring physicians and seek their input when developing protocols for communication during transitions of care.

  • Appreciate the impact of the transfer on the patient and caregiver and ensure their goals and preferences are incorporated into the care plan at all stages of the transition of care.

  • Take responsibility for the coordination of a multidisciplinary approach to patient and caregiver education in preparation for the transition of care.

  • Maintain availability to patients, caregivers, and providers after transitions of care should questions arise.

 

Systems Organization and Improvement

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Lead, coordinate, or participate in the ongoing evaluation and improvement of the referral, admission, and discharge processes at their institution, taking into account input from stakeholders.

  • Lead, coordinate, or participate in initiatives to develop and implement systems that promote timely and effective communication between providers during handoffs and transitions of care.

 

Article PDF
Issue
Journal of Hospital Medicine - 5(2)
Page Number
108-109
Sections
Article PDF
Article PDF

Introduction

Transitions of care occur when a patient moves from one level of care to another or from one institution to another. One component of transitions of care is the patient handoff, which refers to the interaction between providers when responsibility for patient care is transferred from one provider to another. Ineffective transitions of care jeopardize patient safety and may result in adverse events, increased healthcare utilization, and patient or caregiver stress. Thus, every transition of care should involve a set of actions designed to ensure that the transfer is safe, efficient, and effective. Pediatric hospitalists are routinely involved in patient transfers and can lead institutional efforts to promote optimal patient handoffs and transitions of care.

Knowledge

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Compare and contrast patient handoffs with transitions of care.

  • List the critical elements that should be communicated between providers at the time of a patient handoff, and describe how these elements may vary depending on characteristics of the patient or the provider.

  • List the relevant information that should be communicated during each transition of care to ensure patient safety and promote the continuum of care.

  • Explain the pros and cons of different modes of communication in the context of the various types of patient transfers.

  • Differentiate between the available levels of care and determine the most appropriate option for each patient, taking the need for isolation and level of nursing care into account.

  • Describe the impact of the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) on patient transfers.

  • Articulate the National Patient Safety Goals that relate to transitions of care, including effectiveness of communication and medication reconciliation.

 

Skills

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Prepare concise clinical summaries in preparation for patient handoffs or transitions of care, incorporating key elements as appropriate.

  • Utilize the most efficient and reliable mode of communication for each transition of care.

  • Arrange safe and efficient transfers to, from, and within the inpatient setting.

  • Promptly review the medical information received from referring providers and clarify any discrepancies when accepting a new patient.

  • Anticipate needs at the time of discharge and begin discharge planning early in the hospitalization.

  • Provide legible and clear discharge instructions that take into account the primary language and reading level of the patient and caregiver and include information about available resources after discharge should questions arise.

  • Communicate effectively with the primary care provider and other providers as necessary at the time of admission, discharge, and when there is a significant change in clinical status.

  • Accurately and completely reconcile medications during transitions of care.

  • Develop systems to ensure the future comprehensive review of patient data that was pending at the time of discharge.

 

Attitudes

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Appreciate the impact of ineffective handoffs and transitions of care on patient safety and quality of care.

  • Demonstrate respect for referring physicians and seek their input when developing protocols for communication during transitions of care.

  • Appreciate the impact of the transfer on the patient and caregiver and ensure their goals and preferences are incorporated into the care plan at all stages of the transition of care.

  • Take responsibility for the coordination of a multidisciplinary approach to patient and caregiver education in preparation for the transition of care.

  • Maintain availability to patients, caregivers, and providers after transitions of care should questions arise.

 

Systems Organization and Improvement

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Lead, coordinate, or participate in the ongoing evaluation and improvement of the referral, admission, and discharge processes at their institution, taking into account input from stakeholders.

  • Lead, coordinate, or participate in initiatives to develop and implement systems that promote timely and effective communication between providers during handoffs and transitions of care.

 

Introduction

Transitions of care occur when a patient moves from one level of care to another or from one institution to another. One component of transitions of care is the patient handoff, which refers to the interaction between providers when responsibility for patient care is transferred from one provider to another. Ineffective transitions of care jeopardize patient safety and may result in adverse events, increased healthcare utilization, and patient or caregiver stress. Thus, every transition of care should involve a set of actions designed to ensure that the transfer is safe, efficient, and effective. Pediatric hospitalists are routinely involved in patient transfers and can lead institutional efforts to promote optimal patient handoffs and transitions of care.

Knowledge

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Compare and contrast patient handoffs with transitions of care.

  • List the critical elements that should be communicated between providers at the time of a patient handoff, and describe how these elements may vary depending on characteristics of the patient or the provider.

  • List the relevant information that should be communicated during each transition of care to ensure patient safety and promote the continuum of care.

  • Explain the pros and cons of different modes of communication in the context of the various types of patient transfers.

  • Differentiate between the available levels of care and determine the most appropriate option for each patient, taking the need for isolation and level of nursing care into account.

  • Describe the impact of the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) on patient transfers.

  • Articulate the National Patient Safety Goals that relate to transitions of care, including effectiveness of communication and medication reconciliation.

 

Skills

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Prepare concise clinical summaries in preparation for patient handoffs or transitions of care, incorporating key elements as appropriate.

  • Utilize the most efficient and reliable mode of communication for each transition of care.

  • Arrange safe and efficient transfers to, from, and within the inpatient setting.

  • Promptly review the medical information received from referring providers and clarify any discrepancies when accepting a new patient.

  • Anticipate needs at the time of discharge and begin discharge planning early in the hospitalization.

  • Provide legible and clear discharge instructions that take into account the primary language and reading level of the patient and caregiver and include information about available resources after discharge should questions arise.

  • Communicate effectively with the primary care provider and other providers as necessary at the time of admission, discharge, and when there is a significant change in clinical status.

  • Accurately and completely reconcile medications during transitions of care.

  • Develop systems to ensure the future comprehensive review of patient data that was pending at the time of discharge.

 

Attitudes

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Appreciate the impact of ineffective handoffs and transitions of care on patient safety and quality of care.

  • Demonstrate respect for referring physicians and seek their input when developing protocols for communication during transitions of care.

  • Appreciate the impact of the transfer on the patient and caregiver and ensure their goals and preferences are incorporated into the care plan at all stages of the transition of care.

  • Take responsibility for the coordination of a multidisciplinary approach to patient and caregiver education in preparation for the transition of care.

  • Maintain availability to patients, caregivers, and providers after transitions of care should questions arise.

 

Systems Organization and Improvement

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Lead, coordinate, or participate in the ongoing evaluation and improvement of the referral, admission, and discharge processes at their institution, taking into account input from stakeholders.

  • Lead, coordinate, or participate in initiatives to develop and implement systems that promote timely and effective communication between providers during handoffs and transitions of care.

 

Issue
Journal of Hospital Medicine - 5(2)
Issue
Journal of Hospital Medicine - 5(2)
Page Number
108-109
Page Number
108-109
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Transitions of care
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Transitions of care
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Neonatal jaundice

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Neonatal jaundice

Introduction

Jaundice due to unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is the most common complication of the normal newborn period and occurs in nearly 50% of normal term newborns. Physiologic jaundice occurs as serum bilirubin rises from 1.5mg/dL in cord blood to 6 mg/dL by day 3 of life, followed by a subsequent decline to normal (less than 1 mg/dL) by day 10‐12 of life. Physiologic jaundice is a normal process and does not cause morbidity but must be distinguished from pathologic jaundice. Pathologic jaundice can be due to a number of underlying etiologies and may present when there is an onset of clinical jaundice at less than 24 hours of life, the rate of rise of bilirubin is greater than 0.5mg/dL per hour, the serum bilirubin concentration is greater than 20 mg/dL, or the direct (conjugated) bilirubin level is either greater than 2mg/dL or more than 10% of the total bilirubin concentration. Failure to recognize severe hyperbilirubinemia and pathologic jaundice may result in severe morbidity, including bilirubin encephalopathy (kernicterus). Pediatric hospitalists are often asked to provide consultation regarding necessity for admission as well as render inpatient care, and must be knowledgeable about diagnosis and treatment of neonatal jaundice

Knowledge

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Describe the physiology of bilirubin production and metabolism including the pathophysiology that leads to jaundice.

  • Compare and contrast the features that distinguish pathologic jaundice from physiologic jaundice.

  • List the elements of the birth and family histories and review of systems which may aid in determining the etiology of the jaundice.

  • Cite the physical examination findings which may support a potential underlying diagnosis attending to skin, abdominal, dysmorphic features and others.

  • Discuss risk factors for pathologic jaundice such as prematurity and sepsis.

  • Describe the differential diagnosis of direct and indirect hyperbilirubinemia attending to inborn error of metabolism, sepsis, anatomic defects, hemolytic diseases, and others.

  • Compare and contrast the pathophysiology and epidemiology breast milk jaundice versus breastfeeding jaundice.

  • Review the pathophysiology involved in development of kernicterus including associated factors affecting the blood‐brain barrier such as acidosis and prematurity.

  • Review the approach toward diagnosis including commonly performed laboratory tests.

  • Describe the use of diagnostic imaging in evaluating direct hyperbilirubinemia.

  • Explain the current national recommendations for the management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn.

 

Skills

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Recognize jaundice during a newborn physical examination.

  • Accurately obtain information from the newborn and maternal histories.

  • Perform a comprehensive exam, eliciting findings to support potential underlying diagnoses.

  • Correctly order and interpret bilirubin results based on risk factors for developing kernicterus.

  • Correctly order and interpret other studies to diagnose underlying conditions.

  • Recognize indications for initiating, continuing and discontinuing phototherapy and/or exchange transfusion.

  • Efficiently obtain appropriate consultative services for infants with cholestatic jaundice or possible pathologic underlying condition.

  • Identify neonates requiring a higher level of care and efficiently coordinate transfer.

  • Perform careful reassessments daily and as needed, note changes in clinical status and respond with appropriate actions.

  • Efficiently render care by creating a discharge plan that includes an efficient and comprehensive hand‐off communication with specific outpatient follow‐up needs such as weight checks and repeat lab testing as appropriate.

 

Attitudes

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Educate the family/caregiver and other professional staff regarding the risks, evaluation and therapies available for hyperbilirubinemia.

  • Coordinate discharge plans with the primary care provider and home care agencies as appropriate.

 

Systems Organization and Improvement

In order to improve efficiency and quality within their organizations, pediatric hospitalists should:

  • Lead, coordinate or participate in the development and implementation of cost‐effective, safe, evidence‐based care pathways to standardize the evaluation and management of hospitalized neonates with jaundice.

  • Lead, coordinate or participate in education programs for the family/caregiver and the community to increase awareness of evidence‐based guidelines and strategies to reduce admission rates.

 

Article PDF
Issue
Journal of Hospital Medicine - 5(2)
Page Number
25-26
Sections
Article PDF
Article PDF

Introduction

Jaundice due to unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is the most common complication of the normal newborn period and occurs in nearly 50% of normal term newborns. Physiologic jaundice occurs as serum bilirubin rises from 1.5mg/dL in cord blood to 6 mg/dL by day 3 of life, followed by a subsequent decline to normal (less than 1 mg/dL) by day 10‐12 of life. Physiologic jaundice is a normal process and does not cause morbidity but must be distinguished from pathologic jaundice. Pathologic jaundice can be due to a number of underlying etiologies and may present when there is an onset of clinical jaundice at less than 24 hours of life, the rate of rise of bilirubin is greater than 0.5mg/dL per hour, the serum bilirubin concentration is greater than 20 mg/dL, or the direct (conjugated) bilirubin level is either greater than 2mg/dL or more than 10% of the total bilirubin concentration. Failure to recognize severe hyperbilirubinemia and pathologic jaundice may result in severe morbidity, including bilirubin encephalopathy (kernicterus). Pediatric hospitalists are often asked to provide consultation regarding necessity for admission as well as render inpatient care, and must be knowledgeable about diagnosis and treatment of neonatal jaundice

Knowledge

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Describe the physiology of bilirubin production and metabolism including the pathophysiology that leads to jaundice.

  • Compare and contrast the features that distinguish pathologic jaundice from physiologic jaundice.

  • List the elements of the birth and family histories and review of systems which may aid in determining the etiology of the jaundice.

