Use of Complementary Alternative Medicine and Supplementation for Skin Disease

Article Type
Article
Changed
Tue, 08/09/2022 - 09:44
Author(s)
Erika Wood, BA
Bridget E. Shields, MD

Complementary alternative medicine (CAM) has been described by the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Medicine as “health care approaches that are not typically part of conventional medical care or that may have origins outside of usual Western practice.”1 Although this definition is broad, CAM encompasses therapies such as traditional Chinese medicine, herbal therapies, dietary supplements, and mind/body interventions. The use of CAM has grown, and according to a 2012 National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health survey, more than 30% of US adults and 12% of US children use health care approaches that are considered outside of conventional medical practice. In a survey study of US adults, at least 17.7% of respondents said they had taken a dietary supplement other than a vitamin or mineral in the last year.1 Data from the 2007 National Health Interview Survey showed that the prevalence of adults with skin conditions using CAM was 84.5% compared to 38.3% in the general population.2 In addition, 8.15 million US patients with dermatologic conditions reported using CAM over a 5-year period.3 Complementary alternative medicine has emerged as an alternative or adjunct to standard treatments, making it important for dermatologists to understand the existing literature on these therapies. Herein, we review the current evidence-based literature that exists on CAM for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD), psoriasis, and alopecia areata (AA).

Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, pruritic, inflammatory skin condition with considerable morbidity.4,5 The pathophysiology of AD is multifactorial and includes aspects of barrier dysfunction, IgE hypersensitivity, abnormal cell-mediated immune response, and environmental factors.6 Atopic dermatitis also is one of the most common inflammatory skin conditions in adults, affecting more than 7% of the US population and up to 20% of the total population in developed countries. Of those affected, 40% have moderate or severe symptoms that result in a substantial impact on quality of life.7 Despite advances in understanding disease pathology and treatment, a subset of patients opt to defer conventional treatments such as topical and systemic corticosteroids, antibiotics, nonsteroidal immunomodulators, and biologics. Patients may seek alternative therapies when typical treatments fail or when the perceived side effects outweigh the benefits.5,8 The use of CAM has been well described in patients with AD; however, the existing evidence supporting its use along with its safety profile have not been thoroughly explored. Herein, we will discuss some of the most well-studied supplements for treatment of AD, including evening primrose oil (EPO), fish oil, and probiotics.5

Oral supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids commonly is reported in patients with AD.5,8 The idea that a fatty acid deficiency could lead to atopic skin conditions has been around since 1937, when it was suggested that patients with AD had lower levels of blood unsaturated fatty acids.9 Conflicting evidence regarding oral fatty acid ingestion and AD disease severity has emerged.10,11 One unsaturated fatty acid, γ-linolenic acid (GLA), has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties and involvement in barrier repair.12 It is converted to dihomo-GLA in the body, which acts on cyclooxygenase enzymes to produce the inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E1. The production of GLA is mediated by the enzyme delta-6 desaturase in the metabolization of linoleic acid.12 However, it has been reported that in a subset of patients with AD, a malfunction of delta-6 desaturase may play a role in disease progression and result in lower baseline levels of GLA.10,12 Evening primrose oil and borage oil contain high amounts of GLA (8%–10% and 23%, respectively); thus, supplementation with these oils has been studied in AD.13

EPO for AD
Studies investigating EPO (Oenothera biennis) and its association with AD severity have shown mixed results. A Cochrane review reported that oral borage oil and EPO were not effective treatments for AD,14 while another larger randomized controlled trial (RCT) found no statistically significant improvement in AD symptoms.15 However, multiple smaller studies have found that clinical symptoms of AD, such as erythema, xerosis, pruritus, and total body surface area involved, did improve with oral EPO supplementation when compared to placebo, and the results were statistically significant (P=.04).16,17 One study looked at different dosages of EPO and found that groups ingesting both 160 mg and 320 mg daily experienced reductions in eczema area and severity index score, with greater improvement noted with the higher dosage.17 Side effects associated with oral EPO include an anticoagulant effect and transient gastrointestinal tract upset.8,14 There currently is not enough evidence or safety data to recommend this supplement to AD patients.

Although topical use of fatty acids with high concentrations of GLA, such as EPO and borage oil, have demonstrated improvement in subjective symptom severity, most studies have not reached statistical significance.10,11 One study used a 10% EPO cream for 2 weeks compared to placebo and found statistically significant improvement in patient-reported AD symptoms (P=.045). However, this study only included 10 participants, and therefore larger studies are necessary to confirm this result.18 Some RCTs have shown that topical coconut oil, sunflower seed oil, and sandalwood album oil improve AD symptom severity, but again, large controlled trials are needed.5 Unfortunately, many essential oils, including EPO, can cause a secondary allergic contact dermatitis and potentially worsen AD.19

Fish Oil for AD
Fish oil is a commonly used supplement for AD due to its high content of the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Omega-3 fatty acids exert anti-inflammatory effects by displacing arachidonic acid, a proinflammatory omega-6 fatty acid thought to increase IgE, as well as helper T cell (TH2) cytokines and prostaglandin E2.8,20 A 2012 Cochrane review found that, while some studies revealed mild improvement in AD symptoms with oral fish oil supplementation, these RCTs were of poor methodological quality.21 Multiple smaller studies have shown a decrease in pruritus, severity, and physician-rated clinical scores with fish oil use.5,8,20,22 One study with 145 participants reported that 6 g of fish oil once daily compared to isoenergetic corn oil for 16 weeks identified no statistically significant differences between the treatment groups.20 No adverse events were identified in any of the reported trials. Further studies should be conducted to assess the utility and dosing of fish oil supplements in AD patients.



Probiotics for AD
Probiotics consist of live microorganisms that enhance the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract.8,20 They have been shown to influence food digestion and also have demonstrated potential influence on the skin-gut axis.23 The theory that intestinal dysbiosis plays a role in AD pathogenesis has been investigated in multiple studies.23-25 The central premise is that low-fiber and high-fat Western diets lead to fundamental changes in the gut microbiome, resulting in fewer anti-inflammatory metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs).23-25 These SCFAs are produced by microbes during the fermentation of dietary fiber and are known for their effect on epithelial barrier integrity and anti-inflammatory properties mediated through G protein–coupled receptor 43.25 Multiple studies have shown that the gut microbiome in patients with AD have higher proportions of Clostridium difficile, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus and lower levels of Bifidobacterium, Bacteroidetes, and Bacteroides species compared to healthy controls.26,27 Metagenomic analysis of fecal samples from patients with AD have shown a reduction of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii species when compared to controls, along with a decreased SCFA production, leading to the hypothesis that the gut microbiome may play a role in epithelial barrier disruption.28,29 Systematic reviews and smaller studies have found that oral probiotic use does lead to AD symptom improvement.8,30,31 A systematic review of 25 RCTs with 1599 participants found that supplementation with oral probiotics significantly decreased the SCORAD (SCORing Atopic Dermatitis) index in adults and children older than 1 year with AD but had no effect on infants younger than 1 year (P<.001). They also found that supplementation with diverse microbes or Lactobacillus species showed greater benefit than Bifidobacterium species alone.30 Another study analyzed the effect of oral Lactobacillus fermentum (1×109 CFU twice daily) in 53 children with AD vs placebo for 16 weeks. This study found a statically significant decrease in SCORAD index between oral probiotics and placebo, with 92% (n=24) of participants supplementing with probiotics having a lower SCORAD index than baseline compared to 63% (n=17) in the placebo group (P=.01).31 However, the use of probiotics for AD treatment has remained controversial. Two recent systematic reviews, including 39 RCTs of 2599 randomized patients, found that the use of currently available oral probiotics made little or no difference in patient-rated AD symptoms, investigator-rated AD symptoms, or quality of life.32,33 No adverse effects were observed in the included studies. Unfortunately, the individual RCTs included were heterogeneous, and future studies with standardized probiotic supplementation should be undertaken before probiotics can be routinely recommended.

