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new research suggests.
After adjusting for multiple factors, results from a large pharmaco-epidemiological study showed taking folic acid was associated with a 44% reduction in suicide events.
“These results are really putting folic acid squarely on the map as a potential for large-scale, population-level prevention,” lead author Robert D. Gibbons, PhD, professor of biostatistics, Center for Health Statistics, University of Chicago, said in an interview.
“Folic acid is safe, inexpensive, and generally available, and if future randomized controlled trials show this association is beyond a shadow of a doubt causal, we have a new tool in the arsenal,” Dr. Gibbons said.
Having such a tool would be extremely important given that suicide is such a significant public health crisis worldwide, he added.
The findings were published online in JAMA Psychiatry.
Previous research ‘fairly thin’
Folate, the naturally occurring form of B9, is essential for neurogenesis, nucleotide synthesis, and methylation of homocysteine. Past research has suggested that taking folate can prevent neural tube and heart defects in the fetus during pregnancy – and may prevent strokes and reduce age-related hearing loss in adults.
In psychiatry, the role of folate has been recognized for more than a decade. It may enhance the effects of antidepressants; and folate deficiency can predict poorer response to SSRIs.
This has led to recommendations for folate augmentation in patients with low or normal levels at the start of depression treatment.
Although previous research has shown a link between folic acid and suicidality, the findings have been “fairly thin,” with studies being “generally small, and many are case series,” Dr. Gibbons said.
The current study follows an earlier analysis that used a novel statistical methodology for generating drug safety signals that was developed by Dr. Gibbons and colleagues. That study compared rates of suicide attempts before and after initiation of 922 drugs with at least 3,000 prescriptions.
Its results showed 10 drugs were associated with increased risk after exposure, with the strongest associations for alprazolam, butalbital, hydrocodone, and combination codeine/promethazine. In addition, 44 drugs were associated with decreased risk, many of which were antidepressants and antipsychotics.
“One of the most interesting findings in terms of the decreased risk was for folic acid,” said Dr. Gibbons.
He and his colleagues initially thought this was because of women taking folic acid during pregnancy. But when restricting the analysis to men, they found the same effect.
Their next step was to carry out the current large-scale pharmaco-epidemiological study.
Prescriptions for pain
The researchers used a health claims database that included 164 million enrollees. The study cohort was comprised of 866,586 adults with private health insurance (81.3% women; 10.4% aged 60 years and older) who filled a folic acid prescription between 2012 and 2017.
More than half of the folic acid prescriptions were associated with pain disorders. About 48% were for a single agent at a dosage of 1 mg/d, which is the upper tolerable limit for adults – including in pregnancy and lactation.
Other single-agent daily dosages ranging from 0.4 mg to 5 mg accounted for 0.11% of prescriptions. The remainder were multivitamins.
The participants were followed for 24 months. The within-person analysis compared suicide attempts or self-harm events resulting in an outpatient visit or inpatient admission during periods of folic acid treatment versus during periods without treatment.
During the study period, the overall suicidal event rate was 133 per 100,000 population, which is one-fourth the national rate reported by the National Institutes of Health of 600 per 100,000.
After adjusting for age, sex, diagnoses related to suicidal behavior and folic acid deficiency, history of folate-reducing medications, and history of suicidal events, the estimated hazard ratio for suicide events when taking folic acid was 0.56 (95% confidence interal, 0.48-0.65) – which indicates a 44% reduction in suicide events.
“This is a very large decrease and is extremely significant and exciting,” Dr. Gibbons said.
He noted the decrease in suicidal events may have been even greater considering the study captured only prescription folic acid, and participants may also have also taken over-the-counter products.
“The 44% reduction in suicide attempts may actually be an underestimate,” said Dr. Gibbons.
Age and sex did not moderate the association between folic acid and suicide attempts, and a similar association was found in women of childbearing age.
Provocative results?
The investigators also assessed a negative control group of 236,610 individuals using cyanocobalamin during the study period. Cyanocobalamin is a form of vitamin B12 that is essential for metabolism, blood cell synthesis, and the nervous system. It does not contain folic acid and is commonly used to treat anemia.