  • Cite the physical examination findings which may support a potential underlying diagnosis attending to skin, abdominal, dysmorphic features and others.

  • Discuss risk factors for pathologic jaundice such as prematurity and sepsis.

  • Describe the differential diagnosis of direct and indirect hyperbilirubinemia attending to inborn error of metabolism, sepsis, anatomic defects, hemolytic diseases, and others.

  • Compare and contrast the pathophysiology and epidemiology breast milk jaundice versus breastfeeding jaundice.

  • Review the pathophysiology involved in development of kernicterus including associated factors affecting the blood‐brain barrier such as acidosis and prematurity.

  • Review the approach toward diagnosis including commonly performed laboratory tests.

  • Describe the use of diagnostic imaging in evaluating direct hyperbilirubinemia.

  • Explain the current national recommendations for the management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn.

 

Skills

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Recognize jaundice during a newborn physical examination.

  • Accurately obtain information from the newborn and maternal histories.

  • Perform a comprehensive exam, eliciting findings to support potential underlying diagnoses.

  • Correctly order and interpret bilirubin results based on risk factors for developing kernicterus.

  • Correctly order and interpret other studies to diagnose underlying conditions.

  • Recognize indications for initiating, continuing and discontinuing phototherapy and/or exchange transfusion.

  • Efficiently obtain appropriate consultative services for infants with cholestatic jaundice or possible pathologic underlying condition.

  • Identify neonates requiring a higher level of care and efficiently coordinate transfer.

  • Perform careful reassessments daily and as needed, note changes in clinical status and respond with appropriate actions.

  • Efficiently render care by creating a discharge plan that includes an efficient and comprehensive hand‐off communication with specific outpatient follow‐up needs such as weight checks and repeat lab testing as appropriate.

 

Attitudes

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Educate the family/caregiver and other professional staff regarding the risks, evaluation and therapies available for hyperbilirubinemia.

  • Coordinate discharge plans with the primary care provider and home care agencies as appropriate.

 

Systems Organization and Improvement

In order to improve efficiency and quality within their organizations, pediatric hospitalists should:

  • Lead, coordinate or participate in the development and implementation of cost‐effective, safe, evidence‐based care pathways to standardize the evaluation and management of hospitalized neonates with jaundice.

  • Lead, coordinate or participate in education programs for the family/caregiver and the community to increase awareness of evidence‐based guidelines and strategies to reduce admission rates.

 

Introduction

Jaundice due to unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is the most common complication of the normal newborn period and occurs in nearly 50% of normal term newborns. Physiologic jaundice occurs as serum bilirubin rises from 1.5mg/dL in cord blood to 6 mg/dL by day 3 of life, followed by a subsequent decline to normal (less than 1 mg/dL) by day 10‐12 of life. Physiologic jaundice is a normal process and does not cause morbidity but must be distinguished from pathologic jaundice. Pathologic jaundice can be due to a number of underlying etiologies and may present when there is an onset of clinical jaundice at less than 24 hours of life, the rate of rise of bilirubin is greater than 0.5mg/dL per hour, the serum bilirubin concentration is greater than 20 mg/dL, or the direct (conjugated) bilirubin level is either greater than 2mg/dL or more than 10% of the total bilirubin concentration. Failure to recognize severe hyperbilirubinemia and pathologic jaundice may result in severe morbidity, including bilirubin encephalopathy (kernicterus). Pediatric hospitalists are often asked to provide consultation regarding necessity for admission as well as render inpatient care, and must be knowledgeable about diagnosis and treatment of neonatal jaundice

Knowledge

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Describe the physiology of bilirubin production and metabolism including the pathophysiology that leads to jaundice.

  • Compare and contrast the features that distinguish pathologic jaundice from physiologic jaundice.

  • List the elements of the birth and family histories and review of systems which may aid in determining the etiology of the jaundice.

  • Cite the physical examination findings which may support a potential underlying diagnosis attending to skin, abdominal, dysmorphic features and others.

  • Discuss risk factors for pathologic jaundice such as prematurity and sepsis.

  • Describe the differential diagnosis of direct and indirect hyperbilirubinemia attending to inborn error of metabolism, sepsis, anatomic defects, hemolytic diseases, and others.

  • Compare and contrast the pathophysiology and epidemiology breast milk jaundice versus breastfeeding jaundice.

  • Review the pathophysiology involved in development of kernicterus including associated factors affecting the blood‐brain barrier such as acidosis and prematurity.

  • Review the approach toward diagnosis including commonly performed laboratory tests.

  • Describe the use of diagnostic imaging in evaluating direct hyperbilirubinemia.

  • Explain the current national recommendations for the management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn.

 

Skills

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Recognize jaundice during a newborn physical examination.

  • Accurately obtain information from the newborn and maternal histories.

  • Perform a comprehensive exam, eliciting findings to support potential underlying diagnoses.

  • Correctly order and interpret bilirubin results based on risk factors for developing kernicterus.

  • Correctly order and interpret other studies to diagnose underlying conditions.

  • Recognize indications for initiating, continuing and discontinuing phototherapy and/or exchange transfusion.

  • Efficiently obtain appropriate consultative services for infants with cholestatic jaundice or possible pathologic underlying condition.

  • Identify neonates requiring a higher level of care and efficiently coordinate transfer.

  • Perform careful reassessments daily and as needed, note changes in clinical status and respond with appropriate actions.

  • Efficiently render care by creating a discharge plan that includes an efficient and comprehensive hand‐off communication with specific outpatient follow‐up needs such as weight checks and repeat lab testing as appropriate.

 

Attitudes

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Educate the family/caregiver and other professional staff regarding the risks, evaluation and therapies available for hyperbilirubinemia.

  • Coordinate discharge plans with the primary care provider and home care agencies as appropriate.

 

Systems Organization and Improvement

In order to improve efficiency and quality within their organizations, pediatric hospitalists should:

  • Lead, coordinate or participate in the development and implementation of cost‐effective, safe, evidence‐based care pathways to standardize the evaluation and management of hospitalized neonates with jaundice.

  • Lead, coordinate or participate in education programs for the family/caregiver and the community to increase awareness of evidence‐based guidelines and strategies to reduce admission rates.

 

Issue
Journal of Hospital Medicine - 5(2)
Issue
Journal of Hospital Medicine - 5(2)
Page Number
25-26
Page Number
25-26
Article Type
Display Headline
Neonatal jaundice
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Neonatal jaundice
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Pediatric advanced life support

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Pediatric advanced life support

Introduction

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the American Heart Association (AHA), in conjunction with International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR), developed the Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) curriculum. The course teaches healthcare providers to more effectively recognize potential respiratory failure and shock in infants and children and to respond with early appropriate interventions to prevent cardiopulmonary arrest. The hallmark of the PALS curriculum is the rapid identification of life threatening conditions in infants and children by utilizing a 4‐tiered Pediatric Assessment scheme focused on simplicity and graduated to provoke timely and appropriate early interventions. The scheme uses a recurring cycle of assess‐categorize‐decide‐act management scheme for the management of seriously ill or injured infants and children. This scheme funnels emergency decision making into respiratory (distress or failure) and circulatory (compensated or hypotensive) categories, which can be further defined, based upon additional information gathered in the 4‐tiered assessment process. The PALS curriculum further emphasizes the importance of the Resuscitation Team Concept, which encourages clear, collaborative communication. The Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP), also offered by the AAP and AHA, addresses the resuscitation of the newborn in the delivery room or in the neonatal intensive care unit and is discussed elsewhere in this publication. Pediatric hospitalists frequently encounter clinical situations that require immediate intervention based on these guidelines.

Knowledge

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Define the roles, team composition, and responsibilities of rapid response and code blue teams, noting local context.

  • List the common etiologies and recognize early signs of respiratory failure and all forms of shock, attending to variations in each due to age.

  • Describe how deterioration can lead to cardiopulmonary arrest when early signs of distress are not recognized or acted upon.

  • Discuss the utility of early warning systems/pediatric rapid assessment tools designed to anticipate significant clinical instability within the local context.

  • Describe how basic airway, breathing, circulation, and disability, and exposure (ABCDE) life support maneuvers differ with age from newborns to infants and older children.

  • Summarize the modalities commonly available to support the airway, breathing and circulation in children with worsening respiratory distress, in increasing intensity/emnvasiveness.

  • Compare and contrast the advantages, disadvantages, and proper selection of bag‐mask ventilation versus advanced airway management techniques.

  • Describe the pathophysiology of hypovolemic, septic, and cardiogenic shock.

  • Review the approach toward stabilization of hypovolemic, septic and cardiogenic shock, attending to varied age groups and including treatments and testing.

  • Explain how assessment tools and interventions should be customized for special resuscitation situations such as trauma, toxicological emergencies, rapid sequence intubation, procedural sedation, children with special health care needs and others.

  • List common pediatric cardiac dysrhythmias and describe the most appropriate algorithm to apply for each.

  • Describe the appropriate context and use of automated external defibrillators in children.

  • Review the management of post resuscitation care and transport.

  • Discuss the basic pharmacology of drugs most commonly utilized in PALS.

 

Skills

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Successfully complete the Pediatric Advanced Life Support course and maintain certification.

  • Recognize early warning signs of acute respiratory distress and cardiac compromise and institute corrective actions to avert further deterioration.

  • Identify patients requiring institution of PALS techniques, accurately perform rapid assessment, and apply appropriate interventions.

  • Perform effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation and basic life support skills.

  • Perform effective resuscitation and stabilization of newborns in the delivery room as appropriate for local context.

  • Efficiently stabilize the airway, using effective non‐invasive and invasive airway management techniques in collaboration with other services as appropriate.

  • Efficiently obtain peripheral or central vascular access by placement if intravenous, intraosseous or central venous catheters in collaboration with other services as appropriate.

  • Correctly identify and treat common pediatric cardiac dysrhythmias.

  • Correctly utilize an Automated External Defibrillator under appropriate circumstances.

  • Effectively use weight/size based resuscitation tools.

  • Correctly apply PALS principles to special resuscitation situations such as toxicological emergencies, procedural sedation, or trauma.

 

Attitudes

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Effectively lead or participate as a member of a stabilization (rapid response) and/or resuscitation (code blue) team.

  • Communicate effectively and compassionately with the family/caregiver.

  • Advocate for family/caregiver presence during resuscitation when appropriate.

  • Collaborate with the primary care provider to enhance support for the family/caregiver.

 

Systems Organization and Improvement

In order to improve efficiency and quality within their organizations, pediatric hospitalists should:

  • Lead, coordinate or participate in the development of a local Pediatric Advanced Life Support training program.

  • Work with hospital administration to ensure code carts are pediatric‐specific and contain adequate, appropriate equipment.

  • Work with hospital administration to create inter‐facility transport and affiliation agreements between community hospitals and pediatric tertiary care centers to foster effective and appropriate triage of sick and injured children.

  • Advocate for statewide Emergency Medical Systems (EMS) for Children program which places pediatric emergency care in its proper place within the EMS system.

 

Article PDF
Issue
Journal of Hospital Medicine - 5(2)
Page Number
65-66
Sections
Article PDF
Article PDF

Introduction

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the American Heart Association (AHA), in conjunction with International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR), developed the Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) curriculum. The course teaches healthcare providers to more effectively recognize potential respiratory failure and shock in infants and children and to respond with early appropriate interventions to prevent cardiopulmonary arrest. The hallmark of the PALS curriculum is the rapid identification of life threatening conditions in infants and children by utilizing a 4‐tiered Pediatric Assessment scheme focused on simplicity and graduated to provoke timely and appropriate early interventions. The scheme uses a recurring cycle of assess‐categorize‐decide‐act management scheme for the management of seriously ill or injured infants and children. This scheme funnels emergency decision making into respiratory (distress or failure) and circulatory (compensated or hypotensive) categories, which can be further defined, based upon additional information gathered in the 4‐tiered assessment process. The PALS curriculum further emphasizes the importance of the Resuscitation Team Concept, which encourages clear, collaborative communication. The Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP), also offered by the AAP and AHA, addresses the resuscitation of the newborn in the delivery room or in the neonatal intensive care unit and is discussed elsewhere in this publication. Pediatric hospitalists frequently encounter clinical situations that require immediate intervention based on these guidelines.

Knowledge

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Define the roles, team composition, and responsibilities of rapid response and code blue teams, noting local context.