The use of topical probiotics in AD also has recently emerged. Multiple studies have shown that patients with AD have higher levels of colonization with S aureus, which is associated with T-cell dysfunction, more severe allergic skin reactions, and disruptions in barrier function.34,35 Therefore, altering the skin microbiota through topical probiotics could theoretically reduce AD symptoms and flares. Multiple RCTs and smaller studies have shown that topical probiotics can alter the skin microbiota, improve erythema, and decrease scaling and pruritus in AD patients.35-38 One study used a heat-treated Lactobacillus johnsonii 0.3% lotion twice daily for 3 weeks vs placebo in patients with AD with positive S aureus skin cultures. The S aureus load decreased in patients using the topical probiotic lotion, which correlated with lower SCORAD index that was statistically significant compared to placebo (P=.012).36 More robust studies are needed to determine if topical probiotics should routinely be recommended in AD.

Psoriasis

Psoriasis vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by pruritic, hyperkeratotic, scaly plaques.39,40 Keratinocyte hyperproliferation is central to psoriasis pathogenesis and is thought to be a T-cell–driven reaction to antigens or trauma in genetically predisposed individuals. Standard treatments for psoriasis currently include topical corticosteroids and anti-inflammatories, oral immunomodulatory therapy, biologic agents, and phototherapy.40 The use of CAM is highly prevalent among patients with psoriasis, with one study reporting that 51% (n=162) of psoriatic patients interviewed had used CAM.41 The most common reasons for CAM use included dissatisfaction with current treatment, adverse side effects of standard therapy, and patient-reported attempts at “trying everything to heal disease.”42 Herein, we will discuss some of the most frequently used supplements for treatment of psoriatic disease.39

 

 

Fish Oil for Psoriasis
One of the most common supplements used by patients with psoriasis is fish oil due to its purported anti-inflammatory qualities.20,39 The consensus on fish oil supplementation for psoriasis is mixed.43-45 Multiple RCTs have reported reductions in psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) scores or symptomatic improvement with variable doses of fish oil.44,46 One RCT found that using EPA 1.8 g once daily and DHA 1.2 g once daily for 12 weeks resulted in significant improvement in pruritus, scaling, and erythema (P<.05).44 Another study reported a significant decrease in erythema (P=.02) and total body surface area affected (P=.0001) with EPA 3.6 g once daily and DHA 2.4 g once daily supplementation compared to olive oil supplementation for 15 weeks.46 Alternatively, multiple studies have failed to show statistically significant improvement in psoriatic symptoms with fish oil supplementation at variable doses and time frames (14–216 mg daily EPA, 9–80 mg daily DHA, from 2 weeks to 9 months).40,47,48 Fish oil may impart anticoagulant properties and should not be started without the guidance of a physician. Currently, there are no data to make specific recommendations on the use of fish oil as an adjunct psoriatic treatment.



Curcumin for Psoriasis
Another supplement routinely utilized in patients with psoriasis is curcumin,40,49,50 a yellow phytochemical that is a major component of the spice turmeric. Curcumin has been shown to inhibit certain proinflammatory cytokines including IL-17, IL-6, IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor α and has been regarded as having immune-modulating, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties.40,50 Curcumin also has been reported to suppress phosphorylase kinase, an enzyme that has increased activity in psoriatic plaques that correlates with markers of psoriatic hyperproliferation.50,51 When applied topically, turmeric microgel 0.5% has been reported to decrease scaling, erythema, and psoriatic plaque thickness over the course of 9 weeks.50 In a nonrandomized trial with 10 participants, researchers found that phosphorylase kinase activity levels in psoriatic skin biopsies of patients applying topical curcumin 1% were lower than placebo and topical calcipotriol applied in combination. The lower phosphorylase kinase levels correlated with level of disease severity, and topical curcumin 1% showed a superior outcome when compared to topical calcipotriol.40,49 Although these preliminary results are interesting, there still are not enough data at this time to recommend topical curcumin as a treatment of psoriasis. No known adverse events have been reported with the use of topical curcumin to date.

Oral curcumin has poor oral bioavailability, and 40% to 90% of oral doses are excreted, making supplementation a challenge.40 In one RCT, oral curcumin 2 g daily (using a lecithin-based delivery system to increase bioavailability) was administered in combination with topical methylprednisolone aceponate 0.1%, resulting in significant improvement in psoriatic symptoms and lower IL-22 compared to placebo and topical methylprednisolone aceponate (P<.05).52 Other studies also have reported decreased PASI scores with oral curcumin supplementation.53,54 Adverse effects reported with oral curcumin included gastrointestinal tract upset and hot flashes.53 Although there is early evidence that may support the use of oral curcumin supplementation for psoriasis, more data are needed before recommending this therapy.

Indigo Naturalis for Psoriasis
Topical indigo naturalis (IN) also has been reported to improve psoriasis symptoms.39,53,55 The antipsoriatic effects are thought to occur through the active ingredient in IN (indirubin), which is responsible for inhibition of keratinocyte proliferation.40 One study reported that topical IN 1.4% containing indirubin 0.16% with a petroleum ointment vehicle applied to psoriatic plaques over 12 weeks resulted in a significant decrease in PASI scores from 18.9 at baseline to 6.3 after IN treatment (P<.001).56 Another study found that over 8 weeks, topical application of IN 2.83% containing indirubin 0.24% to psoriatic plaques vs petroleum jelly resulted in 56.3% (n=9) of the treatment group achieving PASI 75 compared to 0% in the placebo group (n=24).55 One deterrent in topical IN treatment is the dark blue pigment it contains; however, no other adverse outcomes were found with topical IN treatment.56 Larger clinical trials are necessary to further explore IN as a potential adjunct treatment in patients with mild psoriatic disease. When taken orally, IN has caused gastrointestinal tract disturbance and elevated liver enzyme levels.57

Herbal Toxicities
It is important to consider that oral supplements including curcumin and IN are widely available over-the-counter and online without oversight by the US Food and Drug Administration.40 Herbal supplements typically are compounded with other ingredients and have been associated with hepatotoxicity as well as drug-supplement interactions, including abnormal bleeding and clotting.58 There exists a lack of general surveillance data, making the true burden of herbal toxicities more difficult to accurately discern. Although some supplements have been associated with anti-inflammatory qualities and disease improvement, other herbal supplements have been shown to possess immunostimulatory characteristics. Herbal supplements such as spirulina, chlorella, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, and echinacea have been shown to upregulate inflammatory pathways in a variety of autoimmune skin conditions.59

Probiotics for Psoriasis
Data on probiotic use in patients with psoriasis are limited.23 A distinct pattern of dysbiosis has been identified in psoriatic patients, as there is thought to be depletion of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, lactobacilli, and F prausnitzii and increased colonization with pathogenic organisms such as Salmonella, E coli, Heliobacter, Campylobacter, and Alcaligenes in psoriasis patients.23,59,60 Early mouse studies have supported this hypothesis, as mice fed with Lactobacillus pentosus have developed milder forms of imiquimod-induced psoriasis compared to placebo,55 and mice receiving probiotic supplementation have lower levels of psoriasis-related proinflammatory markers such as TH17-associated cytokines.61 Another study in humans found that daily oral Bifidobacterium infantis supplementation for 8 weeks in psoriatic patients resulted in lower C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor α levels compared to placebo.62 Studies on the use of topical probiotics in psoriasis have been limited, and more research is needed to explore this relationship.38 At this time, no specific recommendations can be made on the use of probiotics in psoriatic patients.

