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Taurine, also known as 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is a naturally occurring beta-amino acid (which has a sulphonic acid group instead of carboxylic acid, differentiating it from other amino acids) yielded by methionine and cysteine metabolism in the liver.1,2 An important free beta-amino acid in mammals, it is often the free amino acid present in the greatest concentrations in several cell types in humans.1,2 Dietary intake of taurine also plays an important role in maintaining the body’s taurine levels because of mammals’ limited ability to synthesize it.1
Notably in terms of dermatologic treatment options, the combination product taurine bromamine is known to impart antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities.3 And taurine itself is associated with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and immunomodulatory characteristics,1,4 and is noted for conferring antiaging benefits.5
Acne and other inflammatory conditions
The use of .6,7
In response to the problem of evolving antibiotic resistance, Marcinkiewicz reported in 2009 on the then-new therapeutic option of topical taurine bromamine for the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders such as acne. The author pointed out that Propionibacterium acnes is particularly sensitive to taurine bromamine, with the substance now known to suppress H2O2 production by activated neutrophils, likely contributing to moderating the severity and lowering the number of inflammatory acne lesions. In a 6-week double-blind pilot clinical study, Marcinkiewicz and his team compared the efficacy of 0.5% taurine bromamine cream with 1% clindamycin gel in 40 patients with mild to moderate acne. Treatments, which were randomly assigned, occurred twice daily through the study. Amelioration of acne symptoms was comparable in the two groups, with more than 90% of patients improving clinically and experiencing similar decreases in acne lesions (65% in the taurine bromamine group and 68% in the clindamycin group). Marcinkiewicz concluded that these results indicate the viability of taurine bromamine as an option for inflammatory acne therapy, particularly for patients who have shown antibiotic resistance.3
Wide-ranging protection potential
In 2003, Janeke et al. conducted analyses that showed that taurine accumulation defended cultured human keratinocytes from osmotically- and UV-induced apoptosis, suggesting the importance of taurine as an epidermal osmolyte necessary for maintaining keratinocyte hydration in a dry environment.2
Three years later, Collin et al. demonstrated the dynamic protective effects of taurine on the human hair follicle in an in vitro study in which taurine promoted hair survival and protected against TGF-beta1-induced damage.1
Taurine has also been found to stabilize and protect the catalytic activity of the hemoprotein cytochrome P450 3A4, which is a key enzyme responsible for metabolizing various endogenous as well as foreign substances, including drugs.8
Penetration enhancement
In 2016, Mueller et al. studied the effects of urea and taurine as hydrophilic penetration enhancers on stratum corneum lipid models as both substances are known to exert such effects. With inconclusive results as to the roots of such activity, they speculated that both entities enhance penetration through the introduction of copious water into the corneocytes, resulting from the robust water-binding capacity of urea and the consequent osmotic pressure related to taurine.9
Possible skin whitening and anti-aging roles and other promising lab results
Based on their previous work demonstrating that azelaic acid, a saturated dicarboxylic acid found naturally in wheat, rye, and barley, suppressed melanogenesis, Yu and Kim investigated the antimelanogenic activity of azelaic acid and taurine in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells in 2010. They found that the combination of the two substances exhibited a greater inhibitory effect in melanocytes than azelaic acid alone, with melanin production and tyrosinase activity suppressed without inducing cytotoxicity. The investigators concluded the combination of azelaic acid and taurine may be an effective approach for treating hyperpigmentation.10
In 2015, Ito et al. investigated the possible anti-aging role of taurine using a taurine transporter knockout mouse model. They noted that aging-related disorders affecting the skin, heart, skeletal muscle, and liver and resulting in a shorter lifespan have been correlated with tissue taurine depletion. The researchers proposed that proper protein folding allows endogenous taurine to perform as an antiaging molecule.5
Also in 2015, Kim et al. investigated potential mechanisms of the antiproliferative activity of taurine on murine B16F10 melanoma cells via the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and neutral red assays and microscopic analysis. They found that taurine prevented cell proliferation and engendered apoptosis in B16F10 cells, concluding that taurine may have a role to play as a chemotherapeutic agent for skin cancer.11
In 2014, Ashkani-Esfahani et al. studied the impact of taurine on cutaneous leishmaniasis wounds in a mouse model. Investigators induced 18 mice with wounds using L. major promastigotes, and divided them into a taurine injection group, taurine gel group, and no treatment group, performing treatments every 24 hours over 21 days. The taurine treatment groups exhibited significantly greater numerical fibroblast density, collagen bundle volume density, and vessel length densities compared with the nontreatment group. The taurine injection group displayed higher fibroblast numerical density than did the taurine gel group. The researchers concluded that taurine has the capacity to enhance wound healing and tissue regeneration but showed no direct anti-leishmaniasis effect.4
Conclusion
Taurine has been found over the last few decades to impart salutary effects for human health. This beta-amino acid that occurs naturally in humans and other mammals also appears to hold promising potential in the dermatologic realm, particularly for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. More research is needed to ascertain just how pivotal this compound can be for skin health.
