Should You Consider Antibiotics for Exacerbations of Mild COPD?

PRACTICE CHANGER

Consider antibiotics for patients with exacerbations of mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).¹

STRENGTH OF RECOMMENDATION

B: Based on a single well-done multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT) with quality evidence.¹

ILLUSTRATIVE CASE

A 45-year-old man with a history of mild COPD seeks treatment for worsening dyspnea and increased (nonpurulent) sputum production. He denies fever or chills. On exam, he has coarse breath sounds and scattered wheezes. Should you add antibiotics to his treatment?

COPD exacerbations—a worsening of symptoms beyond day-to-day variations that leads to a medication change—are part of the disease course and can accelerate lung function decline, decrease quality of life, and, when severe, increase mortality.² Infections cause an estimated 50% to 70% of COPD exacerbations.^2-4

Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines recommend using antibiotics to treat exacerbations in patients with moderate or severe COPD who

• Have increased dyspnea, sputum volume, and sputum purulence;

• Have two of these symptoms if increased sputum purulence is one of them; or

• Require mechanical ven­tilation.²

According to the GOLD guidelines, the choice of antibiotic should be based on local antibiograms; common options include amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, azithromycin, and doxycycline.² Although the GOLD guidelines cover use of antibiotics for COPD exacerbations, this recommendation is based on analyses of studies that focused on patients with moderate or severe COPD.² There has been little research on using antibiotics for exacerbations of mild COPD.

STUDY SUMMARY

Using antibiotics often resolves symptoms

Llor et al¹ conducted a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled RCT to examine the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment for COPD exacerbations. Participants (ages 40 and older) had mild to moderate COPD, defined as 10 or more pack-years of smoking, an FEV₁ greater than 50%, and an FEV₁/FVC ratio lower than 0.7. An exacerbation was defined as at least one of the following: increased dyspnea, increased sputum volume, or sputum purulence.

Patients were randomly assigned to receive amoxicillin/clavulanate 500/125 mg or placebo three times a day for eight days. Primary endpoints were clinical cure (resolution of symptoms) and clinical success (resolution or improvement of symptoms) at days 9 to 11, as determined by physician assessment. Secondary measures included cure and clinical success at day 20 and time until next exacerbation. Patients were monitored for one year after the exacerbation.

There were 162 patients in the antibiotic group and 156 in the placebo group; the two groups were demographically similar. In each group, four patients withdrew consent and were removed from analysis. By the 9-to-11-day follow-up visit, 74.1% of patients in the antibiotic group had clinical cure, compared with 59.9% in the placebo group (number needed to treat [NNT] = 7). Clinical success also was significantly greater with antibiotics compared with placebo (90.5% vs 80.9%).

The clinical cure rate at day 20 also was significantly greater in patients on antibiotics compared with placebo (81.6% vs 67.8%; NNT = 7). During the one-year follow-up, 58% of patients in the antibiotic group and 73.2% of those in the placebo group experienced additional exacerbations. Time to next exacerbation was significantly longer in patients taking antibiotics (233 days vs 160 days).

Can CRP level help determine who should receive antibiotics?

Previous studies have identified biomarkers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), that indicate COPD exacerbation but have not linked them to clinical course.^5-7 In this study, researchers measured CRP in patients receiving placebo to determine if this biomarker could predict clinical outcomes.

The researchers found that the clinical success rate among patients with a CRP lower than 40 mg/L was 87.6%, while only 34.5% of patients with a CRP greater than 40 mg/L experienced clinical success (sensitivity and specificity for clinical success at this cutoff were 0.655 and 0.876, respectively). This suggests that antibiotics might be appropriate for patients with an exacerbation of mild or moderate COPD who have a CRP greater than 40 mg/L.

There were 35 adverse events: 23 in the antibiotics group and 12 in the placebo group. Two patients in the antibiotics group discontinued treatment as a result. Most adverse events involved mild gastrointestinal problems.

Continued on next page >>

WHAT’S NEW?

Evidence supports antibiotics for mild to moderate COPD

Few placebo-controlled trials have addressed antibiotic use for exacerbations in patients with mild to moderate COPD.^2,8,9 This study demonstrated that, compared with placebo, symptom resolution and clinical success is greater with amoxicillin/clavulanate and that antibiotic treatment also may increase time until next exacerbation.