Alopecia Areata

Alopecia areata is nonscarring hair loss that can affect the scalp, face, or body.63,64 The pathophysiology of AA involves the attack of the hair follicle matrix epithelium by inflammatory cells without hair follicle stem cell destruction. The precise events that precipitate these episodes are unknown, but triggers such as emotional or physical stress, vaccines, or viral infections have been reported.65 There is no cure for AA, and current treatments such as topical minoxidil and corticosteroids (topical, intralesional, or oral) vary widely in efficacy.64 Although Janus kinase inhibitors recently have shown promising results in the treatment of AA, the need for prolonged therapy may be frustrating to patients.66 Severity of AA also can vary, with 30% of patients experiencing extensive hair loss.67 The use of CAM has been widely reported in AA due to high levels of dissatisfaction with existing therapies.68 Herein, we discuss the most studied alternative treatments used in AA

Garlic and Onion for Alopecia
One alternative treatment that has shown promising initial results is application of topical garlic and onion extracts to affected areas.64,69,70 Both garlic and onion belong to the Allium genus and are high in sulfur and phenolic compounds.70 They have been reported to possess bactericidal and vasodilatory activity,71 and it has been hypothesized that onion and garlic extracts may induce therapeutic effects through induction of a mild contact dermatitis.70 One single-blinded, controlled trial using topical crude onion juice reported that 86.9% (n=20) of patients had full regrowth of hair compared to 13.3% (n=2) of patients treated with a tap water placebo at 8 weeks (P<.0001). This study also noted that patients using onion juice had a higher rate of erythema at application site; unfortunately, the study was small with only 38 patients.70 Another double-blind RCT using garlic gel 5% with betamethasone valerate cream 0.1% compared to betamethasone valerate cream alone found that after 3 months, patients in the garlic gel group had increased terminal hairs and smaller patch sizes compared to the betamethasone valerate cream group.69 More studies are needed to confirm these results.

Aromatherapy With Essential Oils for Alopecia
Another alternative treatment in AA that has demonstrated positive results is aromatherapy skin massage with essential oils to patches of alopecia.72 Although certain essential oils, such as tea tree oil, have been reported to have specific antibacterial or anti-inflammatory properties, essential oils have been reported to cause allergic contact dermatitis and should be used with caution.73,74 For example, tea tree oil is a well-known cause of allergic contact dermatitis, and positive patch testing has ranged from 0.1% to 3.5% in studies assessing topical tea tree oil 5% application.75 Overall, there have been nearly 80 essential oils implicated in contact dermatitis, with high-concentration products being one of the highest risk factors for an allergic contact reaction.76 One RCT compared daily scalp massage with essential oils (rosemary, lavender, thyme, and cedarwood in a carrier oil) to daily scalp massage with a placebo carrier oil in AA patients. The results showed that at 7 months of treatment, 44% (n=19) of the aromatherapy group showed improvement compared to 15% (n=6) in the control group.77 Another study used a similar group of essential oils (thyme, rosemary, atlas cedar, lavender, and EPO in a carrier oil) with daily scalp massage and reported similar improvement of AA symptoms compared to control; the investigators also reported irritation at application site in 1 patient.78 There currently are not enough data to recommend aromatherapy skin massage for the treatment of AA, and this practice may cause harm to the patient by induction of allergic contact dermatitis.



There have been a few studies to suggest that the use of total glucosides of peony with compound glycyrrhizin and oral Korean red ginseng may have beneficial effects on AA treatment, but efficacy and safety data are lacking, and these therapies should not be recommended without more information.64,79,80

Final Thoughts

Dermatologic patients frequently are opting for CAM,2 and although some therapies may show promising initial results, alternative medicines also can drive adverse events.19,30 The lack of oversight from the US Food and Drug Administration on the products leads to many unknowns for true health risks with over-the-counter CAM supplements.40 As the use of CAM becomes increasingly common among dermatologic patients, it is important for dermatologists to understand the benefits and risks, especially for commonly treated conditions. More data is needed before CAM can be routinely recommended.

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  59. Bax CE, Chakka S, Concha JSS, et al. The effects of immunostimulatory herbal supplements on autoimmune skin diseases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84:1051-1058.
  60. Scher JU, Ubeda C, Artacho A, et al. Decreased bacterial diversity characterizes an altered gut microbiota in psoriatic arthritis and resembles dysbiosis of inflammatory bowel disease. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67:128-139.
  61. Chen Y-H, Wu C-S, Chao Y-H, et al. Lactobacillus pentosus GMNL-77 inhibits skin lesions in imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mice. J Food Drug Anal. 2017;25:559-566.
  62. Groeger D, O’Mahony L, Murphy EF, et al. Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 modulates host inflammatory processes beyond the gut. Gut Microbes. 2013;4:325-339.
  63. Hosking A-M, Juhasz M, Atanaskova Mesinkovska N. Complementary and alternative treatments for alopecia: a comprehensive review. Skin Appendage Disord. 2019;5:72-89.
  64. Tkachenko E, Okhovat J-P, Manjaly P, et al. Complementary & alternative medicine for alopecia areata: a systematic review [published online December 20, 2019]. J Am Acad Dermatol. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2019.12.027
  65. Lepe K, Zito PM. Alopecia areata. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2021. Accessed July 22, 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30725685/
  66. Ismail FF, Sinclair R. JAK inhibition in the treatment of alopecia areata—a promising new dawn? Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2020;13:43-51. doi:10.1080/17512433.2020.1702878
  67. van den Biggelaar FJHM, Smolders J, Jansen JFA. Complementary and alternative medicine in alopecia areata. AM J Clin Dermatol. 2010;11:11-20.
  68. Hussain ST, Mostaghimi A, Barr PJ, et al. Utilization of mental health resources and complementary and alternative therapies for alopecia areata: a U.S. survey. Int J Trichology. 2017;9:160-164.
  69. Hajheydari Z, Jamshidi M, Akbari J, et al. Combination of topical garlic gel and betamethasone valerate cream in the treatment of localized alopecia areata: a double-blind randomized controlled study. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2007;73:29-32.
  70. Sharquie KE, Al-Obaidi HK. Onion juice (Allium cepa L.), a new topical treatment for alopecia areata. J Dermatol. 2002;29:343-346.
  71. Burian JP, Sacramento LVS, Carlos IZ. Fungal infection control by garlic extracts (Allium sativum L.) and modulation of peritoneal macrophages activity in murine model of sporotrichosis. Braz J Biol. 2017;77:848-855.
  72. Hay IC, Jamieson M, Ormerod AD. Randomized trial of aromatherapy. successful treatment for alopecia areata. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134:1349-1352.
  73. Lakshmi C, Srinivas CR. Allergic contact dermatitis following aromatherapy with valiya narayana thailam—an ayurvedic oil presenting as exfoliative dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 2009;61:297-298.
  74. Carson CF, Hammer KA, Riley TV. Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil: a review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006;19:50-62.
  75. Groot AC de, Schmidt E. Tea tree oil: contact allergy and chemical composition. Contact Dermatitis. 2016;75:129-143.
  76. de Groot AC, Schmidt E. Essential oils, part I: introduction. dermatitis. 2016;27:39-42.
  77. Hay IC, Jamieson M, Ormerod AD. Randomized trial of aromatherapy. successful treatment for alopecia areata. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134:1349-1352.
  78. Ozmen I, Caliskan E, Arca E, et al. Efficacy of aromatherapy in the treatment of localized alopecia areata: a double-blind placebo controlled study. Gulhane Med J. 2015;57:233.
  79. Oh GN, Son SW. Efficacy of Korean red ginseng in the treatment of alopecia areata. J Ginseng Res. 2012;36:391-395.
  80. Yang D-Q, You L-P, Song P-H, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing total glucosides of paeony capsule and compound glycyrrhizin tablet for alopecia areata. Chin J Integr Med. 2012;18:621-625.
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From the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison. Dr. Shields is from the Department of Dermatology.

The authors report no conflict of interest.

Correspondence: Bridget E. Shields, MD, 1 S Park St, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Dermatology, Madison, WI 53711 (bshields@dermatology.wisc.edu).