Results showed no association between cyanocobalamin and suicidal events in the adjusted analysis (HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.80-1.27) or unadjusted analysis (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.80-1.28).
Dr. Gibbons noted this result boosts the argument that the association between folic acid and reduced suicidal attempts “isn’t just about health-seeking behavior like taking vitamin supplements.”
Another sensitivity analysis showed every additional month of treatment was associated with a 5% reduction in the suicidal event rate.
“This means the longer you take folic acid, the greater the benefit, which is what you would expect to see if there was a real association between a treatment and an outcome,” said Dr. Gibbons.
The new results “are so provocative that they really mandate the need for a well-controlled randomized controlled trial of folic acid and suicide events,” possibly in a high-risk population such as veterans, he noted.
Such a study could use longitudinal assessments of suicidal events, such as the validated Computerized Adaptive Test Suicide Scale, he added. This continuous scale of suicidality ranges from subclinical, signifying helplessness, hopelessness, and loss of pleasure, to suicide attempts and completion.
As for study limitations, the investigators noted that this study was observational, so there could be selection effects. And using claims data likely underrepresented the number of suicidal events because of incomplete reporting. As the researchers pointed out, the rate of suicidal events in this study was much lower than the national rate.
Other limitations cited were that the association between folic acid and suicidal events may be explained by healthy user bias; and although the investigators conducted a sensitivity analysis in women of childbearing age, they did not have data on women actively planning for a pregnancy.
‘Impressive, encouraging’
In a comment, Shirley Yen, PhD, associate professor of psychology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, both in Boston, described the new findings as “quite impressive” and “extremely encouraging.”
However, she noted “it’s too premature” to suggest widespread use of folic acid in patients with depressive symptoms.
Dr. Yen, who has researched suicide risks previously, was not involved with the current study.
She did agree with the investigators that the results call for “more robustly controlled studies. These could include double-blind, randomized, controlled trials that could “more formally assess” all folic acid usage as opposed to prescriptions only, Dr. Yen said.
The study was funded by the NIH, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and the Center of Excellence for Suicide Prevention. Dr. Gibbons reported serving as an expert witness in cases for the Department of Justice; receiving expert witness fees from Merck, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and Wyeth; and having founded Adaptive Testing Technologies, which distributes the Computerized Adaptive Test Suicide Scale. Dr. Yen reported no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
new research suggests.
After adjusting for multiple factors, results from a large pharmaco-epidemiological study showed taking folic acid was associated with a 44% reduction in suicide events.
“These results are really putting folic acid squarely on the map as a potential for large-scale, population-level prevention,” lead author Robert D. Gibbons, PhD, professor of biostatistics, Center for Health Statistics, University of Chicago, said in an interview.
“Folic acid is safe, inexpensive, and generally available, and if future randomized controlled trials show this association is beyond a shadow of a doubt causal, we have a new tool in the arsenal,” Dr. Gibbons said.
Having such a tool would be extremely important given that suicide is such a significant public health crisis worldwide, he added.
The findings were published online in JAMA Psychiatry.
Previous research ‘fairly thin’
Folate, the naturally occurring form of B9, is essential for neurogenesis, nucleotide synthesis, and methylation of homocysteine. Past research has suggested that taking folate can prevent neural tube and heart defects in the fetus during pregnancy – and may prevent strokes and reduce age-related hearing loss in adults.
In psychiatry, the role of folate has been recognized for more than a decade. It may enhance the effects of antidepressants; and folate deficiency can predict poorer response to SSRIs.
This has led to recommendations for folate augmentation in patients with low or normal levels at the start of depression treatment.
Although previous research has shown a link between folic acid and suicidality, the findings have been “fairly thin,” with studies being “generally small, and many are case series,” Dr. Gibbons said.
The current study follows an earlier analysis that used a novel statistical methodology for generating drug safety signals that was developed by Dr. Gibbons and colleagues. That study compared rates of suicide attempts before and after initiation of 922 drugs with at least 3,000 prescriptions.