  • List the common etiologies and recognize early signs of respiratory failure and all forms of shock, attending to variations in each due to age.

  • Describe how deterioration can lead to cardiopulmonary arrest when early signs of distress are not recognized or acted upon.

  • Discuss the utility of early warning systems/pediatric rapid assessment tools designed to anticipate significant clinical instability within the local context.

  • Describe how basic airway, breathing, circulation, and disability, and exposure (ABCDE) life support maneuvers differ with age from newborns to infants and older children.

  • Summarize the modalities commonly available to support the airway, breathing and circulation in children with worsening respiratory distress, in increasing intensity/emnvasiveness.

  • Compare and contrast the advantages, disadvantages, and proper selection of bag‐mask ventilation versus advanced airway management techniques.

  • Describe the pathophysiology of hypovolemic, septic, and cardiogenic shock.

  • Review the approach toward stabilization of hypovolemic, septic and cardiogenic shock, attending to varied age groups and including treatments and testing.

  • Explain how assessment tools and interventions should be customized for special resuscitation situations such as trauma, toxicological emergencies, rapid sequence intubation, procedural sedation, children with special health care needs and others.

  • List common pediatric cardiac dysrhythmias and describe the most appropriate algorithm to apply for each.

  • Describe the appropriate context and use of automated external defibrillators in children.

  • Review the management of post resuscitation care and transport.

  • Discuss the basic pharmacology of drugs most commonly utilized in PALS.

 

Skills

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Successfully complete the Pediatric Advanced Life Support course and maintain certification.

  • Recognize early warning signs of acute respiratory distress and cardiac compromise and institute corrective actions to avert further deterioration.

  • Identify patients requiring institution of PALS techniques, accurately perform rapid assessment, and apply appropriate interventions.

  • Perform effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation and basic life support skills.

  • Perform effective resuscitation and stabilization of newborns in the delivery room as appropriate for local context.

  • Efficiently stabilize the airway, using effective non‐invasive and invasive airway management techniques in collaboration with other services as appropriate.

  • Efficiently obtain peripheral or central vascular access by placement if intravenous, intraosseous or central venous catheters in collaboration with other services as appropriate.

  • Correctly identify and treat common pediatric cardiac dysrhythmias.

  • Correctly utilize an Automated External Defibrillator under appropriate circumstances.

  • Effectively use weight/size based resuscitation tools.

  • Correctly apply PALS principles to special resuscitation situations such as toxicological emergencies, procedural sedation, or trauma.

 

Attitudes

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Effectively lead or participate as a member of a stabilization (rapid response) and/or resuscitation (code blue) team.

  • Communicate effectively and compassionately with the family/caregiver.

  • Advocate for family/caregiver presence during resuscitation when appropriate.

  • Collaborate with the primary care provider to enhance support for the family/caregiver.

 

Systems Organization and Improvement

In order to improve efficiency and quality within their organizations, pediatric hospitalists should:

  • Lead, coordinate or participate in the development of a local Pediatric Advanced Life Support training program.

  • Work with hospital administration to ensure code carts are pediatric‐specific and contain adequate, appropriate equipment.

  • Work with hospital administration to create inter‐facility transport and affiliation agreements between community hospitals and pediatric tertiary care centers to foster effective and appropriate triage of sick and injured children.

  • Advocate for statewide Emergency Medical Systems (EMS) for Children program which places pediatric emergency care in its proper place within the EMS system.

 

Introduction

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the American Heart Association (AHA), in conjunction with International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR), developed the Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) curriculum. The course teaches healthcare providers to more effectively recognize potential respiratory failure and shock in infants and children and to respond with early appropriate interventions to prevent cardiopulmonary arrest. The hallmark of the PALS curriculum is the rapid identification of life threatening conditions in infants and children by utilizing a 4‐tiered Pediatric Assessment scheme focused on simplicity and graduated to provoke timely and appropriate early interventions. The scheme uses a recurring cycle of assess‐categorize‐decide‐act management scheme for the management of seriously ill or injured infants and children. This scheme funnels emergency decision making into respiratory (distress or failure) and circulatory (compensated or hypotensive) categories, which can be further defined, based upon additional information gathered in the 4‐tiered assessment process. The PALS curriculum further emphasizes the importance of the Resuscitation Team Concept, which encourages clear, collaborative communication. The Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP), also offered by the AAP and AHA, addresses the resuscitation of the newborn in the delivery room or in the neonatal intensive care unit and is discussed elsewhere in this publication. Pediatric hospitalists frequently encounter clinical situations that require immediate intervention based on these guidelines.

Knowledge

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Define the roles, team composition, and responsibilities of rapid response and code blue teams, noting local context.

  • List the common etiologies and recognize early signs of respiratory failure and all forms of shock, attending to variations in each due to age.

  • Describe how deterioration can lead to cardiopulmonary arrest when early signs of distress are not recognized or acted upon.

  • Discuss the utility of early warning systems/pediatric rapid assessment tools designed to anticipate significant clinical instability within the local context.

  • Describe how basic airway, breathing, circulation, and disability, and exposure (ABCDE) life support maneuvers differ with age from newborns to infants and older children.

  • Summarize the modalities commonly available to support the airway, breathing and circulation in children with worsening respiratory distress, in increasing intensity/emnvasiveness.

  • Compare and contrast the advantages, disadvantages, and proper selection of bag‐mask ventilation versus advanced airway management techniques.

  • Describe the pathophysiology of hypovolemic, septic, and cardiogenic shock.

  • Review the approach toward stabilization of hypovolemic, septic and cardiogenic shock, attending to varied age groups and including treatments and testing.

  • Explain how assessment tools and interventions should be customized for special resuscitation situations such as trauma, toxicological emergencies, rapid sequence intubation, procedural sedation, children with special health care needs and others.

  • List common pediatric cardiac dysrhythmias and describe the most appropriate algorithm to apply for each.

  • Describe the appropriate context and use of automated external defibrillators in children.

  • Review the management of post resuscitation care and transport.

  • Discuss the basic pharmacology of drugs most commonly utilized in PALS.

 

Skills

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Successfully complete the Pediatric Advanced Life Support course and maintain certification.

  • Recognize early warning signs of acute respiratory distress and cardiac compromise and institute corrective actions to avert further deterioration.

  • Identify patients requiring institution of PALS techniques, accurately perform rapid assessment, and apply appropriate interventions.

  • Perform effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation and basic life support skills.

  • Perform effective resuscitation and stabilization of newborns in the delivery room as appropriate for local context.

  • Efficiently stabilize the airway, using effective non‐invasive and invasive airway management techniques in collaboration with other services as appropriate.

  • Efficiently obtain peripheral or central vascular access by placement if intravenous, intraosseous or central venous catheters in collaboration with other services as appropriate.

  • Correctly identify and treat common pediatric cardiac dysrhythmias.

  • Correctly utilize an Automated External Defibrillator under appropriate circumstances.

  • Effectively use weight/size based resuscitation tools.

  • Correctly apply PALS principles to special resuscitation situations such as toxicological emergencies, procedural sedation, or trauma.

 

Attitudes

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Effectively lead or participate as a member of a stabilization (rapid response) and/or resuscitation (code blue) team.

  • Communicate effectively and compassionately with the family/caregiver.

  • Advocate for family/caregiver presence during resuscitation when appropriate.

  • Collaborate with the primary care provider to enhance support for the family/caregiver.

 

Systems Organization and Improvement

In order to improve efficiency and quality within their organizations, pediatric hospitalists should:

  • Lead, coordinate or participate in the development of a local Pediatric Advanced Life Support training program.

  • Work with hospital administration to ensure code carts are pediatric‐specific and contain adequate, appropriate equipment.

  • Work with hospital administration to create inter‐facility transport and affiliation agreements between community hospitals and pediatric tertiary care centers to foster effective and appropriate triage of sick and injured children.

  • Advocate for statewide Emergency Medical Systems (EMS) for Children program which places pediatric emergency care in its proper place within the EMS system.

 

Issue
Journal of Hospital Medicine - 5(2)
Issue
Journal of Hospital Medicine - 5(2)
Page Number
65-66
Page Number
65-66
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Pediatric advanced life support
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Pediatric advanced life support
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Patient safety

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Patient safety

Introduction

The topic of Patient Safety became a major priority for healthcare providers in 1999 when the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report entitled To Err is Human focused attention on patient safety and medical errors. The Institute of Medicine defined safety as freedom from accidental injury and error as the failure of a planned action to be completed as intended or the use of a wrong plan to achieve an aim. The IOM report estimated that between 44,000 to 98,000 Americans die each year as a result of medical errors which exceed the number attributable to the 8th leading cause of death in America. Total national costs of preventable adverse events are estimated to be up to $29 billion. Since the initial publication of the 1999 IOM report, there have been a number of local, state, and national programs focused on reducing error. Efforts over the past few years have attempted to better classify errors by the harm caused, allowing targeted interventions to specifically address these more clinically significant events. Children, as a vulnerable population, are at particular risk for medical errors and specifically medication errors. Pediatric hospitalists have an exceptional opportunity to promote patient safety and help develop systems that will reduce harm in the inpatient arena.

Knowledge

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Identify the basic principles of patient safety as outlined in the original 1999 IOM report.

  • Describe the culture necessary for successful safety efforts. Define Just culture.

  • Define commonly used terms and tools of Patient Safety such as reliability, transparency, adverse medical event, harm, preventable errors, failure mode effects analysis (FMEA), root cause analysis (RCA) and trigger tool.

  • Name common patient safety practices and enhancements including pre‐printed order sets, practice guidelines, electronic health information systems, bar coding, time‐outs, and others. Explain how new errors can be associated with the introduction of these enhancements.

  • Discuss why errors are more often a result of systems failures rather than individual failures.

  • Explain how decreasing unwanted variability in care impacts patient safety.

  • Illustrate that building safety into everyday processes of care is the most effective way to reduce or prevent errors.

  • Describe how patient safety is threatened by poor information transfer and failed communication.

  • Discuss strategies for effective, efficient, and safe communications that impact all aspects of patient care such as handoffs between healthcare providers, team rounds, family engagement, and others. List the strengths and limitations of different communication methods.

  • Describe the effects of sleep quality and quantity on healthcare providers and the impact on patient safety.

  • Summarize the components of family centered care and discuss the importance of engaging patients and the family/caregiver in safety efforts.

  • Define the role of the Joint Commission (TJC) in hospital accreditation and describe how pediatric hospitalists can help assure relevant standards are met.

  • Articulate TJC guidelines on patient safety and the National Patient Safety Goals.

  • Discuss factors unique to children that lead to increased risk for medication errors, attending to weight‐based dosing, developmental physiology, compounding and drug delivery methods, and others.

  • Discuss how financial reimbursement from private and government payers can be tied to preventable patient safety events.

  • List the common national societies and agencies [such as the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), TJC, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)] influencing inpatient pediatric safety measures and describe pediatric hospitalists' role in responding to their statements.

  • Delineate the role of pediatric hospitalists in assuring proper supervision of trainees and the impact of this on patient safety.

 

Skills

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Arrange safe and efficient hospital admissions and discharges, addressing issues such as level of nursing care needed and coordination of care, respectively.

  • Proactively identify sources of potential patient harm, including environmental and personal factors that affect your ability to render safe medical care. Develop a plan to address appropriate negative influences.

  • Consistently adhere to patient safety principles when providing direct patient care such as when ordering treatment, performing procedures, and communicating care plans.

  • Set performance standards and expectations for patient safety in the hospital setting.

  • Educate trainees, nursing staff, ancillary staff and peers on basic safety principles.

  • Demonstrate proficiency in using the institution's safety reporting system.

  • Work effectively and collaboratively with safety teams, utilizing safety tools including reduction of process complexity, building in redundancy, improving team functioning and identifying team members' assumptions.

  • Implement and serve as a physician champion for patient safety initiatives that protect children from harm.

  • Actively contribute during ad hoc and sentinel event reviews.

  • Disclose medical errors clearly, concisely and completely to patients and/or caregivers.

 

Attitudes

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Seek opportunities to be involved in strategies to eliminate harm.

  • Role model effective infection control practices in daily patient care activities.

  • Build an awareness of the need for and will for change to make patient safety a high and consistent priority.