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The authors report no conflict of interest.

Correspondence: Bridget E. Shields, MD, 1 S Park St, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Dermatology, Madison, WI 53711 (bshields@dermatology.wisc.edu).

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From the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison. Dr. Shields is from the Department of Dermatology.

The authors report no conflict of interest.

Correspondence: Bridget E. Shields, MD, 1 S Park St, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Dermatology, Madison, WI 53711 (bshields@dermatology.wisc.edu).

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Complementary alternative medicine (CAM) has been described by the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Medicine as “health care approaches that are not typically part of conventional medical care or that may have origins outside of usual Western practice.”1 Although this definition is broad, CAM encompasses therapies such as traditional Chinese medicine, herbal therapies, dietary supplements, and mind/body interventions. The use of CAM has grown, and according to a 2012 National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health survey, more than 30% of US adults and 12% of US children use health care approaches that are considered outside of conventional medical practice. In a survey study of US adults, at least 17.7% of respondents said they had taken a dietary supplement other than a vitamin or mineral in the last year.1 Data from the 2007 National Health Interview Survey showed that the prevalence of adults with skin conditions using CAM was 84.5% compared to 38.3% in the general population.2 In addition, 8.15 million US patients with dermatologic conditions reported using CAM over a 5-year period.3 Complementary alternative medicine has emerged as an alternative or adjunct to standard treatments, making it important for dermatologists to understand the existing literature on these therapies. Herein, we review the current evidence-based literature that exists on CAM for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD), psoriasis, and alopecia areata (AA).

Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, pruritic, inflammatory skin condition with considerable morbidity.4,5 The pathophysiology of AD is multifactorial and includes aspects of barrier dysfunction, IgE hypersensitivity, abnormal cell-mediated immune response, and environmental factors.6 Atopic dermatitis also is one of the most common inflammatory skin conditions in adults, affecting more than 7% of the US population and up to 20% of the total population in developed countries. Of those affected, 40% have moderate or severe symptoms that result in a substantial impact on quality of life.7 Despite advances in understanding disease pathology and treatment, a subset of patients opt to defer conventional treatments such as topical and systemic corticosteroids, antibiotics, nonsteroidal immunomodulators, and biologics. Patients may seek alternative therapies when typical treatments fail or when the perceived side effects outweigh the benefits.5,8 The use of CAM has been well described in patients with AD; however, the existing evidence supporting its use along with its safety profile have not been thoroughly explored. Herein, we will discuss some of the most well-studied supplements for treatment of AD, including evening primrose oil (EPO), fish oil, and probiotics.5

Oral supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids commonly is reported in patients with AD.5,8 The idea that a fatty acid deficiency could lead to atopic skin conditions has been around since 1937, when it was suggested that patients with AD had lower levels of blood unsaturated fatty acids.9 Conflicting evidence regarding oral fatty acid ingestion and AD disease severity has emerged.10,11 One unsaturated fatty acid, γ-linolenic acid (GLA), has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties and involvement in barrier repair.12 It is converted to dihomo-GLA in the body, which acts on cyclooxygenase enzymes to produce the inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E1. The production of GLA is mediated by the enzyme delta-6 desaturase in the metabolization of linoleic acid.12 However, it has been reported that in a subset of patients with AD, a malfunction of delta-6 desaturase may play a role in disease progression and result in lower baseline levels of GLA.10,12 Evening primrose oil and borage oil contain high amounts of GLA (8%–10% and 23%, respectively); thus, supplementation with these oils has been studied in AD.13

EPO for AD
Studies investigating EPO (Oenothera biennis) and its association with AD severity have shown mixed results. A Cochrane review reported that oral borage oil and EPO were not effective treatments for AD,14 while another larger randomized controlled trial (RCT) found no statistically significant improvement in AD symptoms.15 However, multiple smaller studies have found that clinical symptoms of AD, such as erythema, xerosis, pruritus, and total body surface area involved, did improve with oral EPO supplementation when compared to placebo, and the results were statistically significant (P=.04).16,17 One study looked at different dosages of EPO and found that groups ingesting both 160 mg and 320 mg daily experienced reductions in eczema area and severity index score, with greater improvement noted with the higher dosage.17 Side effects associated with oral EPO include an anticoagulant effect and transient gastrointestinal tract upset.8,14 There currently is not enough evidence or safety data to recommend this supplement to AD patients.

Although topical use of fatty acids with high concentrations of GLA, such as EPO and borage oil, have demonstrated improvement in subjective symptom severity, most studies have not reached statistical significance.10,11 One study used a 10% EPO cream for 2 weeks compared to placebo and found statistically significant improvement in patient-reported AD symptoms (P=.045). However, this study only included 10 participants, and therefore larger studies are necessary to confirm this result.18 Some RCTs have shown that topical coconut oil, sunflower seed oil, and sandalwood album oil improve AD symptom severity, but again, large controlled trials are needed.5 Unfortunately, many essential oils, including EPO, can cause a secondary allergic contact dermatitis and potentially worsen AD.19

Fish Oil for AD
Fish oil is a commonly used supplement for AD due to its high content of the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Omega-3 fatty acids exert anti-inflammatory effects by displacing arachidonic acid, a proinflammatory omega-6 fatty acid thought to increase IgE, as well as helper T cell (TH2) cytokines and prostaglandin E2.8,20 A 2012 Cochrane review found that, while some studies revealed mild improvement in AD symptoms with oral fish oil supplementation, these RCTs were of poor methodological quality.21 Multiple smaller studies have shown a decrease in pruritus, severity, and physician-rated clinical scores with fish oil use.5,8,20,22 One study with 145 participants reported that 6 g of fish oil once daily compared to isoenergetic corn oil for 16 weeks identified no statistically significant differences between the treatment groups.20 No adverse events were identified in any of the reported trials. Further studies should be conducted to assess the utility and dosing of fish oil supplements in AD patients.



Probiotics for AD
Probiotics consist of live microorganisms that enhance the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract.8,20 They have been shown to influence food digestion and also have demonstrated potential influence on the skin-gut axis.23 The theory that intestinal dysbiosis plays a role in AD pathogenesis has been investigated in multiple studies.23-25 The central premise is that low-fiber and high-fat Western diets lead to fundamental changes in the gut microbiome, resulting in fewer anti-inflammatory metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs).23-25 These SCFAs are produced by microbes during the fermentation of dietary fiber and are known for their effect on epithelial barrier integrity and anti-inflammatory properties mediated through G protein–coupled receptor 43.25 Multiple studies have shown that the gut microbiome in patients with AD have higher proportions of Clostridium difficile, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus and lower levels of Bifidobacterium, Bacteroidetes, and Bacteroides species compared to healthy controls.26,27 Metagenomic analysis of fecal samples from patients with AD have shown a reduction of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii species when compared to controls, along with a decreased SCFA production, leading to the hypothesis that the gut microbiome may play a role in epithelial barrier disruption.28,29 Systematic reviews and smaller studies have found that oral probiotic use does lead to AD symptom improvement.8,30,31 A systematic review of 25 RCTs with 1599 participants found that supplementation with oral probiotics significantly decreased the SCORAD (SCORing Atopic Dermatitis) index in adults and children older than 1 year with AD but had no effect on infants younger than 1 year (P<.001). They also found that supplementation with diverse microbes or Lactobacillus species showed greater benefit than Bifidobacterium species alone.30 Another study analyzed the effect of oral Lactobacillus fermentum (1×109 CFU twice daily) in 53 children with AD vs placebo for 16 weeks. This study found a statically significant decrease in SCORAD index between oral probiotics and placebo, with 92% (n=24) of participants supplementing with probiotics having a lower SCORAD index than baseline compared to 63% (n=17) in the placebo group (P=.01).31 However, the use of probiotics for AD treatment has remained controversial. Two recent systematic reviews, including 39 RCTs of 2599 randomized patients, found that the use of currently available oral probiotics made little or no difference in patient-rated AD symptoms, investigator-rated AD symptoms, or quality of life.32,33 No adverse effects were observed in the included studies. Unfortunately, the individual RCTs included were heterogeneous, and future studies with standardized probiotic supplementation should be undertaken before probiotics can be routinely recommended.