The study also looked at the relationship of CRP and exacerbations in the placebo group. Higher spontaneous clinical cure rates were noted when the CRP was lower than 40 mg/L.

CAVEATS

Effects of concomitant ­medications are unclear

In both the placebo and antibiotic groups, patients were taking other medications (including short- and long-acting β-agonists, anticholinergics, theophyllines, and oral or inhaled corticosteroids). Roughly the same number of patients in each group took additional medications, but researchers did not conduct a subgroup analysis to see if patients treated with these medications responded differently from those who received antibiotics alone.

GOLD guidelines already suggest antibiotics for exacerbations in patients with moderate COPD.² In this study, 89% of patients met criteria for moderate COPD and 11% for mild COPD. Though the percentage of patients who had mild COPD was small, we believe the results of this study warrant consideration of antibiotic use in patients with mild disease. Local antibiograms may show increased resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate; this study did not address the use of other antibiotics.

CHALLENGES TO IMPLEMENTATION

Antibiotic overuse may be a concern

Concerns about antibiotic resistance may make clinicians reluctant to prescribe the drugs for those with mild to moderate COPD.      

REFERENCES

1. Llor C, Moragas A, Hernández S, et al. Efficacy of antibiotic therapy for acute exacerbations of mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186(8):716-723.

2. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. January 2014. www.goldcopd.org/guidelines-global-strategy-for-diagnosis-management.html. Accessed April 15, 2014.

3. Donaldson GC, Seemungal TA, Bhowmik A, et al. Relationship between exacerbation frequency and lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2002;57(10):847-852.

4. Soler-Cataluña JJ, Martínez-García MA, Román Sánchez P, et al. Severe acute exacerbations and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2005;60(11):925-931.

5. Vollenweider DJ, Jarrett H, Steurer-Stey CA, et al. Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;12:CD010257.

6. Bartlett, JG, Sethi S. Management of infection in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In: Basow DS, ed. UpToDate. www.uptodate.com. Last updated March 27, 2012. Accessed January 2, 2013.

7. Lacoma A, Prat C, Andreo F, et al. Value of procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and neopterin in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2011;6:157-169.

8. Antonescu-Turcu AL, Tomic R. C-reactive protein and copeptin: prognostic predictors in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2009;15(2):120-125.

9. Thomsen M, Ingebrigtsen TS, Marott JL, et al. Inflammatory biomarkers and exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. JAMA. 2013;309(22):2353-2361.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The PURLs Surveillance System was supported in part by Grant Number UL1RR024999 from the National Center for Research Resources, a Clinical Translational Science Award to the University of Chicago. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Center for Research Resources or the National Institutes of Health.

Copyright © 2014. The Family Physicians Inquiries Network. All rights reserved.

Reprinted with permission from the Family Physicians Inquiries Network and The Journal of Family Practice. 2014;63(4):E11-E13. 

PRACTICE CHANGER

Consider antibiotics for patients with exacerbations of mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).¹

STRENGTH OF RECOMMENDATION

B: Based on a single well-done multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT) with quality evidence.¹

ILLUSTRATIVE CASE

A 45-year-old man with a history of mild COPD seeks treatment for worsening dyspnea and increased (nonpurulent) sputum production. He denies fever or chills. On exam, he has coarse breath sounds and scattered wheezes. Should you add antibiotics to his treatment?

COPD exacerbations—a worsening of symptoms beyond day-to-day variations that leads to a medication change—are part of the disease course and can accelerate lung function decline, decrease quality of life, and, when severe, increase mortality.² Infections cause an estimated 50% to 70% of COPD exacerbations.^2-4

Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines recommend using antibiotics to treat exacerbations in patients with moderate or severe COPD who

• Have increased dyspnea, sputum volume, and sputum purulence;

• Have two of these symptoms if increased sputum purulence is one of them; or

• Require mechanical ven­tilation.²

According to the GOLD guidelines, the choice of antibiotic should be based on local antibiograms; common options include amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, azithromycin, and doxycycline.² Although the GOLD guidelines cover use of antibiotics for COPD exacerbations, this recommendation is based on analyses of studies that focused on patients with moderate or severe COPD.² There has been little research on using antibiotics for exacerbations of mild COPD.