Its results showed 10 drugs were associated with increased risk after exposure, with the strongest associations for alprazolam, butalbital, hydrocodone, and combination codeine/promethazine. In addition, 44 drugs were associated with decreased risk, many of which were antidepressants and antipsychotics.
“One of the most interesting findings in terms of the decreased risk was for folic acid,” said Dr. Gibbons.
He and his colleagues initially thought this was because of women taking folic acid during pregnancy. But when restricting the analysis to men, they found the same effect.
Their next step was to carry out the current large-scale pharmaco-epidemiological study.
Prescriptions for pain
The researchers used a health claims database that included 164 million enrollees. The study cohort was comprised of 866,586 adults with private health insurance (81.3% women; 10.4% aged 60 years and older) who filled a folic acid prescription between 2012 and 2017.
More than half of the folic acid prescriptions were associated with pain disorders. About 48% were for a single agent at a dosage of 1 mg/d, which is the upper tolerable limit for adults – including in pregnancy and lactation.
Other single-agent daily dosages ranging from 0.4 mg to 5 mg accounted for 0.11% of prescriptions. The remainder were multivitamins.
The participants were followed for 24 months. The within-person analysis compared suicide attempts or self-harm events resulting in an outpatient visit or inpatient admission during periods of folic acid treatment versus during periods without treatment.
During the study period, the overall suicidal event rate was 133 per 100,000 population, which is one-fourth the national rate reported by the National Institutes of Health of 600 per 100,000.
After adjusting for age, sex, diagnoses related to suicidal behavior and folic acid deficiency, history of folate-reducing medications, and history of suicidal events, the estimated hazard ratio for suicide events when taking folic acid was 0.56 (95% confidence interal, 0.48-0.65) – which indicates a 44% reduction in suicide events.
“This is a very large decrease and is extremely significant and exciting,” Dr. Gibbons said.
He noted the decrease in suicidal events may have been even greater considering the study captured only prescription folic acid, and participants may also have also taken over-the-counter products.
“The 44% reduction in suicide attempts may actually be an underestimate,” said Dr. Gibbons.
Age and sex did not moderate the association between folic acid and suicide attempts, and a similar association was found in women of childbearing age.
Provocative results?
The investigators also assessed a negative control group of 236,610 individuals using cyanocobalamin during the study period. Cyanocobalamin is a form of vitamin B12 that is essential for metabolism, blood cell synthesis, and the nervous system. It does not contain folic acid and is commonly used to treat anemia.
Results showed no association between cyanocobalamin and suicidal events in the adjusted analysis (HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.80-1.27) or unadjusted analysis (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.80-1.28).
Dr. Gibbons noted this result boosts the argument that the association between folic acid and reduced suicidal attempts “isn’t just about health-seeking behavior like taking vitamin supplements.”
Another sensitivity analysis showed every additional month of treatment was associated with a 5% reduction in the suicidal event rate.
“This means the longer you take folic acid, the greater the benefit, which is what you would expect to see if there was a real association between a treatment and an outcome,” said Dr. Gibbons.
The new results “are so provocative that they really mandate the need for a well-controlled randomized controlled trial of folic acid and suicide events,” possibly in a high-risk population such as veterans, he noted.
Such a study could use longitudinal assessments of suicidal events, such as the validated Computerized Adaptive Test Suicide Scale, he added. This continuous scale of suicidality ranges from subclinical, signifying helplessness, hopelessness, and loss of pleasure, to suicide attempts and completion.
As for study limitations, the investigators noted that this study was observational, so there could be selection effects. And using claims data likely underrepresented the number of suicidal events because of incomplete reporting. As the researchers pointed out, the rate of suicidal events in this study was much lower than the national rate.
Other limitations cited were that the association between folic acid and suicidal events may be explained by healthy user bias; and although the investigators conducted a sensitivity analysis in women of childbearing age, they did not have data on women actively planning for a pregnancy.
‘Impressive, encouraging’
In a comment, Shirley Yen, PhD, associate professor of psychology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, both in Boston, described the new findings as “quite impressive” and “extremely encouraging.”