The use of topical probiotics in AD also has recently emerged. Multiple studies have shown that patients with AD have higher levels of colonization with S aureus, which is associated with T-cell dysfunction, more severe allergic skin reactions, and disruptions in barrier function.34,35 Therefore, altering the skin microbiota through topical probiotics could theoretically reduce AD symptoms and flares. Multiple RCTs and smaller studies have shown that topical probiotics can alter the skin microbiota, improve erythema, and decrease scaling and pruritus in AD patients.35-38 One study used a heat-treated Lactobacillus johnsonii 0.3% lotion twice daily for 3 weeks vs placebo in patients with AD with positive S aureus skin cultures. The S aureus load decreased in patients using the topical probiotic lotion, which correlated with lower SCORAD index that was statistically significant compared to placebo (P=.012).36 More robust studies are needed to determine if topical probiotics should routinely be recommended in AD.

Psoriasis

Psoriasis vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by pruritic, hyperkeratotic, scaly plaques.39,40 Keratinocyte hyperproliferation is central to psoriasis pathogenesis and is thought to be a T-cell–driven reaction to antigens or trauma in genetically predisposed individuals. Standard treatments for psoriasis currently include topical corticosteroids and anti-inflammatories, oral immunomodulatory therapy, biologic agents, and phototherapy.40 The use of CAM is highly prevalent among patients with psoriasis, with one study reporting that 51% (n=162) of psoriatic patients interviewed had used CAM.41 The most common reasons for CAM use included dissatisfaction with current treatment, adverse side effects of standard therapy, and patient-reported attempts at “trying everything to heal disease.”42 Herein, we will discuss some of the most frequently used supplements for treatment of psoriatic disease.39

 

 

Fish Oil for Psoriasis
One of the most common supplements used by patients with psoriasis is fish oil due to its purported anti-inflammatory qualities.20,39 The consensus on fish oil supplementation for psoriasis is mixed.43-45 Multiple RCTs have reported reductions in psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) scores or symptomatic improvement with variable doses of fish oil.44,46 One RCT found that using EPA 1.8 g once daily and DHA 1.2 g once daily for 12 weeks resulted in significant improvement in pruritus, scaling, and erythema (P<.05).44 Another study reported a significant decrease in erythema (P=.02) and total body surface area affected (P=.0001) with EPA 3.6 g once daily and DHA 2.4 g once daily supplementation compared to olive oil supplementation for 15 weeks.46 Alternatively, multiple studies have failed to show statistically significant improvement in psoriatic symptoms with fish oil supplementation at variable doses and time frames (14–216 mg daily EPA, 9–80 mg daily DHA, from 2 weeks to 9 months).40,47,48 Fish oil may impart anticoagulant properties and should not be started without the guidance of a physician. Currently, there are no data to make specific recommendations on the use of fish oil as an adjunct psoriatic treatment.



Curcumin for Psoriasis
Another supplement routinely utilized in patients with psoriasis is curcumin,40,49,50 a yellow phytochemical that is a major component of the spice turmeric. Curcumin has been shown to inhibit certain proinflammatory cytokines including IL-17, IL-6, IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor α and has been regarded as having immune-modulating, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties.40,50 Curcumin also has been reported to suppress phosphorylase kinase, an enzyme that has increased activity in psoriatic plaques that correlates with markers of psoriatic hyperproliferation.50,51 When applied topically, turmeric microgel 0.5% has been reported to decrease scaling, erythema, and psoriatic plaque thickness over the course of 9 weeks.50 In a nonrandomized trial with 10 participants, researchers found that phosphorylase kinase activity levels in psoriatic skin biopsies of patients applying topical curcumin 1% were lower than placebo and topical calcipotriol applied in combination. The lower phosphorylase kinase levels correlated with level of disease severity, and topical curcumin 1% showed a superior outcome when compared to topical calcipotriol.40,49 Although these preliminary results are interesting, there still are not enough data at this time to recommend topical curcumin as a treatment of psoriasis. No known adverse events have been reported with the use of topical curcumin to date.

Oral curcumin has poor oral bioavailability, and 40% to 90% of oral doses are excreted, making supplementation a challenge.40 In one RCT, oral curcumin 2 g daily (using a lecithin-based delivery system to increase bioavailability) was administered in combination with topical methylprednisolone aceponate 0.1%, resulting in significant improvement in psoriatic symptoms and lower IL-22 compared to placebo and topical methylprednisolone aceponate (P<.05).52 Other studies also have reported decreased PASI scores with oral curcumin supplementation.53,54 Adverse effects reported with oral curcumin included gastrointestinal tract upset and hot flashes.53 Although there is early evidence that may support the use of oral curcumin supplementation for psoriasis, more data are needed before recommending this therapy.

Indigo Naturalis for Psoriasis
Topical indigo naturalis (IN) also has been reported to improve psoriasis symptoms.39,53,55 The antipsoriatic effects are thought to occur through the active ingredient in IN (indirubin), which is responsible for inhibition of keratinocyte proliferation.40 One study reported that topical IN 1.4% containing indirubin 0.16% with a petroleum ointment vehicle applied to psoriatic plaques over 12 weeks resulted in a significant decrease in PASI scores from 18.9 at baseline to 6.3 after IN treatment (P<.001).56 Another study found that over 8 weeks, topical application of IN 2.83% containing indirubin 0.24% to psoriatic plaques vs petroleum jelly resulted in 56.3% (n=9) of the treatment group achieving PASI 75 compared to 0% in the placebo group (n=24).55 One deterrent in topical IN treatment is the dark blue pigment it contains; however, no other adverse outcomes were found with topical IN treatment.56 Larger clinical trials are necessary to further explore IN as a potential adjunct treatment in patients with mild psoriatic disease. When taken orally, IN has caused gastrointestinal tract disturbance and elevated liver enzyme levels.57

Herbal Toxicities
It is important to consider that oral supplements including curcumin and IN are widely available over-the-counter and online without oversight by the US Food and Drug Administration.40 Herbal supplements typically are compounded with other ingredients and have been associated with hepatotoxicity as well as drug-supplement interactions, including abnormal bleeding and clotting.58 There exists a lack of general surveillance data, making the true burden of herbal toxicities more difficult to accurately discern. Although some supplements have been associated with anti-inflammatory qualities and disease improvement, other herbal supplements have been shown to possess immunostimulatory characteristics. Herbal supplements such as spirulina, chlorella, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, and echinacea have been shown to upregulate inflammatory pathways in a variety of autoimmune skin conditions.59

Probiotics for Psoriasis
Data on probiotic use in patients with psoriasis are limited.23 A distinct pattern of dysbiosis has been identified in psoriatic patients, as there is thought to be depletion of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, lactobacilli, and F prausnitzii and increased colonization with pathogenic organisms such as Salmonella, E coli, Heliobacter, Campylobacter, and Alcaligenes in psoriasis patients.23,59,60 Early mouse studies have supported this hypothesis, as mice fed with Lactobacillus pentosus have developed milder forms of imiquimod-induced psoriasis compared to placebo,55 and mice receiving probiotic supplementation have lower levels of psoriasis-related proinflammatory markers such as TH17-associated cytokines.61 Another study in humans found that daily oral Bifidobacterium infantis supplementation for 8 weeks in psoriatic patients resulted in lower C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor α levels compared to placebo.62 Studies on the use of topical probiotics in psoriasis have been limited, and more research is needed to explore this relationship.38 At this time, no specific recommendations can be made on the use of probiotics in psoriatic patients.