Dr. Baumann is a private practice dermatologist, researcher, author and entrepreneur who practices in Miami. She founded the Cosmetic Dermatology Center at the University of Miami in 1997. Dr. Baumann wrote two textbooks: “Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice” (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002), and “Cosmeceuticals and Cosmetic Ingredients,” (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2014), and a New York Times Best Sellers book for consumers, “The Skin Type Solution” (New York: Bantam Dell, 2006). Dr. Baumann has received funding for advisory boards and/or clinical research trials from Allergan, Evolus, Galderma, and Revance. She is the founder and CEO of Skin Type Solutions Franchise Systems LLC. Write to her at dermnews@mededge.com.
References
1. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2006 Aug;28(4):289-98.
2. J Invest Dermatol. 2003 Aug;121(2):354-61.
3. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2009 Oct;119(10):673-6.
4. Adv Biomed Res. 2014 Oct 7;3:204.
5. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2015;803:481-7.
6. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2012 Dec 1;13(6):357-64.
7. Eur J Dermatol. 2008 Jul-Aug;18(4):433-9.
8. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2015 Mar;80(3):366-73.
9. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2016 Sep;1858(9):2006-18.
10. J Biomed Sci. 2010 Aug 24;17 Suppl 1:S45.
11. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2015;803:167-77.
Taurine, also known as 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is a naturally occurring beta-amino acid (which has a sulphonic acid group instead of carboxylic acid, differentiating it from other amino acids) yielded by methionine and cysteine metabolism in the liver.1,2 An important free beta-amino acid in mammals, it is often the free amino acid present in the greatest concentrations in several cell types in humans.1,2 Dietary intake of taurine also plays an important role in maintaining the body’s taurine levels because of mammals’ limited ability to synthesize it.1
Notably in terms of dermatologic treatment options, the combination product taurine bromamine is known to impart antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities.3 And taurine itself is associated with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and immunomodulatory characteristics,1,4 and is noted for conferring antiaging benefits.5
Acne and other inflammatory conditions
The use of .6,7
In response to the problem of evolving antibiotic resistance, Marcinkiewicz reported in 2009 on the then-new therapeutic option of topical taurine bromamine for the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders such as acne. The author pointed out that Propionibacterium acnes is particularly sensitive to taurine bromamine, with the substance now known to suppress H2O2 production by activated neutrophils, likely contributing to moderating the severity and lowering the number of inflammatory acne lesions. In a 6-week double-blind pilot clinical study, Marcinkiewicz and his team compared the efficacy of 0.5% taurine bromamine cream with 1% clindamycin gel in 40 patients with mild to moderate acne. Treatments, which were randomly assigned, occurred twice daily through the study. Amelioration of acne symptoms was comparable in the two groups, with more than 90% of patients improving clinically and experiencing similar decreases in acne lesions (65% in the taurine bromamine group and 68% in the clindamycin group). Marcinkiewicz concluded that these results indicate the viability of taurine bromamine as an option for inflammatory acne therapy, particularly for patients who have shown antibiotic resistance.3
Wide-ranging protection potential
In 2003, Janeke et al. conducted analyses that showed that taurine accumulation defended cultured human keratinocytes from osmotically- and UV-induced apoptosis, suggesting the importance of taurine as an epidermal osmolyte necessary for maintaining keratinocyte hydration in a dry environment.2
Three years later, Collin et al. demonstrated the dynamic protective effects of taurine on the human hair follicle in an in vitro study in which taurine promoted hair survival and protected against TGF-beta1-induced damage.1
Taurine has also been found to stabilize and protect the catalytic activity of the hemoprotein cytochrome P450 3A4, which is a key enzyme responsible for metabolizing various endogenous as well as foreign substances, including drugs.8
Penetration enhancement
In 2016, Mueller et al. studied the effects of urea and taurine as hydrophilic penetration enhancers on stratum corneum lipid models as both substances are known to exert such effects. With inconclusive results as to the roots of such activity, they speculated that both entities enhance penetration through the introduction of copious water into the corneocytes, resulting from the robust water-binding capacity of urea and the consequent osmotic pressure related to taurine.9
Possible skin whitening and anti-aging roles and other promising lab results
Based on their previous work demonstrating that azelaic acid, a saturated dicarboxylic acid found naturally in wheat, rye, and barley, suppressed melanogenesis, Yu and Kim investigated the antimelanogenic activity of azelaic acid and taurine in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells in 2010. They found that the combination of the two substances exhibited a greater inhibitory effect in melanocytes than azelaic acid alone, with melanin production and tyrosinase activity suppressed without inducing cytotoxicity. The investigators concluded the combination of azelaic acid and taurine may be an effective approach for treating hyperpigmentation.10