STUDY SUMMARY

Using antibiotics often resolves symptoms

Llor et al¹ conducted a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled RCT to examine the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment for COPD exacerbations. Participants (ages 40 and older) had mild to moderate COPD, defined as 10 or more pack-years of smoking, an FEV₁ greater than 50%, and an FEV₁/FVC ratio lower than 0.7. An exacerbation was defined as at least one of the following: increased dyspnea, increased sputum volume, or sputum purulence.

Patients were randomly assigned to receive amoxicillin/clavulanate 500/125 mg or placebo three times a day for eight days. Primary endpoints were clinical cure (resolution of symptoms) and clinical success (resolution or improvement of symptoms) at days 9 to 11, as determined by physician assessment. Secondary measures included cure and clinical success at day 20 and time until next exacerbation. Patients were monitored for one year after the exacerbation.

There were 162 patients in the antibiotic group and 156 in the placebo group; the two groups were demographically similar. In each group, four patients withdrew consent and were removed from analysis. By the 9-to-11-day follow-up visit, 74.1% of patients in the antibiotic group had clinical cure, compared with 59.9% in the placebo group (number needed to treat [NNT] = 7). Clinical success also was significantly greater with antibiotics compared with placebo (90.5% vs 80.9%).

The clinical cure rate at day 20 also was significantly greater in patients on antibiotics compared with placebo (81.6% vs 67.8%; NNT = 7). During the one-year follow-up, 58% of patients in the antibiotic group and 73.2% of those in the placebo group experienced additional exacerbations. Time to next exacerbation was significantly longer in patients taking antibiotics (233 days vs 160 days).

Can CRP level help determine who should receive antibiotics?

Previous studies have identified biomarkers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), that indicate COPD exacerbation but have not linked them to clinical course.^5-7 In this study, researchers measured CRP in patients receiving placebo to determine if this biomarker could predict clinical outcomes.

The researchers found that the clinical success rate among patients with a CRP lower than 40 mg/L was 87.6%, while only 34.5% of patients with a CRP greater than 40 mg/L experienced clinical success (sensitivity and specificity for clinical success at this cutoff were 0.655 and 0.876, respectively). This suggests that antibiotics might be appropriate for patients with an exacerbation of mild or moderate COPD who have a CRP greater than 40 mg/L.

There were 35 adverse events: 23 in the antibiotics group and 12 in the placebo group. Two patients in the antibiotics group discontinued treatment as a result. Most adverse events involved mild gastrointestinal problems.

Continued on next page >>

WHAT’S NEW?

Evidence supports antibiotics for mild to moderate COPD

Few placebo-controlled trials have addressed antibiotic use for exacerbations in patients with mild to moderate COPD.^2,8,9 This study demonstrated that, compared with placebo, symptom resolution and clinical success is greater with amoxicillin/clavulanate and that antibiotic treatment also may increase time until next exacerbation.

The study also looked at the relationship of CRP and exacerbations in the placebo group. Higher spontaneous clinical cure rates were noted when the CRP was lower than 40 mg/L.

CAVEATS

Effects of concomitant ­medications are unclear

In both the placebo and antibiotic groups, patients were taking other medications (including short- and long-acting β-agonists, anticholinergics, theophyllines, and oral or inhaled corticosteroids). Roughly the same number of patients in each group took additional medications, but researchers did not conduct a subgroup analysis to see if patients treated with these medications responded differently from those who received antibiotics alone.

GOLD guidelines already suggest antibiotics for exacerbations in patients with moderate COPD.² In this study, 89% of patients met criteria for moderate COPD and 11% for mild COPD. Though the percentage of patients who had mild COPD was small, we believe the results of this study warrant consideration of antibiotic use in patients with mild disease. Local antibiograms may show increased resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate; this study did not address the use of other antibiotics.

CHALLENGES TO IMPLEMENTATION

Antibiotic overuse may be a concern

Concerns about antibiotic resistance may make clinicians reluctant to prescribe the drugs for those with mild to moderate COPD.      

REFERENCES

1. Llor C, Moragas A, Hernández S, et al. Efficacy of antibiotic therapy for acute exacerbations of mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186(8):716-723.

2. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. January 2014. www.goldcopd.org/guidelines-global-strategy-for-diagnosis-management.html. Accessed April 15, 2014.