Alopecia Areata

Alopecia areata is nonscarring hair loss that can affect the scalp, face, or body.63,64 The pathophysiology of AA involves the attack of the hair follicle matrix epithelium by inflammatory cells without hair follicle stem cell destruction. The precise events that precipitate these episodes are unknown, but triggers such as emotional or physical stress, vaccines, or viral infections have been reported.65 There is no cure for AA, and current treatments such as topical minoxidil and corticosteroids (topical, intralesional, or oral) vary widely in efficacy.64 Although Janus kinase inhibitors recently have shown promising results in the treatment of AA, the need for prolonged therapy may be frustrating to patients.66 Severity of AA also can vary, with 30% of patients experiencing extensive hair loss.67 The use of CAM has been widely reported in AA due to high levels of dissatisfaction with existing therapies.68 Herein, we discuss the most studied alternative treatments used in AA

Garlic and Onion for Alopecia
One alternative treatment that has shown promising initial results is application of topical garlic and onion extracts to affected areas.64,69,70 Both garlic and onion belong to the Allium genus and are high in sulfur and phenolic compounds.70 They have been reported to possess bactericidal and vasodilatory activity,71 and it has been hypothesized that onion and garlic extracts may induce therapeutic effects through induction of a mild contact dermatitis.70 One single-blinded, controlled trial using topical crude onion juice reported that 86.9% (n=20) of patients had full regrowth of hair compared to 13.3% (n=2) of patients treated with a tap water placebo at 8 weeks (P<.0001). This study also noted that patients using onion juice had a higher rate of erythema at application site; unfortunately, the study was small with only 38 patients.70 Another double-blind RCT using garlic gel 5% with betamethasone valerate cream 0.1% compared to betamethasone valerate cream alone found that after 3 months, patients in the garlic gel group had increased terminal hairs and smaller patch sizes compared to the betamethasone valerate cream group.69 More studies are needed to confirm these results.

Aromatherapy With Essential Oils for Alopecia
Another alternative treatment in AA that has demonstrated positive results is aromatherapy skin massage with essential oils to patches of alopecia.72 Although certain essential oils, such as tea tree oil, have been reported to have specific antibacterial or anti-inflammatory properties, essential oils have been reported to cause allergic contact dermatitis and should be used with caution.73,74 For example, tea tree oil is a well-known cause of allergic contact dermatitis, and positive patch testing has ranged from 0.1% to 3.5% in studies assessing topical tea tree oil 5% application.75 Overall, there have been nearly 80 essential oils implicated in contact dermatitis, with high-concentration products being one of the highest risk factors for an allergic contact reaction.76 One RCT compared daily scalp massage with essential oils (rosemary, lavender, thyme, and cedarwood in a carrier oil) to daily scalp massage with a placebo carrier oil in AA patients. The results showed that at 7 months of treatment, 44% (n=19) of the aromatherapy group showed improvement compared to 15% (n=6) in the control group.77 Another study used a similar group of essential oils (thyme, rosemary, atlas cedar, lavender, and EPO in a carrier oil) with daily scalp massage and reported similar improvement of AA symptoms compared to control; the investigators also reported irritation at application site in 1 patient.78 There currently are not enough data to recommend aromatherapy skin massage for the treatment of AA, and this practice may cause harm to the patient by induction of allergic contact dermatitis.



There have been a few studies to suggest that the use of total glucosides of peony with compound glycyrrhizin and oral Korean red ginseng may have beneficial effects on AA treatment, but efficacy and safety data are lacking, and these therapies should not be recommended without more information.64,79,80

Final Thoughts

Dermatologic patients frequently are opting for CAM,2 and although some therapies may show promising initial results, alternative medicines also can drive adverse events.19,30 The lack of oversight from the US Food and Drug Administration on the products leads to many unknowns for true health risks with over-the-counter CAM supplements.40 As the use of CAM becomes increasingly common among dermatologic patients, it is important for dermatologists to understand the benefits and risks, especially for commonly treated conditions. More data is needed before CAM can be routinely recommended.

Complementary alternative medicine (CAM) has been described by the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Medicine as “health care approaches that are not typically part of conventional medical care or that may have origins outside of usual Western practice.”1 Although this definition is broad, CAM encompasses therapies such as traditional Chinese medicine, herbal therapies, dietary supplements, and mind/body interventions. The use of CAM has grown, and according to a 2012 National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health survey, more than 30% of US adults and 12% of US children use health care approaches that are considered outside of conventional medical practice. In a survey study of US adults, at least 17.7% of respondents said they had taken a dietary supplement other than a vitamin or mineral in the last year.1 Data from the 2007 National Health Interview Survey showed that the prevalence of adults with skin conditions using CAM was 84.5% compared to 38.3% in the general population.2 In addition, 8.15 million US patients with dermatologic conditions reported using CAM over a 5-year period.3 Complementary alternative medicine has emerged as an alternative or adjunct to standard treatments, making it important for dermatologists to understand the existing literature on these therapies. Herein, we review the current evidence-based literature that exists on CAM for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD), psoriasis, and alopecia areata (AA).

Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, pruritic, inflammatory skin condition with considerable morbidity.4,5 The pathophysiology of AD is multifactorial and includes aspects of barrier dysfunction, IgE hypersensitivity, abnormal cell-mediated immune response, and environmental factors.6 Atopic dermatitis also is one of the most common inflammatory skin conditions in adults, affecting more than 7% of the US population and up to 20% of the total population in developed countries. Of those affected, 40% have moderate or severe symptoms that result in a substantial impact on quality of life.7 Despite advances in understanding disease pathology and treatment, a subset of patients opt to defer conventional treatments such as topical and systemic corticosteroids, antibiotics, nonsteroidal immunomodulators, and biologics. Patients may seek alternative therapies when typical treatments fail or when the perceived side effects outweigh the benefits.5,8 The use of CAM has been well described in patients with AD; however, the existing evidence supporting its use along with its safety profile have not been thoroughly explored. Herein, we will discuss some of the most well-studied supplements for treatment of AD, including evening primrose oil (EPO), fish oil, and probiotics.5

Oral supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids commonly is reported in patients with AD.5,8 The idea that a fatty acid deficiency could lead to atopic skin conditions has been around since 1937, when it was suggested that patients with AD had lower levels of blood unsaturated fatty acids.9 Conflicting evidence regarding oral fatty acid ingestion and AD disease severity has emerged.10,11 One unsaturated fatty acid, γ-linolenic acid (GLA), has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties and involvement in barrier repair.12 It is converted to dihomo-GLA in the body, which acts on cyclooxygenase enzymes to produce the inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E1. The production of GLA is mediated by the enzyme delta-6 desaturase in the metabolization of linoleic acid.12 However, it has been reported that in a subset of patients with AD, a malfunction of delta-6 desaturase may play a role in disease progression and result in lower baseline levels of GLA.10,12 Evening primrose oil and borage oil contain high amounts of GLA (8%–10% and 23%, respectively); thus, supplementation with these oils has been studied in AD.13

EPO for AD
Studies investigating EPO (Oenothera biennis) and its association with AD severity have shown mixed results. A Cochrane review reported that oral borage oil and EPO were not effective treatments for AD,14 while another larger randomized controlled trial (RCT) found no statistically significant improvement in AD symptoms.15 However, multiple smaller studies have found that clinical symptoms of AD, such as erythema, xerosis, pruritus, and total body surface area involved, did improve with oral EPO supplementation when compared to placebo, and the results were statistically significant (P=.04).16,17 One study looked at different dosages of EPO and found that groups ingesting both 160 mg and 320 mg daily experienced reductions in eczema area and severity index score, with greater improvement noted with the higher dosage.17 Side effects associated with oral EPO include an anticoagulant effect and transient gastrointestinal tract upset.8,14 There currently is not enough evidence or safety data to recommend this supplement to AD patients.