In 2015, Ito et al. investigated the possible anti-aging role of taurine using a taurine transporter knockout mouse model. They noted that aging-related disorders affecting the skin, heart, skeletal muscle, and liver and resulting in a shorter lifespan have been correlated with tissue taurine depletion. The researchers proposed that proper protein folding allows endogenous taurine to perform as an antiaging molecule.5
Also in 2015, Kim et al. investigated potential mechanisms of the antiproliferative activity of taurine on murine B16F10 melanoma cells via the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and neutral red assays and microscopic analysis. They found that taurine prevented cell proliferation and engendered apoptosis in B16F10 cells, concluding that taurine may have a role to play as a chemotherapeutic agent for skin cancer.11
In 2014, Ashkani-Esfahani et al. studied the impact of taurine on cutaneous leishmaniasis wounds in a mouse model. Investigators induced 18 mice with wounds using L. major promastigotes, and divided them into a taurine injection group, taurine gel group, and no treatment group, performing treatments every 24 hours over 21 days. The taurine treatment groups exhibited significantly greater numerical fibroblast density, collagen bundle volume density, and vessel length densities compared with the nontreatment group. The taurine injection group displayed higher fibroblast numerical density than did the taurine gel group. The researchers concluded that taurine has the capacity to enhance wound healing and tissue regeneration but showed no direct anti-leishmaniasis effect.4
Conclusion
Taurine has been found over the last few decades to impart salutary effects for human health. This beta-amino acid that occurs naturally in humans and other mammals also appears to hold promising potential in the dermatologic realm, particularly for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. More research is needed to ascertain just how pivotal this compound can be for skin health.
Dr. Baumann is a private practice dermatologist, researcher, author and entrepreneur who practices in Miami. She founded the Cosmetic Dermatology Center at the University of Miami in 1997. Dr. Baumann wrote two textbooks: “Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice” (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002), and “Cosmeceuticals and Cosmetic Ingredients,” (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2014), and a New York Times Best Sellers book for consumers, “The Skin Type Solution” (New York: Bantam Dell, 2006). Dr. Baumann has received funding for advisory boards and/or clinical research trials from Allergan, Evolus, Galderma, and Revance. She is the founder and CEO of Skin Type Solutions Franchise Systems LLC. Write to her at dermnews@mededge.com.
References
1. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2006 Aug;28(4):289-98.
2. J Invest Dermatol. 2003 Aug;121(2):354-61.
3. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2009 Oct;119(10):673-6.
4. Adv Biomed Res. 2014 Oct 7;3:204.
5. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2015;803:481-7.
6. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2012 Dec 1;13(6):357-64.
7. Eur J Dermatol. 2008 Jul-Aug;18(4):433-9.
8. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2015 Mar;80(3):366-73.
9. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2016 Sep;1858(9):2006-18.
10. J Biomed Sci. 2010 Aug 24;17 Suppl 1:S45.
11. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2015;803:167-77.
Taurine, also known as 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is a naturally occurring beta-amino acid (which has a sulphonic acid group instead of carboxylic acid, differentiating it from other amino acids) yielded by methionine and cysteine metabolism in the liver.1,2 An important free beta-amino acid in mammals, it is often the free amino acid present in the greatest concentrations in several cell types in humans.1,2 Dietary intake of taurine also plays an important role in maintaining the body’s taurine levels because of mammals’ limited ability to synthesize it.1
Notably in terms of dermatologic treatment options, the combination product taurine bromamine is known to impart antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities.3 And taurine itself is associated with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and immunomodulatory characteristics,1,4 and is noted for conferring antiaging benefits.5
Acne and other inflammatory conditions
The use of .6,7
In response to the problem of evolving antibiotic resistance, Marcinkiewicz reported in 2009 on the then-new therapeutic option of topical taurine bromamine for the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders such as acne. The author pointed out that Propionibacterium acnes is particularly sensitive to taurine bromamine, with the substance now known to suppress H2O2 production by activated neutrophils, likely contributing to moderating the severity and lowering the number of inflammatory acne lesions. In a 6-week double-blind pilot clinical study, Marcinkiewicz and his team compared the efficacy of 0.5% taurine bromamine cream with 1% clindamycin gel in 40 patients with mild to moderate acne. Treatments, which were randomly assigned, occurred twice daily through the study. Amelioration of acne symptoms was comparable in the two groups, with more than 90% of patients improving clinically and experiencing similar decreases in acne lesions (65% in the taurine bromamine group and 68% in the clindamycin group). Marcinkiewicz concluded that these results indicate the viability of taurine bromamine as an option for inflammatory acne therapy, particularly for patients who have shown antibiotic resistance.3