3. Donaldson GC, Seemungal TA, Bhowmik A, et al. Relationship between exacerbation frequency and lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2002;57(10):847-852.

4. Soler-Cataluña JJ, Martínez-García MA, Román Sánchez P, et al. Severe acute exacerbations and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2005;60(11):925-931.

5. Vollenweider DJ, Jarrett H, Steurer-Stey CA, et al. Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;12:CD010257.

6. Bartlett, JG, Sethi S. Management of infection in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In: Basow DS, ed. UpToDate. www.uptodate.com. Last updated March 27, 2012. Accessed January 2, 2013.

7. Lacoma A, Prat C, Andreo F, et al. Value of procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and neopterin in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2011;6:157-169.

8. Antonescu-Turcu AL, Tomic R. C-reactive protein and copeptin: prognostic predictors in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2009;15(2):120-125.

9. Thomsen M, Ingebrigtsen TS, Marott JL, et al. Inflammatory biomarkers and exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. JAMA. 2013;309(22):2353-2361.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The PURLs Surveillance System was supported in part by Grant Number UL1RR024999 from the National Center for Research Resources, a Clinical Translational Science Award to the University of Chicago. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Center for Research Resources or the National Institutes of Health.

Copyright © 2014. The Family Physicians Inquiries Network. All rights reserved.

Reprinted with permission from the Family Physicians Inquiries Network and The Journal of Family Practice. 2014;63(4):E11-E13. 

PRACTICE CHANGER

Consider antibiotics for patients with exacerbations of mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).¹

STRENGTH OF RECOMMENDATION

B: Based on a single well-done multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT) with quality evidence.¹

ILLUSTRATIVE CASE

A 45-year-old man with a history of mild COPD seeks treatment for worsening dyspnea and increased (nonpurulent) sputum production. He denies fever or chills. On exam, he has coarse breath sounds and scattered wheezes. Should you add antibiotics to his treatment?

COPD exacerbations—a worsening of symptoms beyond day-to-day variations that leads to a medication change—are part of the disease course and can accelerate lung function decline, decrease quality of life, and, when severe, increase mortality.² Infections cause an estimated 50% to 70% of COPD exacerbations.^2-4

Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines recommend using antibiotics to treat exacerbations in patients with moderate or severe COPD who

• Have increased dyspnea, sputum volume, and sputum purulence;

• Have two of these symptoms if increased sputum purulence is one of them; or

• Require mechanical ven­tilation.²

According to the GOLD guidelines, the choice of antibiotic should be based on local antibiograms; common options include amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, azithromycin, and doxycycline.² Although the GOLD guidelines cover use of antibiotics for COPD exacerbations, this recommendation is based on analyses of studies that focused on patients with moderate or severe COPD.² There has been little research on using antibiotics for exacerbations of mild COPD.

STUDY SUMMARY

Using antibiotics often resolves symptoms

Llor et al¹ conducted a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled RCT to examine the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment for COPD exacerbations. Participants (ages 40 and older) had mild to moderate COPD, defined as 10 or more pack-years of smoking, an FEV₁ greater than 50%, and an FEV₁/FVC ratio lower than 0.7. An exacerbation was defined as at least one of the following: increased dyspnea, increased sputum volume, or sputum purulence.

Patients were randomly assigned to receive amoxicillin/clavulanate 500/125 mg or placebo three times a day for eight days. Primary endpoints were clinical cure (resolution of symptoms) and clinical success (resolution or improvement of symptoms) at days 9 to 11, as determined by physician assessment. Secondary measures included cure and clinical success at day 20 and time until next exacerbation. Patients were monitored for one year after the exacerbation.

There were 162 patients in the antibiotic group and 156 in the placebo group; the two groups were demographically similar. In each group, four patients withdrew consent and were removed from analysis. By the 9-to-11-day follow-up visit, 74.1% of patients in the antibiotic group had clinical cure, compared with 59.9% in the placebo group (number needed to treat [NNT] = 7). Clinical success also was significantly greater with antibiotics compared with placebo (90.5% vs 80.9%).

The clinical cure rate at day 20 also was significantly greater in patients on antibiotics compared with placebo (81.6% vs 67.8%; NNT = 7). During the one-year follow-up, 58% of patients in the antibiotic group and 73.2% of those in the placebo group experienced additional exacerbations. Time to next exacerbation was significantly longer in patients taking antibiotics (233 days vs 160 days).