Although topical use of fatty acids with high concentrations of GLA, such as EPO and borage oil, have demonstrated improvement in subjective symptom severity, most studies have not reached statistical significance.10,11 One study used a 10% EPO cream for 2 weeks compared to placebo and found statistically significant improvement in patient-reported AD symptoms (P=.045). However, this study only included 10 participants, and therefore larger studies are necessary to confirm this result.18 Some RCTs have shown that topical coconut oil, sunflower seed oil, and sandalwood album oil improve AD symptom severity, but again, large controlled trials are needed.5 Unfortunately, many essential oils, including EPO, can cause a secondary allergic contact dermatitis and potentially worsen AD.19

Fish Oil for AD
Fish oil is a commonly used supplement for AD due to its high content of the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Omega-3 fatty acids exert anti-inflammatory effects by displacing arachidonic acid, a proinflammatory omega-6 fatty acid thought to increase IgE, as well as helper T cell (TH2) cytokines and prostaglandin E2.8,20 A 2012 Cochrane review found that, while some studies revealed mild improvement in AD symptoms with oral fish oil supplementation, these RCTs were of poor methodological quality.21 Multiple smaller studies have shown a decrease in pruritus, severity, and physician-rated clinical scores with fish oil use.5,8,20,22 One study with 145 participants reported that 6 g of fish oil once daily compared to isoenergetic corn oil for 16 weeks identified no statistically significant differences between the treatment groups.20 No adverse events were identified in any of the reported trials. Further studies should be conducted to assess the utility and dosing of fish oil supplements in AD patients.



Probiotics for AD
Probiotics consist of live microorganisms that enhance the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract.8,20 They have been shown to influence food digestion and also have demonstrated potential influence on the skin-gut axis.23 The theory that intestinal dysbiosis plays a role in AD pathogenesis has been investigated in multiple studies.23-25 The central premise is that low-fiber and high-fat Western diets lead to fundamental changes in the gut microbiome, resulting in fewer anti-inflammatory metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs).23-25 These SCFAs are produced by microbes during the fermentation of dietary fiber and are known for their effect on epithelial barrier integrity and anti-inflammatory properties mediated through G protein–coupled receptor 43.25 Multiple studies have shown that the gut microbiome in patients with AD have higher proportions of Clostridium difficile, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus and lower levels of Bifidobacterium, Bacteroidetes, and Bacteroides species compared to healthy controls.26,27 Metagenomic analysis of fecal samples from patients with AD have shown a reduction of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii species when compared to controls, along with a decreased SCFA production, leading to the hypothesis that the gut microbiome may play a role in epithelial barrier disruption.28,29 Systematic reviews and smaller studies have found that oral probiotic use does lead to AD symptom improvement.8,30,31 A systematic review of 25 RCTs with 1599 participants found that supplementation with oral probiotics significantly decreased the SCORAD (SCORing Atopic Dermatitis) index in adults and children older than 1 year with AD but had no effect on infants younger than 1 year (P<.001). They also found that supplementation with diverse microbes or Lactobacillus species showed greater benefit than Bifidobacterium species alone.30 Another study analyzed the effect of oral Lactobacillus fermentum (1×109 CFU twice daily) in 53 children with AD vs placebo for 16 weeks. This study found a statically significant decrease in SCORAD index between oral probiotics and placebo, with 92% (n=24) of participants supplementing with probiotics having a lower SCORAD index than baseline compared to 63% (n=17) in the placebo group (P=.01).31 However, the use of probiotics for AD treatment has remained controversial. Two recent systematic reviews, including 39 RCTs of 2599 randomized patients, found that the use of currently available oral probiotics made little or no difference in patient-rated AD symptoms, investigator-rated AD symptoms, or quality of life.32,33 No adverse effects were observed in the included studies. Unfortunately, the individual RCTs included were heterogeneous, and future studies with standardized probiotic supplementation should be undertaken before probiotics can be routinely recommended.

The use of topical probiotics in AD also has recently emerged. Multiple studies have shown that patients with AD have higher levels of colonization with S aureus, which is associated with T-cell dysfunction, more severe allergic skin reactions, and disruptions in barrier function.34,35 Therefore, altering the skin microbiota through topical probiotics could theoretically reduce AD symptoms and flares. Multiple RCTs and smaller studies have shown that topical probiotics can alter the skin microbiota, improve erythema, and decrease scaling and pruritus in AD patients.35-38 One study used a heat-treated Lactobacillus johnsonii 0.3% lotion twice daily for 3 weeks vs placebo in patients with AD with positive S aureus skin cultures. The S aureus load decreased in patients using the topical probiotic lotion, which correlated with lower SCORAD index that was statistically significant compared to placebo (P=.012).36 More robust studies are needed to determine if topical probiotics should routinely be recommended in AD.

Psoriasis

Psoriasis vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by pruritic, hyperkeratotic, scaly plaques.39,40 Keratinocyte hyperproliferation is central to psoriasis pathogenesis and is thought to be a T-cell–driven reaction to antigens or trauma in genetically predisposed individuals. Standard treatments for psoriasis currently include topical corticosteroids and anti-inflammatories, oral immunomodulatory therapy, biologic agents, and phototherapy.40 The use of CAM is highly prevalent among patients with psoriasis, with one study reporting that 51% (n=162) of psoriatic patients interviewed had used CAM.41 The most common reasons for CAM use included dissatisfaction with current treatment, adverse side effects of standard therapy, and patient-reported attempts at “trying everything to heal disease.”42 Herein, we will discuss some of the most frequently used supplements for treatment of psoriatic disease.39

 

 

Fish Oil for Psoriasis
One of the most common supplements used by patients with psoriasis is fish oil due to its purported anti-inflammatory qualities.20,39 The consensus on fish oil supplementation for psoriasis is mixed.43-45 Multiple RCTs have reported reductions in psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) scores or symptomatic improvement with variable doses of fish oil.44,46 One RCT found that using EPA 1.8 g once daily and DHA 1.2 g once daily for 12 weeks resulted in significant improvement in pruritus, scaling, and erythema (P<.05).44 Another study reported a significant decrease in erythema (P=.02) and total body surface area affected (P=.0001) with EPA 3.6 g once daily and DHA 2.4 g once daily supplementation compared to olive oil supplementation for 15 weeks.46 Alternatively, multiple studies have failed to show statistically significant improvement in psoriatic symptoms with fish oil supplementation at variable doses and time frames (14–216 mg daily EPA, 9–80 mg daily DHA, from 2 weeks to 9 months).40,47,48 Fish oil may impart anticoagulant properties and should not be started without the guidance of a physician. Currently, there are no data to make specific recommendations on the use of fish oil as an adjunct psoriatic treatment.



Curcumin for Psoriasis
Another supplement routinely utilized in patients with psoriasis is curcumin,40,49,50 a yellow phytochemical that is a major component of the spice turmeric. Curcumin has been shown to inhibit certain proinflammatory cytokines including IL-17, IL-6, IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor α and has been regarded as having immune-modulating, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties.40,50 Curcumin also has been reported to suppress phosphorylase kinase, an enzyme that has increased activity in psoriatic plaques that correlates with markers of psoriatic hyperproliferation.50,51 When applied topically, turmeric microgel 0.5% has been reported to decrease scaling, erythema, and psoriatic plaque thickness over the course of 9 weeks.50 In a nonrandomized trial with 10 participants, researchers found that phosphorylase kinase activity levels in psoriatic skin biopsies of patients applying topical curcumin 1% were lower than placebo and topical calcipotriol applied in combination. The lower phosphorylase kinase levels correlated with level of disease severity, and topical curcumin 1% showed a superior outcome when compared to topical calcipotriol.40,49 Although these preliminary results are interesting, there still are not enough data at this time to recommend topical curcumin as a treatment of psoriasis. No known adverse events have been reported with the use of topical curcumin to date.