Wide-ranging protection potential
In 2003, Janeke et al. conducted analyses that showed that taurine accumulation defended cultured human keratinocytes from osmotically- and UV-induced apoptosis, suggesting the importance of taurine as an epidermal osmolyte necessary for maintaining keratinocyte hydration in a dry environment.2
Three years later, Collin et al. demonstrated the dynamic protective effects of taurine on the human hair follicle in an in vitro study in which taurine promoted hair survival and protected against TGF-beta1-induced damage.1
Taurine has also been found to stabilize and protect the catalytic activity of the hemoprotein cytochrome P450 3A4, which is a key enzyme responsible for metabolizing various endogenous as well as foreign substances, including drugs.8
Penetration enhancement
In 2016, Mueller et al. studied the effects of urea and taurine as hydrophilic penetration enhancers on stratum corneum lipid models as both substances are known to exert such effects. With inconclusive results as to the roots of such activity, they speculated that both entities enhance penetration through the introduction of copious water into the corneocytes, resulting from the robust water-binding capacity of urea and the consequent osmotic pressure related to taurine.9
Possible skin whitening and anti-aging roles and other promising lab results
Based on their previous work demonstrating that azelaic acid, a saturated dicarboxylic acid found naturally in wheat, rye, and barley, suppressed melanogenesis, Yu and Kim investigated the antimelanogenic activity of azelaic acid and taurine in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells in 2010. They found that the combination of the two substances exhibited a greater inhibitory effect in melanocytes than azelaic acid alone, with melanin production and tyrosinase activity suppressed without inducing cytotoxicity. The investigators concluded the combination of azelaic acid and taurine may be an effective approach for treating hyperpigmentation.10
In 2015, Ito et al. investigated the possible anti-aging role of taurine using a taurine transporter knockout mouse model. They noted that aging-related disorders affecting the skin, heart, skeletal muscle, and liver and resulting in a shorter lifespan have been correlated with tissue taurine depletion. The researchers proposed that proper protein folding allows endogenous taurine to perform as an antiaging molecule.5
Also in 2015, Kim et al. investigated potential mechanisms of the antiproliferative activity of taurine on murine B16F10 melanoma cells via the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and neutral red assays and microscopic analysis. They found that taurine prevented cell proliferation and engendered apoptosis in B16F10 cells, concluding that taurine may have a role to play as a chemotherapeutic agent for skin cancer.11
In 2014, Ashkani-Esfahani et al. studied the impact of taurine on cutaneous leishmaniasis wounds in a mouse model. Investigators induced 18 mice with wounds using L. major promastigotes, and divided them into a taurine injection group, taurine gel group, and no treatment group, performing treatments every 24 hours over 21 days. The taurine treatment groups exhibited significantly greater numerical fibroblast density, collagen bundle volume density, and vessel length densities compared with the nontreatment group. The taurine injection group displayed higher fibroblast numerical density than did the taurine gel group. The researchers concluded that taurine has the capacity to enhance wound healing and tissue regeneration but showed no direct anti-leishmaniasis effect.4
Conclusion
Taurine has been found over the last few decades to impart salutary effects for human health. This beta-amino acid that occurs naturally in humans and other mammals also appears to hold promising potential in the dermatologic realm, particularly for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. More research is needed to ascertain just how pivotal this compound can be for skin health.
Dr. Baumann is a private practice dermatologist, researcher, author and entrepreneur who practices in Miami. She founded the Cosmetic Dermatology Center at the University of Miami in 1997. Dr. Baumann wrote two textbooks: “Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice” (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002), and “Cosmeceuticals and Cosmetic Ingredients,” (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2014), and a New York Times Best Sellers book for consumers, “The Skin Type Solution” (New York: Bantam Dell, 2006). Dr. Baumann has received funding for advisory boards and/or clinical research trials from Allergan, Evolus, Galderma, and Revance. She is the founder and CEO of Skin Type Solutions Franchise Systems LLC. Write to her at dermnews@mededge.com.
References
1. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2006 Aug;28(4):289-98.
2. J Invest Dermatol. 2003 Aug;121(2):354-61.
3. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2009 Oct;119(10):673-6.
4. Adv Biomed Res. 2014 Oct 7;3:204.
5. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2015;803:481-7.
6. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2012 Dec 1;13(6):357-64.
7. Eur J Dermatol. 2008 Jul-Aug;18(4):433-9.
8. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2015 Mar;80(3):366-73.
9. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2016 Sep;1858(9):2006-18.
10. J Biomed Sci. 2010 Aug 24;17 Suppl 1:S45.
11. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2015;803:167-77.