  • Model behavior and take initiative in reporting medical errors.

  • Work collaboratively to help create an open culture of safety within the institution.

 

Systems Organization and Improvement

In order to improve efficiency and quality within their organizations, pediatric hospitalists should:

  • Engage the hospital senior management, the hospital board of directors and the medical staff leadership in making patient safety one of the top strategic priorities for the institution.

  • Advocate for the necessary information systems and other infrastructure to secure accurate data and assure success with safety initiatives.

  • Participate on patient safety committees at the group or systems level and seek opportunities to serve as medical safety officers or medical safety consultants locally or nationally.

 

Article PDF
Issue
Journal of Hospital Medicine - 5(2)
Page Number
104-105
Sections
Article PDF
Article PDF

Introduction

The topic of Patient Safety became a major priority for healthcare providers in 1999 when the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report entitled To Err is Human focused attention on patient safety and medical errors. The Institute of Medicine defined safety as freedom from accidental injury and error as the failure of a planned action to be completed as intended or the use of a wrong plan to achieve an aim. The IOM report estimated that between 44,000 to 98,000 Americans die each year as a result of medical errors which exceed the number attributable to the 8th leading cause of death in America. Total national costs of preventable adverse events are estimated to be up to $29 billion. Since the initial publication of the 1999 IOM report, there have been a number of local, state, and national programs focused on reducing error. Efforts over the past few years have attempted to better classify errors by the harm caused, allowing targeted interventions to specifically address these more clinically significant events. Children, as a vulnerable population, are at particular risk for medical errors and specifically medication errors. Pediatric hospitalists have an exceptional opportunity to promote patient safety and help develop systems that will reduce harm in the inpatient arena.

Knowledge

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Identify the basic principles of patient safety as outlined in the original 1999 IOM report.

  • Describe the culture necessary for successful safety efforts. Define Just culture.

  • Define commonly used terms and tools of Patient Safety such as reliability, transparency, adverse medical event, harm, preventable errors, failure mode effects analysis (FMEA), root cause analysis (RCA) and trigger tool.

  • Name common patient safety practices and enhancements including pre‐printed order sets, practice guidelines, electronic health information systems, bar coding, time‐outs, and others. Explain how new errors can be associated with the introduction of these enhancements.

  • Discuss why errors are more often a result of systems failures rather than individual failures.

  • Explain how decreasing unwanted variability in care impacts patient safety.

  • Illustrate that building safety into everyday processes of care is the most effective way to reduce or prevent errors.

  • Describe how patient safety is threatened by poor information transfer and failed communication.

  • Discuss strategies for effective, efficient, and safe communications that impact all aspects of patient care such as handoffs between healthcare providers, team rounds, family engagement, and others. List the strengths and limitations of different communication methods.

  • Describe the effects of sleep quality and quantity on healthcare providers and the impact on patient safety.

  • Summarize the components of family centered care and discuss the importance of engaging patients and the family/caregiver in safety efforts.

  • Define the role of the Joint Commission (TJC) in hospital accreditation and describe how pediatric hospitalists can help assure relevant standards are met.

  • Articulate TJC guidelines on patient safety and the National Patient Safety Goals.

  • Discuss factors unique to children that lead to increased risk for medication errors, attending to weight‐based dosing, developmental physiology, compounding and drug delivery methods, and others.

  • Discuss how financial reimbursement from private and government payers can be tied to preventable patient safety events.

  • List the common national societies and agencies [such as the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), TJC, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)] influencing inpatient pediatric safety measures and describe pediatric hospitalists' role in responding to their statements.

  • Delineate the role of pediatric hospitalists in assuring proper supervision of trainees and the impact of this on patient safety.

 

Skills

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Arrange safe and efficient hospital admissions and discharges, addressing issues such as level of nursing care needed and coordination of care, respectively.

  • Proactively identify sources of potential patient harm, including environmental and personal factors that affect your ability to render safe medical care. Develop a plan to address appropriate negative influences.

  • Consistently adhere to patient safety principles when providing direct patient care such as when ordering treatment, performing procedures, and communicating care plans.

  • Set performance standards and expectations for patient safety in the hospital setting.

  • Educate trainees, nursing staff, ancillary staff and peers on basic safety principles.

  • Demonstrate proficiency in using the institution's safety reporting system.

  • Work effectively and collaboratively with safety teams, utilizing safety tools including reduction of process complexity, building in redundancy, improving team functioning and identifying team members' assumptions.

  • Implement and serve as a physician champion for patient safety initiatives that protect children from harm.

  • Actively contribute during ad hoc and sentinel event reviews.

  • Disclose medical errors clearly, concisely and completely to patients and/or caregivers.

 

Attitudes

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Seek opportunities to be involved in strategies to eliminate harm.

  • Role model effective infection control practices in daily patient care activities.

  • Build an awareness of the need for and will for change to make patient safety a high and consistent priority.

  • Model behavior and take initiative in reporting medical errors.

  • Work collaboratively to help create an open culture of safety within the institution.

 

Systems Organization and Improvement

In order to improve efficiency and quality within their organizations, pediatric hospitalists should:

  • Engage the hospital senior management, the hospital board of directors and the medical staff leadership in making patient safety one of the top strategic priorities for the institution.

  • Advocate for the necessary information systems and other infrastructure to secure accurate data and assure success with safety initiatives.

  • Participate on patient safety committees at the group or systems level and seek opportunities to serve as medical safety officers or medical safety consultants locally or nationally.

 

Introduction

The topic of Patient Safety became a major priority for healthcare providers in 1999 when the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report entitled To Err is Human focused attention on patient safety and medical errors. The Institute of Medicine defined safety as freedom from accidental injury and error as the failure of a planned action to be completed as intended or the use of a wrong plan to achieve an aim. The IOM report estimated that between 44,000 to 98,000 Americans die each year as a result of medical errors which exceed the number attributable to the 8th leading cause of death in America. Total national costs of preventable adverse events are estimated to be up to $29 billion. Since the initial publication of the 1999 IOM report, there have been a number of local, state, and national programs focused on reducing error. Efforts over the past few years have attempted to better classify errors by the harm caused, allowing targeted interventions to specifically address these more clinically significant events. Children, as a vulnerable population, are at particular risk for medical errors and specifically medication errors. Pediatric hospitalists have an exceptional opportunity to promote patient safety and help develop systems that will reduce harm in the inpatient arena.

Knowledge

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Identify the basic principles of patient safety as outlined in the original 1999 IOM report.

  • Describe the culture necessary for successful safety efforts. Define Just culture.

  • Define commonly used terms and tools of Patient Safety such as reliability, transparency, adverse medical event, harm, preventable errors, failure mode effects analysis (FMEA), root cause analysis (RCA) and trigger tool.

  • Name common patient safety practices and enhancements including pre‐printed order sets, practice guidelines, electronic health information systems, bar coding, time‐outs, and others. Explain how new errors can be associated with the introduction of these enhancements.

  • Discuss why errors are more often a result of systems failures rather than individual failures.

  • Explain how decreasing unwanted variability in care impacts patient safety.

  • Illustrate that building safety into everyday processes of care is the most effective way to reduce or prevent errors.

  • Describe how patient safety is threatened by poor information transfer and failed communication.

  • Discuss strategies for effective, efficient, and safe communications that impact all aspects of patient care such as handoffs between healthcare providers, team rounds, family engagement, and others. List the strengths and limitations of different communication methods.

  • Describe the effects of sleep quality and quantity on healthcare providers and the impact on patient safety.

  • Summarize the components of family centered care and discuss the importance of engaging patients and the family/caregiver in safety efforts.

  • Define the role of the Joint Commission (TJC) in hospital accreditation and describe how pediatric hospitalists can help assure relevant standards are met.

  • Articulate TJC guidelines on patient safety and the National Patient Safety Goals.

  • Discuss factors unique to children that lead to increased risk for medication errors, attending to weight‐based dosing, developmental physiology, compounding and drug delivery methods, and others.

  • Discuss how financial reimbursement from private and government payers can be tied to preventable patient safety events.

  • List the common national societies and agencies [such as the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), TJC, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)] influencing inpatient pediatric safety measures and describe pediatric hospitalists' role in responding to their statements.

  • Delineate the role of pediatric hospitalists in assuring proper supervision of trainees and the impact of this on patient safety.

 

Skills

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Arrange safe and efficient hospital admissions and discharges, addressing issues such as level of nursing care needed and coordination of care, respectively.

  • Proactively identify sources of potential patient harm, including environmental and personal factors that affect your ability to render safe medical care. Develop a plan to address appropriate negative influences.

  • Consistently adhere to patient safety principles when providing direct patient care such as when ordering treatment, performing procedures, and communicating care plans.

  • Set performance standards and expectations for patient safety in the hospital setting.

  • Educate trainees, nursing staff, ancillary staff and peers on basic safety principles.

  • Demonstrate proficiency in using the institution's safety reporting system.

  • Work effectively and collaboratively with safety teams, utilizing safety tools including reduction of process complexity, building in redundancy, improving team functioning and identifying team members' assumptions.

  • Implement and serve as a physician champion for patient safety initiatives that protect children from harm.

  • Actively contribute during ad hoc and sentinel event reviews.

  • Disclose medical errors clearly, concisely and completely to patients and/or caregivers.

 

Attitudes

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Seek opportunities to be involved in strategies to eliminate harm.

  • Role model effective infection control practices in daily patient care activities.

  • Build an awareness of the need for and will for change to make patient safety a high and consistent priority.

  • Model behavior and take initiative in reporting medical errors.

  • Work collaboratively to help create an open culture of safety within the institution.

 

Systems Organization and Improvement

In order to improve efficiency and quality within their organizations, pediatric hospitalists should:

  • Engage the hospital senior management, the hospital board of directors and the medical staff leadership in making patient safety one of the top strategic priorities for the institution.

  • Advocate for the necessary information systems and other infrastructure to secure accurate data and assure success with safety initiatives.

  • Participate on patient safety committees at the group or systems level and seek opportunities to serve as medical safety officers or medical safety consultants locally or nationally.

 

Issue
Journal of Hospital Medicine - 5(2)
Issue
Journal of Hospital Medicine - 5(2)
Page Number
104-105
Page Number
104-105
Article Type
Display Headline
Patient safety
Display Headline
Patient safety
Sections
Article Source

Copyright © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine

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Ethics

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Ethics

Introduction

Morality is the right or wrong of human conduct, where ethics is the disciplined study of the justification for rules of human conduct. Morality concerns obligations of what ought to be and what virtues should be cultivated to sustain a truly moral society. The field of bioethics (or medical ethics) applies theory to address ethical issues in medicine, including those that arise during the care of patients as well as those focused on organizations and policy. Bioethics focuses on what morality should be for patients, healthcare professionals, healthcare institutions, and healthcare policy. The rights and responsibilities of patients and the fiduciary responsibility of healthcare providers to patients are central to this definition. Pediatric hospitalists must have a basic knowledge of ethical principles to provide balanced, ethical care.

Knowledge

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Describe the core principles of ethics: beneficence, justice, respect for autonomy, and non‐maleficence.

  • Discuss the four virtues of a fiduciary‐ self‐effacement, self‐sacrifice, compassion, and integrity.

  • Identify the elements of informed consent and describe the concept of informed assent.

  • Describe special circumstances impacting the informed consent process specific to the pediatric population, such as patients in the juvenile justice system, ward of the court, emancipated minors, child protection cases, and others.

  • Describe the role and composition of the hospital Ethics Committee.

  • Compare and contrast the fiduciary responsibilities of the institution, insurer, and healthcare provider and discuss the impact of these on delivery of ethical patient care.

  • Distinguish between substantive justice (concern that the outcomes of a process is fair) and procedural justice (concern that the decision‐making process itself is fair).

  • Describe how ethical principles can inform development of healthcare policy.

  • Give examples of how patients and the family/caregiver meet ethical obligations to healthcare professionals (such as engagement in informed consent), to others in the household (such as discussions on undue burden to other members), and society (such as appropriate allocation of resources).

  • Explain the concept of medical futility and its shortcomings.

 

Skills

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Apply ethical principles to daily patient care.

  • Obtain informed consent and assent, as appropriate.

  • Access legal support as needed to obtain consent to treat as appropriate in special circumstances.