Oral curcumin has poor oral bioavailability, and 40% to 90% of oral doses are excreted, making supplementation a challenge.40 In one RCT, oral curcumin 2 g daily (using a lecithin-based delivery system to increase bioavailability) was administered in combination with topical methylprednisolone aceponate 0.1%, resulting in significant improvement in psoriatic symptoms and lower IL-22 compared to placebo and topical methylprednisolone aceponate (P<.05).52 Other studies also have reported decreased PASI scores with oral curcumin supplementation.53,54 Adverse effects reported with oral curcumin included gastrointestinal tract upset and hot flashes.53 Although there is early evidence that may support the use of oral curcumin supplementation for psoriasis, more data are needed before recommending this therapy.

Indigo Naturalis for Psoriasis
Topical indigo naturalis (IN) also has been reported to improve psoriasis symptoms.39,53,55 The antipsoriatic effects are thought to occur through the active ingredient in IN (indirubin), which is responsible for inhibition of keratinocyte proliferation.40 One study reported that topical IN 1.4% containing indirubin 0.16% with a petroleum ointment vehicle applied to psoriatic plaques over 12 weeks resulted in a significant decrease in PASI scores from 18.9 at baseline to 6.3 after IN treatment (P<.001).56 Another study found that over 8 weeks, topical application of IN 2.83% containing indirubin 0.24% to psoriatic plaques vs petroleum jelly resulted in 56.3% (n=9) of the treatment group achieving PASI 75 compared to 0% in the placebo group (n=24).55 One deterrent in topical IN treatment is the dark blue pigment it contains; however, no other adverse outcomes were found with topical IN treatment.56 Larger clinical trials are necessary to further explore IN as a potential adjunct treatment in patients with mild psoriatic disease. When taken orally, IN has caused gastrointestinal tract disturbance and elevated liver enzyme levels.57

Herbal Toxicities
It is important to consider that oral supplements including curcumin and IN are widely available over-the-counter and online without oversight by the US Food and Drug Administration.40 Herbal supplements typically are compounded with other ingredients and have been associated with hepatotoxicity as well as drug-supplement interactions, including abnormal bleeding and clotting.58 There exists a lack of general surveillance data, making the true burden of herbal toxicities more difficult to accurately discern. Although some supplements have been associated with anti-inflammatory qualities and disease improvement, other herbal supplements have been shown to possess immunostimulatory characteristics. Herbal supplements such as spirulina, chlorella, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, and echinacea have been shown to upregulate inflammatory pathways in a variety of autoimmune skin conditions.59

Probiotics for Psoriasis
Data on probiotic use in patients with psoriasis are limited.23 A distinct pattern of dysbiosis has been identified in psoriatic patients, as there is thought to be depletion of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, lactobacilli, and F prausnitzii and increased colonization with pathogenic organisms such as Salmonella, E coli, Heliobacter, Campylobacter, and Alcaligenes in psoriasis patients.23,59,60 Early mouse studies have supported this hypothesis, as mice fed with Lactobacillus pentosus have developed milder forms of imiquimod-induced psoriasis compared to placebo,55 and mice receiving probiotic supplementation have lower levels of psoriasis-related proinflammatory markers such as TH17-associated cytokines.61 Another study in humans found that daily oral Bifidobacterium infantis supplementation for 8 weeks in psoriatic patients resulted in lower C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor α levels compared to placebo.62 Studies on the use of topical probiotics in psoriasis have been limited, and more research is needed to explore this relationship.38 At this time, no specific recommendations can be made on the use of probiotics in psoriatic patients.

Alopecia Areata

Alopecia areata is nonscarring hair loss that can affect the scalp, face, or body.63,64 The pathophysiology of AA involves the attack of the hair follicle matrix epithelium by inflammatory cells without hair follicle stem cell destruction. The precise events that precipitate these episodes are unknown, but triggers such as emotional or physical stress, vaccines, or viral infections have been reported.65 There is no cure for AA, and current treatments such as topical minoxidil and corticosteroids (topical, intralesional, or oral) vary widely in efficacy.64 Although Janus kinase inhibitors recently have shown promising results in the treatment of AA, the need for prolonged therapy may be frustrating to patients.66 Severity of AA also can vary, with 30% of patients experiencing extensive hair loss.67 The use of CAM has been widely reported in AA due to high levels of dissatisfaction with existing therapies.68 Herein, we discuss the most studied alternative treatments used in AA

Garlic and Onion for Alopecia
One alternative treatment that has shown promising initial results is application of topical garlic and onion extracts to affected areas.64,69,70 Both garlic and onion belong to the Allium genus and are high in sulfur and phenolic compounds.70 They have been reported to possess bactericidal and vasodilatory activity,71 and it has been hypothesized that onion and garlic extracts may induce therapeutic effects through induction of a mild contact dermatitis.70 One single-blinded, controlled trial using topical crude onion juice reported that 86.9% (n=20) of patients had full regrowth of hair compared to 13.3% (n=2) of patients treated with a tap water placebo at 8 weeks (P<.0001). This study also noted that patients using onion juice had a higher rate of erythema at application site; unfortunately, the study was small with only 38 patients.70 Another double-blind RCT using garlic gel 5% with betamethasone valerate cream 0.1% compared to betamethasone valerate cream alone found that after 3 months, patients in the garlic gel group had increased terminal hairs and smaller patch sizes compared to the betamethasone valerate cream group.69 More studies are needed to confirm these results.

Aromatherapy With Essential Oils for Alopecia
Another alternative treatment in AA that has demonstrated positive results is aromatherapy skin massage with essential oils to patches of alopecia.72 Although certain essential oils, such as tea tree oil, have been reported to have specific antibacterial or anti-inflammatory properties, essential oils have been reported to cause allergic contact dermatitis and should be used with caution.73,74 For example, tea tree oil is a well-known cause of allergic contact dermatitis, and positive patch testing has ranged from 0.1% to 3.5% in studies assessing topical tea tree oil 5% application.75 Overall, there have been nearly 80 essential oils implicated in contact dermatitis, with high-concentration products being one of the highest risk factors for an allergic contact reaction.76 One RCT compared daily scalp massage with essential oils (rosemary, lavender, thyme, and cedarwood in a carrier oil) to daily scalp massage with a placebo carrier oil in AA patients. The results showed that at 7 months of treatment, 44% (n=19) of the aromatherapy group showed improvement compared to 15% (n=6) in the control group.77 Another study used a similar group of essential oils (thyme, rosemary, atlas cedar, lavender, and EPO in a carrier oil) with daily scalp massage and reported similar improvement of AA symptoms compared to control; the investigators also reported irritation at application site in 1 patient.78 There currently are not enough data to recommend aromatherapy skin massage for the treatment of AA, and this practice may cause harm to the patient by induction of allergic contact dermatitis.



There have been a few studies to suggest that the use of total glucosides of peony with compound glycyrrhizin and oral Korean red ginseng may have beneficial effects on AA treatment, but efficacy and safety data are lacking, and these therapies should not be recommended without more information.64,79,80

Final Thoughts

Dermatologic patients frequently are opting for CAM,2 and although some therapies may show promising initial results, alternative medicines also can drive adverse events.19,30 The lack of oversight from the US Food and Drug Administration on the products leads to many unknowns for true health risks with over-the-counter CAM supplements.40 As the use of CAM becomes increasingly common among dermatologic patients, it is important for dermatologists to understand the benefits and risks, especially for commonly treated conditions. More data is needed before CAM can be routinely recommended.

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References
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  • Dermatologic patients are increasingly opting for alternative treatments in addition to or instead of standard therapies for many common skin conditions.
  • Dermatologists should be aware of the emerging evidence regarding the risks and benefits of some of the most popular alternative treatments in common skin disorders.
  • Counseling patients on the side effects that accompany many supplements and the lack of data to support others is a crucial component of patient care.
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