Can CRP level help determine who should receive antibiotics?

Previous studies have identified biomarkers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), that indicate COPD exacerbation but have not linked them to clinical course.^5-7 In this study, researchers measured CRP in patients receiving placebo to determine if this biomarker could predict clinical outcomes.

The researchers found that the clinical success rate among patients with a CRP lower than 40 mg/L was 87.6%, while only 34.5% of patients with a CRP greater than 40 mg/L experienced clinical success (sensitivity and specificity for clinical success at this cutoff were 0.655 and 0.876, respectively). This suggests that antibiotics might be appropriate for patients with an exacerbation of mild or moderate COPD who have a CRP greater than 40 mg/L.

There were 35 adverse events: 23 in the antibiotics group and 12 in the placebo group. Two patients in the antibiotics group discontinued treatment as a result. Most adverse events involved mild gastrointestinal problems.

Continued on next page >>

WHAT’S NEW?

Evidence supports antibiotics for mild to moderate COPD

Few placebo-controlled trials have addressed antibiotic use for exacerbations in patients with mild to moderate COPD.^2,8,9 This study demonstrated that, compared with placebo, symptom resolution and clinical success is greater with amoxicillin/clavulanate and that antibiotic treatment also may increase time until next exacerbation.

The study also looked at the relationship of CRP and exacerbations in the placebo group. Higher spontaneous clinical cure rates were noted when the CRP was lower than 40 mg/L.

CAVEATS

Effects of concomitant ­medications are unclear

In both the placebo and antibiotic groups, patients were taking other medications (including short- and long-acting β-agonists, anticholinergics, theophyllines, and oral or inhaled corticosteroids). Roughly the same number of patients in each group took additional medications, but researchers did not conduct a subgroup analysis to see if patients treated with these medications responded differently from those who received antibiotics alone.

GOLD guidelines already suggest antibiotics for exacerbations in patients with moderate COPD.² In this study, 89% of patients met criteria for moderate COPD and 11% for mild COPD. Though the percentage of patients who had mild COPD was small, we believe the results of this study warrant consideration of antibiotic use in patients with mild disease. Local antibiograms may show increased resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate; this study did not address the use of other antibiotics.

CHALLENGES TO IMPLEMENTATION

Antibiotic overuse may be a concern

Concerns about antibiotic resistance may make clinicians reluctant to prescribe the drugs for those with mild to moderate COPD.      

REFERENCES

1. Llor C, Moragas A, Hernández S, et al. Efficacy of antibiotic therapy for acute exacerbations of mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186(8):716-723.

2. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. January 2014. www.goldcopd.org/guidelines-global-strategy-for-diagnosis-management.html. Accessed April 15, 2014.

3. Donaldson GC, Seemungal TA, Bhowmik A, et al. Relationship between exacerbation frequency and lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2002;57(10):847-852.

4. Soler-Cataluña JJ, Martínez-García MA, Román Sánchez P, et al. Severe acute exacerbations and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2005;60(11):925-931.

5. Vollenweider DJ, Jarrett H, Steurer-Stey CA, et al. Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;12:CD010257.

6. Bartlett, JG, Sethi S. Management of infection in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In: Basow DS, ed. UpToDate. www.uptodate.com. Last updated March 27, 2012. Accessed January 2, 2013.

7. Lacoma A, Prat C, Andreo F, et al. Value of procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and neopterin in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2011;6:157-169.

8. Antonescu-Turcu AL, Tomic R. C-reactive protein and copeptin: prognostic predictors in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2009;15(2):120-125.

9. Thomsen M, Ingebrigtsen TS, Marott JL, et al. Inflammatory biomarkers and exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. JAMA. 2013;309(22):2353-2361.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The PURLs Surveillance System was supported in part by Grant Number UL1RR024999 from the National Center for Research Resources, a Clinical Translational Science Award to the University of Chicago. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Center for Research Resources or the National Institutes of Health.

Copyright © 2014. The Family Physicians Inquiries Network. All rights reserved.

Reprinted with permission from the Family Physicians Inquiries Network and The Journal of Family Practice. 2014;63(4):E11-E13.