  • Communicate effectively, maintaining confidentiality and patient privacy.

  • Identify situations involving ethical conflict, and take steps to resolve this conflict.

  • Consult the Ethics Committee/Team appropriately.

 

Attitudes

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Acknowledge personal biases that impact ethical decision‐making.

  • Recognize gaps in knowledge and seek opportunities for ethics education.

  • Role model ethical practices.

 

Systems Organization and Improvement

In order to improve efficiency and quality in their organizations, pediatric hospitalists should:

  • Work with hospital administration to identify and modify institutional practices and policies to assure ethical healthcare delivery.

  • Advocate for healthcare policy that ensures appropriate access to healthcare services for children.

 

Article PDF
Issue
Journal of Hospital Medicine - 5(2)
Page Number
97-97
Sections
Article PDF
Article PDF

Introduction

Morality is the right or wrong of human conduct, where ethics is the disciplined study of the justification for rules of human conduct. Morality concerns obligations of what ought to be and what virtues should be cultivated to sustain a truly moral society. The field of bioethics (or medical ethics) applies theory to address ethical issues in medicine, including those that arise during the care of patients as well as those focused on organizations and policy. Bioethics focuses on what morality should be for patients, healthcare professionals, healthcare institutions, and healthcare policy. The rights and responsibilities of patients and the fiduciary responsibility of healthcare providers to patients are central to this definition. Pediatric hospitalists must have a basic knowledge of ethical principles to provide balanced, ethical care.

Knowledge

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Describe the core principles of ethics: beneficence, justice, respect for autonomy, and non‐maleficence.

  • Discuss the four virtues of a fiduciary‐ self‐effacement, self‐sacrifice, compassion, and integrity.

  • Identify the elements of informed consent and describe the concept of informed assent.

  • Describe special circumstances impacting the informed consent process specific to the pediatric population, such as patients in the juvenile justice system, ward of the court, emancipated minors, child protection cases, and others.

  • Describe the role and composition of the hospital Ethics Committee.

  • Compare and contrast the fiduciary responsibilities of the institution, insurer, and healthcare provider and discuss the impact of these on delivery of ethical patient care.

  • Distinguish between substantive justice (concern that the outcomes of a process is fair) and procedural justice (concern that the decision‐making process itself is fair).

  • Describe how ethical principles can inform development of healthcare policy.

  • Give examples of how patients and the family/caregiver meet ethical obligations to healthcare professionals (such as engagement in informed consent), to others in the household (such as discussions on undue burden to other members), and society (such as appropriate allocation of resources).

  • Explain the concept of medical futility and its shortcomings.

 

Skills

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Apply ethical principles to daily patient care.

  • Obtain informed consent and assent, as appropriate.

  • Access legal support as needed to obtain consent to treat as appropriate in special circumstances.

  • Communicate effectively, maintaining confidentiality and patient privacy.

  • Identify situations involving ethical conflict, and take steps to resolve this conflict.

  • Consult the Ethics Committee/Team appropriately.

 

Attitudes

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Acknowledge personal biases that impact ethical decision‐making.

  • Recognize gaps in knowledge and seek opportunities for ethics education.

  • Role model ethical practices.

 

Systems Organization and Improvement

In order to improve efficiency and quality in their organizations, pediatric hospitalists should:

  • Work with hospital administration to identify and modify institutional practices and policies to assure ethical healthcare delivery.

  • Advocate for healthcare policy that ensures appropriate access to healthcare services for children.

 

Introduction

Morality is the right or wrong of human conduct, where ethics is the disciplined study of the justification for rules of human conduct. Morality concerns obligations of what ought to be and what virtues should be cultivated to sustain a truly moral society. The field of bioethics (or medical ethics) applies theory to address ethical issues in medicine, including those that arise during the care of patients as well as those focused on organizations and policy. Bioethics focuses on what morality should be for patients, healthcare professionals, healthcare institutions, and healthcare policy. The rights and responsibilities of patients and the fiduciary responsibility of healthcare providers to patients are central to this definition. Pediatric hospitalists must have a basic knowledge of ethical principles to provide balanced, ethical care.

Knowledge

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Describe the core principles of ethics: beneficence, justice, respect for autonomy, and non‐maleficence.

  • Discuss the four virtues of a fiduciary‐ self‐effacement, self‐sacrifice, compassion, and integrity.

  • Identify the elements of informed consent and describe the concept of informed assent.

  • Describe special circumstances impacting the informed consent process specific to the pediatric population, such as patients in the juvenile justice system, ward of the court, emancipated minors, child protection cases, and others.

  • Describe the role and composition of the hospital Ethics Committee.

  • Compare and contrast the fiduciary responsibilities of the institution, insurer, and healthcare provider and discuss the impact of these on delivery of ethical patient care.

  • Distinguish between substantive justice (concern that the outcomes of a process is fair) and procedural justice (concern that the decision‐making process itself is fair).

  • Describe how ethical principles can inform development of healthcare policy.

  • Give examples of how patients and the family/caregiver meet ethical obligations to healthcare professionals (such as engagement in informed consent), to others in the household (such as discussions on undue burden to other members), and society (such as appropriate allocation of resources).

  • Explain the concept of medical futility and its shortcomings.

 

Skills

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Apply ethical principles to daily patient care.

  • Obtain informed consent and assent, as appropriate.

  • Access legal support as needed to obtain consent to treat as appropriate in special circumstances.

  • Communicate effectively, maintaining confidentiality and patient privacy.

  • Identify situations involving ethical conflict, and take steps to resolve this conflict.

  • Consult the Ethics Committee/Team appropriately.

 

Attitudes

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Acknowledge personal biases that impact ethical decision‐making.

  • Recognize gaps in knowledge and seek opportunities for ethics education.

  • Role model ethical practices.

 

Systems Organization and Improvement

In order to improve efficiency and quality in their organizations, pediatric hospitalists should:

  • Work with hospital administration to identify and modify institutional practices and policies to assure ethical healthcare delivery.

  • Advocate for healthcare policy that ensures appropriate access to healthcare services for children.

 

Issue
Journal of Hospital Medicine - 5(2)
Issue
Journal of Hospital Medicine - 5(2)
Page Number
97-97
Page Number
97-97
Article Type
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Ethics
Display Headline
Ethics
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Non‐invasive monitoring

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Non‐invasive monitoring

Introduction

Collection and monitoring of objective data such as vital signs and pulse oximetry measurements are essential components of care for hospitalized children. Combined with clinical assessments, these data are critical when making therapeutic or diagnostic decisions. A complete understanding of non‐invasive monitoring techniques is necessary to accurately interpret the data generated. Pediatric hospitalists regularly incorporate this data into their clinical practice and, especially when overseeing procedural sedation or emergent clinical situations, may be responsible for implementing or supervising the appropriate type and level of monitoring.

Knowledge

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • List the different types of non‐invasive monitoring techniques and devices that are available and describe the indications for each.

  • Compare and contrast the types and level of monitoring generally available on the inpatient ward compared to the intensive care unit or other care settings.

  • Describe the proper procedures for common non‐invasive monitoring techniques, including vital sign measurement, cardiopulmonary monitoring, pulse oximetry, and capnography.

  • List the limitations or complications associated with common non‐invasive monitoring techniques, such as inadequate wave form for pulse oximetry.

  • Discuss the importance of accurate and timely interpretation of information generated by monitoring devices, as well as the importance of an immediate response when abnormal data is noted.

 

Skills

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Determine the type and level of monitoring needed based on the clinical situation and medical complexity of the patient.

  • Identify the need for a higher or lower level of monitoring as changes in the clinical status occur and transfer the patient to the appropriate inpatient setting.

  • Ensure proper placement of monitoring equipment (e.g., placement of monitor leads) and execution of proper technique (e.g., use of correct size blood pressure cuff) in order to obtain accurate data.

  • Correctly interpret monitoring data and respond with appropriate actions.

 

Attitudes

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Assume responsibility for ordering the appropriate monitoring and interpreting monitoring data.

  • Collaborate with nurses, subspecialists, and other healthcare providers to determine the appropriate level of monitoring and the corresponding care setting, especially when clinical changes occur.

  • Communicate effectively with patients and the family/caregiver regarding the need for non‐invasive monitoring, the findings, and the care plan.

 

Systems Organization and Improvement

In order to improve efficiency and quality within their organizations, pediatric hospitalists should:

  • Lead, coordinate, or participate in the development and implementation of cost‐effective, safe, evidence‐based procedures and policies related to non‐invasive monitoring.

  • Work with hospital administration, biomedical engineering, and others to obtain high quality and reliable monitoring equipment.

  • Lead, coordinate, or participate in the development of continuing education programs focused on non‐invasive monitoring and the interpretation of related data.

  • Lead, coordinate or participate in the development and implementation of a system for review of family/caregiver and healthcare provider satisfaction into monitoring strategies.

 

Article PDF
Issue
Journal of Hospital Medicine - 5(2)
Page Number
58-58
Sections
Article PDF
Article PDF

Introduction

Collection and monitoring of objective data such as vital signs and pulse oximetry measurements are essential components of care for hospitalized children. Combined with clinical assessments, these data are critical when making therapeutic or diagnostic decisions. A complete understanding of non‐invasive monitoring techniques is necessary to accurately interpret the data generated. Pediatric hospitalists regularly incorporate this data into their clinical practice and, especially when overseeing procedural sedation or emergent clinical situations, may be responsible for implementing or supervising the appropriate type and level of monitoring.

Knowledge

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • List the different types of non‐invasive monitoring techniques and devices that are available and describe the indications for each.

  • Compare and contrast the types and level of monitoring generally available on the inpatient ward compared to the intensive care unit or other care settings.

  • Describe the proper procedures for common non‐invasive monitoring techniques, including vital sign measurement, cardiopulmonary monitoring, pulse oximetry, and capnography.

  • List the limitations or complications associated with common non‐invasive monitoring techniques, such as inadequate wave form for pulse oximetry.

  • Discuss the importance of accurate and timely interpretation of information generated by monitoring devices, as well as the importance of an immediate response when abnormal data is noted.

 

Skills

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Determine the type and level of monitoring needed based on the clinical situation and medical complexity of the patient.

  • Identify the need for a higher or lower level of monitoring as changes in the clinical status occur and transfer the patient to the appropriate inpatient setting.

  • Ensure proper placement of monitoring equipment (e.g., placement of monitor leads) and execution of proper technique (e.g., use of correct size blood pressure cuff) in order to obtain accurate data.

  • Correctly interpret monitoring data and respond with appropriate actions.

 

Attitudes

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Assume responsibility for ordering the appropriate monitoring and interpreting monitoring data.

  • Collaborate with nurses, subspecialists, and other healthcare providers to determine the appropriate level of monitoring and the corresponding care setting, especially when clinical changes occur.

  • Communicate effectively with patients and the family/caregiver regarding the need for non‐invasive monitoring, the findings, and the care plan.

 

Systems Organization and Improvement

In order to improve efficiency and quality within their organizations, pediatric hospitalists should:

  • Lead, coordinate, or participate in the development and implementation of cost‐effective, safe, evidence‐based procedures and policies related to non‐invasive monitoring.

  • Work with hospital administration, biomedical engineering, and others to obtain high quality and reliable monitoring equipment.

  • Lead, coordinate, or participate in the development of continuing education programs focused on non‐invasive monitoring and the interpretation of related data.

  • Lead, coordinate or participate in the development and implementation of a system for review of family/caregiver and healthcare provider satisfaction into monitoring strategies.

 

Introduction

Collection and monitoring of objective data such as vital signs and pulse oximetry measurements are essential components of care for hospitalized children. Combined with clinical assessments, these data are critical when making therapeutic or diagnostic decisions. A complete understanding of non‐invasive monitoring techniques is necessary to accurately interpret the data generated. Pediatric hospitalists regularly incorporate this data into their clinical practice and, especially when overseeing procedural sedation or emergent clinical situations, may be responsible for implementing or supervising the appropriate type and level of monitoring.

Knowledge

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • List the different types of non‐invasive monitoring techniques and devices that are available and describe the indications for each.

  • Compare and contrast the types and level of monitoring generally available on the inpatient ward compared to the intensive care unit or other care settings.

