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Steven Q. Wang, MD, and Ian R. Tooley, PhD
Commercial sunscreen based on nano-sized titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) delivers superior UV protection and reduces whitening on skin compared to the older generations of inorganic sunscreens. This review discusses the historical use of nano-sized TiO2 and ZnO in sunscreen and the relationship between UV attenuation and the primary particles, aggregates and agglomerates that make up these inorganic oxides. In addition we reviewed the recent safety concerns surrounding these materials, specifically, percutaneous penetration of TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles through human skin and their potential to cause phototoxicity.
*For a PDF of the full article, click on the link to the left of this introduction.
Steven Q. Wang, MD, and Ian R. Tooley, PhD
Commercial sunscreen based on nano-sized titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) delivers superior UV protection and reduces whitening on skin compared to the older generations of inorganic sunscreens. This review discusses the historical use of nano-sized TiO2 and ZnO in sunscreen and the relationship between UV attenuation and the primary particles, aggregates and agglomerates that make up these inorganic oxides. In addition we reviewed the recent safety concerns surrounding these materials, specifically, percutaneous penetration of TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles through human skin and their potential to cause phototoxicity.
*For a PDF of the full article, click on the link to the left of this introduction.
Steven Q. Wang, MD, and Ian R. Tooley, PhD
Commercial sunscreen based on nano-sized titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) delivers superior UV protection and reduces whitening on skin compared to the older generations of inorganic sunscreens. This review discusses the historical use of nano-sized TiO2 and ZnO in sunscreen and the relationship between UV attenuation and the primary particles, aggregates and agglomerates that make up these inorganic oxides. In addition we reviewed the recent safety concerns surrounding these materials, specifically, percutaneous penetration of TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles through human skin and their potential to cause phototoxicity.
*For a PDF of the full article, click on the link to the left of this introduction.