  • Describe the proper procedures for common non‐invasive monitoring techniques, including vital sign measurement, cardiopulmonary monitoring, pulse oximetry, and capnography.

  • List the limitations or complications associated with common non‐invasive monitoring techniques, such as inadequate wave form for pulse oximetry.

  • Discuss the importance of accurate and timely interpretation of information generated by monitoring devices, as well as the importance of an immediate response when abnormal data is noted.

 

Skills

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Determine the type and level of monitoring needed based on the clinical situation and medical complexity of the patient.

  • Identify the need for a higher or lower level of monitoring as changes in the clinical status occur and transfer the patient to the appropriate inpatient setting.

  • Ensure proper placement of monitoring equipment (e.g., placement of monitor leads) and execution of proper technique (e.g., use of correct size blood pressure cuff) in order to obtain accurate data.

  • Correctly interpret monitoring data and respond with appropriate actions.

 

Attitudes

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Assume responsibility for ordering the appropriate monitoring and interpreting monitoring data.

  • Collaborate with nurses, subspecialists, and other healthcare providers to determine the appropriate level of monitoring and the corresponding care setting, especially when clinical changes occur.

  • Communicate effectively with patients and the family/caregiver regarding the need for non‐invasive monitoring, the findings, and the care plan.

 

Systems Organization and Improvement

In order to improve efficiency and quality within their organizations, pediatric hospitalists should:

  • Lead, coordinate, or participate in the development and implementation of cost‐effective, safe, evidence‐based procedures and policies related to non‐invasive monitoring.

  • Work with hospital administration, biomedical engineering, and others to obtain high quality and reliable monitoring equipment.

  • Lead, coordinate, or participate in the development of continuing education programs focused on non‐invasive monitoring and the interpretation of related data.

  • Lead, coordinate or participate in the development and implementation of a system for review of family/caregiver and healthcare provider satisfaction into monitoring strategies.

 

Issue
Journal of Hospital Medicine - 5(2)
Issue
Journal of Hospital Medicine - 5(2)
Page Number
58-58
Page Number
58-58
Article Type
Display Headline
Non‐invasive monitoring
Display Headline
Non‐invasive monitoring
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Kawasaki disease

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Kawasaki disease

Introduction

Kawasaki Disease (KD), also known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, is a multisystem inflammatory disease of childhood. It most commonly presents in children under the age of two, however has been seen up to 12 years of age. Diagnosis can be difficult, as the classic signs and symptoms may not all manifest and the presentation may mimic other causes of fever and rash. Although many organs may be affected, those related to the cardiac system are the most concerning and persistent. Coronary aneurysms have been reported to occur in up to 20% of untreated children with KD. If diagnosed and treated promptly, the cardiac complications can be reduced. Therefore, it is important that pediatric hospitalists have a complete understanding of the diagnostic criteria and treatment of KD.

Knowledge

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Discuss current established criteria and guidelines for diagnosis and treatment.

  • Define incomplete KD and note age groups in which this is more common.

  • List the broad categories of alternate diagnoses, and give examples from each.

  • Discuss the appropriate laboratory and imaging studies that aid in diagnosis.

  • Explain the pathophysiology of the disease, including the current understanding of development and manifestation of cardiac complications.

  • Define refractory KD and the list factors that indicate the need for further treatment.

  • Describe current best practice treatments, including approach toward persistent fever.

  • Compare and contrast the risks, benefits, and side effects of available treatments such as immunoglobulin, steroids, anti‐platelet medications and immunomodulators.

  • Cite risk factors associated with increased cardiac complications.

  • Discuss the immediate and long term follow‐up needed including impact, if any, on physical activity and sports participation.

  • List appropriate discharge criteria for KD.

 

Skills

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Correctly diagnose KD by efficiently performing an accurate history and physical examination, determining if key features of the disease are present.

  • Promptly consult appropriate subspecialists to assist in evaluation and treatment.

  • Correctly interpret laboratory and imaging results.

  • Recognize features of alternate diagnoses and order relevant diagnostic studies as indicated.

  • Perform careful reassessments daily and as needed, note changes in clinical status and respond with appropriate actions.

  • Initiate prompt treatment once the diagnosis is established.

  • Anticipate and treat complications and side effects of instituted therapies.

  • Identify treatment failure and institute appropriate repeat or alternate therapy.

  • Demonstrate basic proficiency in reading electrocardiograms.

  • Coordinate care with subspecialists and the primary care provider, and arrange an appropriate transition and follow‐up plans for after hospital discharge.

 

Attitudes

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Communicate effectively with patients, the family/caregiver, and other healthcare providers regarding findings and care plans.

  • Educate patients and the family/caregiver on the natural course of disease.

  • Collaborate with subspecialists and the primary care provider to ensure coordinated longitudinal care for children with KD.

 

Systems Organization and Improvement

In order to improve efficiency and quality within their organizations, pediatric hospitalists should:

  • Lead, coordinate or participate in early multidisciplinary care to promote efficient diagnosis, treatment and discharge of patients with KD.

  • Work with hospital staff and subspecialists to educate other healthcare providers regarding the diagnosis and treatment of KD.

  • Lead, coordinate or participate in community education efforts regarding KD.

 

Article PDF
Issue
Journal of Hospital Medicine - 5(2)
Page Number
21-22
Sections
Article PDF
Article PDF

Introduction

Kawasaki Disease (KD), also known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, is a multisystem inflammatory disease of childhood. It most commonly presents in children under the age of two, however has been seen up to 12 years of age. Diagnosis can be difficult, as the classic signs and symptoms may not all manifest and the presentation may mimic other causes of fever and rash. Although many organs may be affected, those related to the cardiac system are the most concerning and persistent. Coronary aneurysms have been reported to occur in up to 20% of untreated children with KD. If diagnosed and treated promptly, the cardiac complications can be reduced. Therefore, it is important that pediatric hospitalists have a complete understanding of the diagnostic criteria and treatment of KD.

Knowledge

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Discuss current established criteria and guidelines for diagnosis and treatment.

  • Define incomplete KD and note age groups in which this is more common.

  • List the broad categories of alternate diagnoses, and give examples from each.

  • Discuss the appropriate laboratory and imaging studies that aid in diagnosis.

  • Explain the pathophysiology of the disease, including the current understanding of development and manifestation of cardiac complications.

  • Define refractory KD and the list factors that indicate the need for further treatment.

  • Describe current best practice treatments, including approach toward persistent fever.

  • Compare and contrast the risks, benefits, and side effects of available treatments such as immunoglobulin, steroids, anti‐platelet medications and immunomodulators.

  • Cite risk factors associated with increased cardiac complications.

  • Discuss the immediate and long term follow‐up needed including impact, if any, on physical activity and sports participation.

  • List appropriate discharge criteria for KD.

 

Skills

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Correctly diagnose KD by efficiently performing an accurate history and physical examination, determining if key features of the disease are present.

  • Promptly consult appropriate subspecialists to assist in evaluation and treatment.

  • Correctly interpret laboratory and imaging results.

  • Recognize features of alternate diagnoses and order relevant diagnostic studies as indicated.

  • Perform careful reassessments daily and as needed, note changes in clinical status and respond with appropriate actions.

  • Initiate prompt treatment once the diagnosis is established.

  • Anticipate and treat complications and side effects of instituted therapies.

  • Identify treatment failure and institute appropriate repeat or alternate therapy.

  • Demonstrate basic proficiency in reading electrocardiograms.

  • Coordinate care with subspecialists and the primary care provider, and arrange an appropriate transition and follow‐up plans for after hospital discharge.

 

Attitudes

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Communicate effectively with patients, the family/caregiver, and other healthcare providers regarding findings and care plans.

  • Educate patients and the family/caregiver on the natural course of disease.

  • Collaborate with subspecialists and the primary care provider to ensure coordinated longitudinal care for children with KD.

 

Systems Organization and Improvement

In order to improve efficiency and quality within their organizations, pediatric hospitalists should:

  • Lead, coordinate or participate in early multidisciplinary care to promote efficient diagnosis, treatment and discharge of patients with KD.

  • Work with hospital staff and subspecialists to educate other healthcare providers regarding the diagnosis and treatment of KD.

  • Lead, coordinate or participate in community education efforts regarding KD.

 

Introduction

Kawasaki Disease (KD), also known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, is a multisystem inflammatory disease of childhood. It most commonly presents in children under the age of two, however has been seen up to 12 years of age. Diagnosis can be difficult, as the classic signs and symptoms may not all manifest and the presentation may mimic other causes of fever and rash. Although many organs may be affected, those related to the cardiac system are the most concerning and persistent. Coronary aneurysms have been reported to occur in up to 20% of untreated children with KD. If diagnosed and treated promptly, the cardiac complications can be reduced. Therefore, it is important that pediatric hospitalists have a complete understanding of the diagnostic criteria and treatment of KD.

Knowledge

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Discuss current established criteria and guidelines for diagnosis and treatment.

  • Define incomplete KD and note age groups in which this is more common.

  • List the broad categories of alternate diagnoses, and give examples from each.

  • Discuss the appropriate laboratory and imaging studies that aid in diagnosis.

  • Explain the pathophysiology of the disease, including the current understanding of development and manifestation of cardiac complications.

  • Define refractory KD and the list factors that indicate the need for further treatment.

  • Describe current best practice treatments, including approach toward persistent fever.

  • Compare and contrast the risks, benefits, and side effects of available treatments such as immunoglobulin, steroids, anti‐platelet medications and immunomodulators.

  • Cite risk factors associated with increased cardiac complications.

  • Discuss the immediate and long term follow‐up needed including impact, if any, on physical activity and sports participation.

  • List appropriate discharge criteria for KD.

 

Skills

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Correctly diagnose KD by efficiently performing an accurate history and physical examination, determining if key features of the disease are present.

  • Promptly consult appropriate subspecialists to assist in evaluation and treatment.

  • Correctly interpret laboratory and imaging results.

  • Recognize features of alternate diagnoses and order relevant diagnostic studies as indicated.

  • Perform careful reassessments daily and as needed, note changes in clinical status and respond with appropriate actions.

  • Initiate prompt treatment once the diagnosis is established.

  • Anticipate and treat complications and side effects of instituted therapies.

  • Identify treatment failure and institute appropriate repeat or alternate therapy.

  • Demonstrate basic proficiency in reading electrocardiograms.

  • Coordinate care with subspecialists and the primary care provider, and arrange an appropriate transition and follow‐up plans for after hospital discharge.

 

Attitudes

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Communicate effectively with patients, the family/caregiver, and other healthcare providers regarding findings and care plans.

  • Educate patients and the family/caregiver on the natural course of disease.

  • Collaborate with subspecialists and the primary care provider to ensure coordinated longitudinal care for children with KD.

 

Systems Organization and Improvement

In order to improve efficiency and quality within their organizations, pediatric hospitalists should:

  • Lead, coordinate or participate in early multidisciplinary care to promote efficient diagnosis, treatment and discharge of patients with KD.

  • Work with hospital staff and subspecialists to educate other healthcare providers regarding the diagnosis and treatment of KD.

  • Lead, coordinate or participate in community education efforts regarding KD.

 

Issue
Journal of Hospital Medicine - 5(2)
Issue
Journal of Hospital Medicine - 5(2)
Page Number
21-22
Page Number
21-22
Article Type
Display Headline
Kawasaki disease
Display Headline
Kawasaki disease
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Urinary tract infections

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Urinary tract infections

Introduction

Infections of the urinary tract can involve any structure from the kidney to the urethra. Pyelonephritis exists when the infection involves the kidney. Urinary tract infections (UTI) occur in up to 2.8% of all children and 5% of febrile children. They result in 1.1 million office visits (0.7% of total visits) and 13,000 hospitalizations annually. Costs related to only the acute inpatient care of UTI are estimated at $180 million per year alone. The financial impact of subsequent follow‐up imaging, treatment, long‐term sequelae, and family/caregiver work loss is not well quantitated but is substantial. UTIs may be associated with urologic abnormalities in a significant percentage of young children with pyelonephritis. Pediatric hospitalists frequently encounter children with UTI and must remain current on strategies for diagnosis, treatment and follow‐up care for patients with UTIs.

Knowledge

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Describe the abnormal anatomic and physiologic aspects of the urogenital system that may predispose children to UTIs at varying ages, such as posterior urethral valves, duplicated system, voiding dysfunction, chronic constipation, and others.

  • Describe the range of clinical presentations attending to differences by age.

  • Compare and contrast the short and long terms risks of lower versus upper urinary tract infection.

  • Define a positive urine culture and discuss how the method for obtaining and efficiency of processing urine influences results of cultures.

  • Identify pathogens that cause UTI in both the previously healthy host and those with underlying disease.

  • Describe appropriate antibiotic coverage for pathogens of concern with awareness of antibiotic resistance patterns within the local community.

  • Discuss the utility of commonly obtained laboratory tests such as urinalysis, urine gram stain, urine culture, blood culture, serum chemistries, and others.

  • Review the typical response to therapy, and list common complications of ineffective treatment.

  • Summarize current literature regarding treatment and evaluation for underlying abnormalities, including radiography.

  • List factors warranting subspecialty consultation or referral.

  • Discuss the potential acute and long‐term sequelae of treated and untreated UTI.

  • Summarize the discharge plan attending to indications for short and long term parenteral and total antimicrobial therapy, repeat evaluations, and subspecialty referral by age.

 

Skills

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Correctly diagnose UTI by efficiently performing an accurate history and physical examination, determining if key features of the disease are present.

  • Identify patients at risk for UTI.

  • Order appropriate diagnostic studies for the evaluation of suspected UTI.

  • Prescribe appropriate initial antimicrobial and supportive therapy based on history and physical examination.

  • Correctly interpret results of diagnostic testing and use results to guide diagnosis and management.

  • Correctly identify the need for and efficiently access appropriate consultants and support services needed to provide comprehensive care.

  • Identify when discharge criteria are met, and initiate efficient discharge orders and plans.

  • Communicate effectively with patients, the family/caregiver and the primary care provider to ensure appropriate post‐discharge testing and follow‐up.

 

Attitudes

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Educate the family/caregiver on the expected course of illness, treatment options, and potential sequelae.

  • Recognize the importance of communicating with the primary care provider to ensure a safe, efficient, and effective discharge and post‐discharge care.

  • Collaborate with the healthcare team to ensure coordinated hospital care for children with UTI.

 

Systems Organization and Improvement

In order to improve efficiency and quality within their organizations, pediatric hospitalists should:

  • Collaborate with referring physicians (primary care, emergency medicine, and referring hospital physicians) to develop and sustain appropriate referral networks for evaluation, admission, or transfer of children with UTI.

  • Collaborate with subspecialists to ensure consistent, timely, and up‐to‐date evaluation and care in the inpatient setting.

  • Lead, coordinate or participate in the development and implementation of cost‐effective, safe, evidence‐based care pathways to standardize the evaluation and management of hospitalized children with UTI.

 

Article PDF
Issue
Journal of Hospital Medicine - 5(2)
Page Number
43-44
Sections
Article PDF
Article PDF

Introduction

Infections of the urinary tract can involve any structure from the kidney to the urethra. Pyelonephritis exists when the infection involves the kidney. Urinary tract infections (UTI) occur in up to 2.8% of all children and 5% of febrile children. They result in 1.1 million office visits (0.7% of total visits) and 13,000 hospitalizations annually. Costs related to only the acute inpatient care of UTI are estimated at $180 million per year alone. The financial impact of subsequent follow‐up imaging, treatment, long‐term sequelae, and family/caregiver work loss is not well quantitated but is substantial. UTIs may be associated with urologic abnormalities in a significant percentage of young children with pyelonephritis. Pediatric hospitalists frequently encounter children with UTI and must remain current on strategies for diagnosis, treatment and follow‐up care for patients with UTIs.

Knowledge

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Describe the abnormal anatomic and physiologic aspects of the urogenital system that may predispose children to UTIs at varying ages, such as posterior urethral valves, duplicated system, voiding dysfunction, chronic constipation, and others.

  • Describe the range of clinical presentations attending to differences by age.

  • Compare and contrast the short and long terms risks of lower versus upper urinary tract infection.

  • Define a positive urine culture and discuss how the method for obtaining and efficiency of processing urine influences results of cultures.

  • Identify pathogens that cause UTI in both the previously healthy host and those with underlying disease.

  • Describe appropriate antibiotic coverage for pathogens of concern with awareness of antibiotic resistance patterns within the local community.

  • Discuss the utility of commonly obtained laboratory tests such as urinalysis, urine gram stain, urine culture, blood culture, serum chemistries, and others.

  • Review the typical response to therapy, and list common complications of ineffective treatment.

  • Summarize current literature regarding treatment and evaluation for underlying abnormalities, including radiography.

  • List factors warranting subspecialty consultation or referral.

  • Discuss the potential acute and long‐term sequelae of treated and untreated UTI.

  • Summarize the discharge plan attending to indications for short and long term parenteral and total antimicrobial therapy, repeat evaluations, and subspecialty referral by age.

 

Skills

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Correctly diagnose UTI by efficiently performing an accurate history and physical examination, determining if key features of the disease are present.

  • Identify patients at risk for UTI.

  • Order appropriate diagnostic studies for the evaluation of suspected UTI.

  • Prescribe appropriate initial antimicrobial and supportive therapy based on history and physical examination.

  • Correctly interpret results of diagnostic testing and use results to guide diagnosis and management.

  • Correctly identify the need for and efficiently access appropriate consultants and support services needed to provide comprehensive care.

  • Identify when discharge criteria are met, and initiate efficient discharge orders and plans.

  • Communicate effectively with patients, the family/caregiver and the primary care provider to ensure appropriate post‐discharge testing and follow‐up.

 

Attitudes

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Educate the family/caregiver on the expected course of illness, treatment options, and potential sequelae.

  • Recognize the importance of communicating with the primary care provider to ensure a safe, efficient, and effective discharge and post‐discharge care.

  • Collaborate with the healthcare team to ensure coordinated hospital care for children with UTI.

 

Systems Organization and Improvement

In order to improve efficiency and quality within their organizations, pediatric hospitalists should:

  • Collaborate with referring physicians (primary care, emergency medicine, and referring hospital physicians) to develop and sustain appropriate referral networks for evaluation, admission, or transfer of children with UTI.

  • Collaborate with subspecialists to ensure consistent, timely, and up‐to‐date evaluation and care in the inpatient setting.

  • Lead, coordinate or participate in the development and implementation of cost‐effective, safe, evidence‐based care pathways to standardize the evaluation and management of hospitalized children with UTI.

 

Introduction

Infections of the urinary tract can involve any structure from the kidney to the urethra. Pyelonephritis exists when the infection involves the kidney. Urinary tract infections (UTI) occur in up to 2.8% of all children and 5% of febrile children. They result in 1.1 million office visits (0.7% of total visits) and 13,000 hospitalizations annually. Costs related to only the acute inpatient care of UTI are estimated at $180 million per year alone. The financial impact of subsequent follow‐up imaging, treatment, long‐term sequelae, and family/caregiver work loss is not well quantitated but is substantial. UTIs may be associated with urologic abnormalities in a significant percentage of young children with pyelonephritis. Pediatric hospitalists frequently encounter children with UTI and must remain current on strategies for diagnosis, treatment and follow‐up care for patients with UTIs.

Knowledge

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Describe the abnormal anatomic and physiologic aspects of the urogenital system that may predispose children to UTIs at varying ages, such as posterior urethral valves, duplicated system, voiding dysfunction, chronic constipation, and others.

  • Describe the range of clinical presentations attending to differences by age.

  • Compare and contrast the short and long terms risks of lower versus upper urinary tract infection.

  • Define a positive urine culture and discuss how the method for obtaining and efficiency of processing urine influences results of cultures.

  • Identify pathogens that cause UTI in both the previously healthy host and those with underlying disease.

  • Describe appropriate antibiotic coverage for pathogens of concern with awareness of antibiotic resistance patterns within the local community.

  • Discuss the utility of commonly obtained laboratory tests such as urinalysis, urine gram stain, urine culture, blood culture, serum chemistries, and others.

  • Review the typical response to therapy, and list common complications of ineffective treatment.

  • Summarize current literature regarding treatment and evaluation for underlying abnormalities, including radiography.

  • List factors warranting subspecialty consultation or referral.

  • Discuss the potential acute and long‐term sequelae of treated and untreated UTI.

  • Summarize the discharge plan attending to indications for short and long term parenteral and total antimicrobial therapy, repeat evaluations, and subspecialty referral by age.

 

Skills

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Correctly diagnose UTI by efficiently performing an accurate history and physical examination, determining if key features of the disease are present.

  • Identify patients at risk for UTI.

  • Order appropriate diagnostic studies for the evaluation of suspected UTI.

  • Prescribe appropriate initial antimicrobial and supportive therapy based on history and physical examination.

  • Correctly interpret results of diagnostic testing and use results to guide diagnosis and management.

  • Correctly identify the need for and efficiently access appropriate consultants and support services needed to provide comprehensive care.

  • Identify when discharge criteria are met, and initiate efficient discharge orders and plans.

  • Communicate effectively with patients, the family/caregiver and the primary care provider to ensure appropriate post‐discharge testing and follow‐up.

 

Attitudes

Pediatric hospitalists should be able to:

  • Educate the family/caregiver on the expected course of illness, treatment options, and potential sequelae.

  • Recognize the importance of communicating with the primary care provider to ensure a safe, efficient, and effective discharge and post‐discharge care.

  • Collaborate with the healthcare team to ensure coordinated hospital care for children with UTI.

 

Systems Organization and Improvement

In order to improve efficiency and quality within their organizations, pediatric hospitalists should:

  • Collaborate with referring physicians (primary care, emergency medicine, and referring hospital physicians) to develop and sustain appropriate referral networks for evaluation, admission, or transfer of children with UTI.

  • Collaborate with subspecialists to ensure consistent, timely, and up‐to‐date evaluation and care in the inpatient setting.

  • Lead, coordinate or participate in the development and implementation of cost‐effective, safe, evidence‐based care pathways to standardize the evaluation and management of hospitalized children with UTI.

 

Issue
Journal of Hospital Medicine - 5(2)
Issue
Journal of Hospital Medicine - 5(2)
Page Number
43-44
Page Number
43-44
Article Type
Display Headline
Urinary tract infections
Display Headline
Urinary tract infections
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Introduction to the Pediatric Hospital Medicine Core Competencies

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Introduction to the Pediatric Hospital Medicine Core Competencies

Background

Pediatric Hospital Medicine continues to evolve as an area of specialization, with the refinement of a distinct knowledgebase and skill set focused on the provision of high quality general pediatric care in the inpatient setting. It is the latest site‐specific specialty to emerge from the field of general pediatrics, following a course similar to that charted by pediatric emergency medicine and pediatric critical care medicine in recent decades. The growth of the field has been spurred by a number of factors, including the converging needs for a dedicated emphasis on patient safety, quality improvement, throughput management, and teaching in the inpatient setting.

The number of practicing pediatric hospitalists is estimated to be approximately 2500 and rapidly increasing. To meet the educational needs of this growing cohort of pediatricians, local, regional, and national continuing medical education offerings occur on a regular basis. Furthermore, at least ten fellowships dedicated to advanced training in pediatric hospital medicine have been developed at academic institutions across North America. Despite this, there has been an absence of an accepted and peer‐reviewed framework for professional and curriculum development.

The Pediatric Hospital Medicine Core Competencies represent the first comprehensive attempt to more formally define the standards for the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and focus on systems improvements that are expected of all pediatric hospitalists, regardless of practice setting or location. It is the culmination of more than five years of planning, research, and development by the Society of Hospital Medicine Pediatric Core Curriculum Task Force, leaders within the Academic Pediatric Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the editorial board. The competencies include contributions from over 80 pediatric hospitalists, content experts, and internal and external reviewers representing university and community hospitals, teaching and non‐teaching programs, and key societies and agencies involved in child health from all geographic regions of the United States and Canada. A companion article to Pediatric Hospital Medicine Core Competencies in this Supplement provides additional details regarding the project methodology.

Purpose

The Pediatric Hospital Medicine Core Competencies provide a framework for professional and curriculum development for all pediatric hospitalists. The framework is intended for use by hospital medicine program directors, directors of medical student clerkships, residency programs, fellowships, and continuing medical education, as well as other educators involved in curriculum development. The competencies do not focus on specific content, but rather general learning objectives within the skills, knowledge, and attitudes related to each topic. Attaining competency in the areas defined in these chapters is expected to require post‐residency training. This training is most likely to be obtained through a combination of work experience, local mentorship, and engagement in specific educational programs or fellowship. Pediatric hospitalists, directors, and educators can create specific instructional activities and methods chosen to reflect the characteristics of the intended learners and context of the practice environment.

Organization Structure

The Pediatric Hospital Medicine Core Competencies consist of 54 chapters, divided into four sections Common Clinical Diagnoses and Conditions, Specialized Clinical Services, Core Skills, and Healthcare Systems: Supporting and Advancing Child Health. Within each section, individual chapters on focused topics provide competencies in three domains of educational outcomes: the Cognitive Domain (Knowledge), the Psychomotor Domain (Skills), and the Affective Domain (Attitudes). To reflect the emphasis of hospital medicine practice on improving healthcare systems, a fourth section entitled Systems Organization and Improvement is also included. An attempt has been made to make the objectives timeless, allowing for creation of curriculum that can be nimble and reactive to new discoveries. Highly specific temporal changes in medicine are purposefully excluded, and instead the focus is on the drivers for these changes or advancements. Phrases and wording were selected to help guide the learning activities most likely to achieve each competency and to reflect the varied roles that pediatric hospitalists have in different practice settings. In this document, the terms child and children include infants, children, adolescents, and young adults up to the age of 21, in accordance of policies of the American Academy of Pediatrics. However, it is also understood that care is rendered in pediatric settings for patients who may surpass this upper age limit based on diagnosis or special healthcare needs. Finally, although the entire document can be a resource for comprehensive program development, each chapter is intended to stand alone and thus support curriculum development specific to the needs of individual programs.

Conclusion and Acknowledgement

The Pediatric Hospital Medicine Core Competencies are intended to provide standards for the knowledge, skills, and attitudes expected of all pediatric hospitalists and to provide a framework for ongoing professional and curriculum development for learners at all levels. We welcome feedback and evaluation from pediatric hospitalists and from all with whom we partner to improve the care for hospitalized children.

We wish to acknowledge the dedication of authors and associate editors, and the thoughtful review by the members of hospital organizations, accrediting bodies, and agencies listed in this supplement. This inaugural edition of the Pediatric Hospital Medicine Core Competenciesshould serve as the foundation from which the field of Pediatric Hospital Medicine will continue to evolve. We look forward with anticipation to future revisions as we reflect on our goals and advance our field.

The Pediatric Hospital Medicine Core Competencies Editorial Board

Erin Stucky, MD

Mary C Ottolini, MD, MPH

Jennifer Maniscalco, MD, MPH

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Issue
Journal of Hospital Medicine - 5(2)
Page Number
v-vi
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Article PDF

Background

Pediatric Hospital Medicine continues to evolve as an area of specialization, with the refinement of a distinct knowledgebase and skill set focused on the provision of high quality general pediatric care in the inpatient setting. It is the latest site‐specific specialty to emerge from the field of general pediatrics, following a course similar to that charted by pediatric emergency medicine and pediatric critical care medicine in recent decades. The growth of the field has been spurred by a number of factors, including the converging needs for a dedicated emphasis on patient safety, quality improvement, throughput management, and teaching in the inpatient setting.

The number of practicing pediatric hospitalists is estimated to be approximately 2500 and rapidly increasing. To meet the educational needs of this growing cohort of pediatricians, local, regional, and national continuing medical education offerings occur on a regular basis. Furthermore, at least ten fellowships dedicated to advanced training in pediatric hospital medicine have been developed at academic institutions across North America. Despite this, there has been an absence of an accepted and peer‐reviewed framework for professional and curriculum development.

The Pediatric Hospital Medicine Core Competencies represent the first comprehensive attempt to more formally define the standards for the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and focus on systems improvements that are expected of all pediatric hospitalists, regardless of practice setting or location. It is the culmination of more than five years of planning, research, and development by the Society of Hospital Medicine Pediatric Core Curriculum Task Force, leaders within the Academic Pediatric Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the editorial board. The competencies include contributions from over 80 pediatric hospitalists, content experts, and internal and external reviewers representing university and community hospitals, teaching and non‐teaching programs, and key societies and agencies involved in child health from all geographic regions of the United States and Canada. A companion article to Pediatric Hospital Medicine Core Competencies in this Supplement provides additional details regarding the project methodology.

Purpose

The Pediatric Hospital Medicine Core Competencies provide a framework for professional and curriculum development for all pediatric hospitalists. The framework is intended for use by hospital medicine program directors, directors of medical student clerkships, residency programs, fellowships, and continuing medical education, as well as other educators involved in curriculum development. The competencies do not focus on specific content, but rather general learning objectives within the skills, knowledge, and attitudes related to each topic. Attaining competency in the areas defined in these chapters is expected to require post‐residency training. This training is most likely to be obtained through a combination of work experience, local mentorship, and engagement in specific educational programs or fellowship. Pediatric hospitalists, directors, and educators can create specific instructional activities and methods chosen to reflect the characteristics of the intended learners and context of the practice environment.

Organization Structure

The Pediatric Hospital Medicine Core Competencies consist of 54 chapters, divided into four sections Common Clinical Diagnoses and Conditions, Specialized Clinical Services, Core Skills, and Healthcare Systems: Supporting and Advancing Child Health. Within each section, individual chapters on focused topics provide competencies in three domains of educational outcomes: the Cognitive Domain (Knowledge), the Psychomotor Domain (Skills), and the Affective Domain (Attitudes). To reflect the emphasis of hospital medicine practice on improving healthcare systems, a fourth section entitled Systems Organization and Improvement is also included. An attempt has been made to make the objectives timeless, allowing for creation of curriculum that can be nimble and reactive to new discoveries. Highly specific temporal changes in medicine are purposefully excluded, and instead the focus is on the drivers for these changes or advancements. Phrases and wording were selected to help guide the learning activities most likely to achieve each competency and to reflect the varied roles that pediatric hospitalists have in different practice settings. In this document, the terms child and children include infants, children, adolescents, and young adults up to the age of 21, in accordance of policies of the American Academy of Pediatrics. However, it is also understood that care is rendered in pediatric settings for patients who may surpass this upper age limit based on diagnosis or special healthcare needs. Finally, although the entire document can be a resource for comprehensive program development, each chapter is intended to stand alone and thus support curriculum development specific to the needs of individual programs.

Conclusion and Acknowledgement

The Pediatric Hospital Medicine Core Competencies are intended to provide standards for the knowledge, skills, and attitudes expected of all pediatric hospitalists and to provide a framework for ongoing professional and curriculum development for learners at all levels. We welcome feedback and evaluation from pediatric hospitalists and from all with whom we partner to improve the care for hospitalized children.

We wish to acknowledge the dedication of authors and associate editors, and the thoughtful review by the members of hospital organizations, accrediting bodies, and agencies listed in this supplement. This inaugural edition of the Pediatric Hospital Medicine Core Competenciesshould serve as the foundation from which the field of Pediatric Hospital Medicine will continue to evolve. We look forward with anticipation to future revisions as we reflect on our goals and advance our field.

The Pediatric Hospital Medicine Core Competencies Editorial Board

Erin Stucky, MD

Mary C Ottolini, MD, MPH

Jennifer Maniscalco, MD, MPH

Background

Pediatric Hospital Medicine continues to evolve as an area of specialization, with the refinement of a distinct knowledgebase and skill set focused on the provision of high quality general pediatric care in the inpatient setting. It is the latest site‐specific specialty to emerge from the field of general pediatrics, following a course similar to that charted by pediatric emergency medicine and pediatric critical care medicine in recent decades. The growth of the field has been spurred by a number of factors, including the converging needs for a dedicated emphasis on patient safety, quality improvement, throughput management, and teaching in the inpatient setting.

The number of practicing pediatric hospitalists is estimated to be approximately 2500 and rapidly increasing. To meet the educational needs of this growing cohort of pediatricians, local, regional, and national continuing medical education offerings occur on a regular basis. Furthermore, at least ten fellowships dedicated to advanced training in pediatric hospital medicine have been developed at academic institutions across North America. Despite this, there has been an absence of an accepted and peer‐reviewed framework for professional and curriculum development.

The Pediatric Hospital Medicine Core Competencies represent the first comprehensive attempt to more formally define the standards for the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and focus on systems improvements that are expected of all pediatric hospitalists, regardless of practice setting or location. It is the culmination of more than five years of planning, research, and development by the Society of Hospital Medicine Pediatric Core Curriculum Task Force, leaders within the Academic Pediatric Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the editorial board. The competencies include contributions from over 80 pediatric hospitalists, content experts, and internal and external reviewers representing university and community hospitals, teaching and non‐teaching programs, and key societies and agencies involved in child health from all geographic regions of the United States and Canada. A companion article to Pediatric Hospital Medicine Core Competencies in this Supplement provides additional details regarding the project methodology.

Purpose

The Pediatric Hospital Medicine Core Competencies provide a framework for professional and curriculum development for all pediatric hospitalists. The framework is intended for use by hospital medicine program directors, directors of medical student clerkships, residency programs, fellowships, and continuing medical education, as well as other educators involved in curriculum development. The competencies do not focus on specific content, but rather general learning objectives within the skills, knowledge, and attitudes related to each topic. Attaining competency in the areas defined in these chapters is expected to require post‐residency training. This training is most likely to be obtained through a combination of work experience, local mentorship, and engagement in specific educational programs or fellowship. Pediatric hospitalists, directors, and educators can create specific instructional activities and methods chosen to reflect the characteristics of the intended learners and context of the practice environment.

Organization Structure

The Pediatric Hospital Medicine Core Competencies consist of 54 chapters, divided into four sections Common Clinical Diagnoses and Conditions, Specialized Clinical Services, Core Skills, and Healthcare Systems: Supporting and Advancing Child Health. Within each section, individual chapters on focused topics provide competencies in three domains of educational outcomes: the Cognitive Domain (Knowledge), the Psychomotor Domain (Skills), and the Affective Domain (Attitudes). To reflect the emphasis of hospital medicine practice on improving healthcare systems, a fourth section entitled Systems Organization and Improvement is also included. An attempt has been made to make the objectives timeless, allowing for creation of curriculum that can be nimble and reactive to new discoveries. Highly specific temporal changes in medicine are purposefully excluded, and instead the focus is on the drivers for these changes or advancements. Phrases and wording were selected to help guide the learning activities most likely to achieve each competency and to reflect the varied roles that pediatric hospitalists have in different practice settings. In this document, the terms child and children include infants, children, adolescents, and young adults up to the age of 21, in accordance of policies of the American Academy of Pediatrics. However, it is also understood that care is rendered in pediatric settings for patients who may surpass this upper age limit based on diagnosis or special healthcare needs. Finally, although the entire document can be a resource for comprehensive program development, each chapter is intended to stand alone and thus support curriculum development specific to the needs of individual programs.

Conclusion and Acknowledgement

The Pediatric Hospital Medicine Core Competencies are intended to provide standards for the knowledge, skills, and attitudes expected of all pediatric hospitalists and to provide a framework for ongoing professional and curriculum development for learners at all levels. We welcome feedback and evaluation from pediatric hospitalists and from all with whom we partner to improve the care for hospitalized children.

We wish to acknowledge the dedication of authors and associate editors, and the thoughtful review by the members of hospital organizations, accrediting bodies, and agencies listed in this supplement. This inaugural edition of the Pediatric Hospital Medicine Core Competenciesshould serve as the foundation from which the field of Pediatric Hospital Medicine will continue to evolve. We look forward with anticipation to future revisions as we reflect on our goals and advance our field.

The Pediatric Hospital Medicine Core Competencies Editorial Board

Erin Stucky, MD

Mary C Ottolini, MD, MPH

Jennifer Maniscalco, MD, MPH

Issue
Journal of Hospital Medicine - 5(2)
Issue
Journal of Hospital Medicine - 5(2)
Page Number
v-vi
Page Number
v-vi
Article Type
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Introduction to the Pediatric Hospital Medicine Core Competencies
Display Headline
Introduction to the Pediatric Hospital Medicine Core Competencies
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