However, she noted “it’s too premature” to suggest widespread use of folic acid in patients with depressive symptoms.
Dr. Yen, who has researched suicide risks previously, was not involved with the current study.
She did agree with the investigators that the results call for “more robustly controlled studies. These could include double-blind, randomized, controlled trials that could “more formally assess” all folic acid usage as opposed to prescriptions only, Dr. Yen said.
The study was funded by the NIH, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and the Center of Excellence for Suicide Prevention. Dr. Gibbons reported serving as an expert witness in cases for the Department of Justice; receiving expert witness fees from Merck, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and Wyeth; and having founded Adaptive Testing Technologies, which distributes the Computerized Adaptive Test Suicide Scale. Dr. Yen reported no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
new research suggests.
After adjusting for multiple factors, results from a large pharmaco-epidemiological study showed taking folic acid was associated with a 44% reduction in suicide events.
“These results are really putting folic acid squarely on the map as a potential for large-scale, population-level prevention,” lead author Robert D. Gibbons, PhD, professor of biostatistics, Center for Health Statistics, University of Chicago, said in an interview.
“Folic acid is safe, inexpensive, and generally available, and if future randomized controlled trials show this association is beyond a shadow of a doubt causal, we have a new tool in the arsenal,” Dr. Gibbons said.
Having such a tool would be extremely important given that suicide is such a significant public health crisis worldwide, he added.
The findings were published online in JAMA Psychiatry.
Previous research ‘fairly thin’
Folate, the naturally occurring form of B9, is essential for neurogenesis, nucleotide synthesis, and methylation of homocysteine. Past research has suggested that taking folate can prevent neural tube and heart defects in the fetus during pregnancy – and may prevent strokes and reduce age-related hearing loss in adults.
In psychiatry, the role of folate has been recognized for more than a decade. It may enhance the effects of antidepressants; and folate deficiency can predict poorer response to SSRIs.
This has led to recommendations for folate augmentation in patients with low or normal levels at the start of depression treatment.
Although previous research has shown a link between folic acid and suicidality, the findings have been “fairly thin,” with studies being “generally small, and many are case series,” Dr. Gibbons said.
The current study follows an earlier analysis that used a novel statistical methodology for generating drug safety signals that was developed by Dr. Gibbons and colleagues. That study compared rates of suicide attempts before and after initiation of 922 drugs with at least 3,000 prescriptions.
Its results showed 10 drugs were associated with increased risk after exposure, with the strongest associations for alprazolam, butalbital, hydrocodone, and combination codeine/promethazine. In addition, 44 drugs were associated with decreased risk, many of which were antidepressants and antipsychotics.
“One of the most interesting findings in terms of the decreased risk was for folic acid,” said Dr. Gibbons.
He and his colleagues initially thought this was because of women taking folic acid during pregnancy. But when restricting the analysis to men, they found the same effect.
Their next step was to carry out the current large-scale pharmaco-epidemiological study.
Prescriptions for pain
The researchers used a health claims database that included 164 million enrollees. The study cohort was comprised of 866,586 adults with private health insurance (81.3% women; 10.4% aged 60 years and older) who filled a folic acid prescription between 2012 and 2017.
More than half of the folic acid prescriptions were associated with pain disorders. About 48% were for a single agent at a dosage of 1 mg/d, which is the upper tolerable limit for adults – including in pregnancy and lactation.
Other single-agent daily dosages ranging from 0.4 mg to 5 mg accounted for 0.11% of prescriptions. The remainder were multivitamins.
The participants were followed for 24 months. The within-person analysis compared suicide attempts or self-harm events resulting in an outpatient visit or inpatient admission during periods of folic acid treatment versus during periods without treatment.
During the study period, the overall suicidal event rate was 133 per 100,000 population, which is one-fourth the national rate reported by the National Institutes of Health of 600 per 100,000.
After adjusting for age, sex, diagnoses related to suicidal behavior and folic acid deficiency, history of folate-reducing medications, and history of suicidal events, the estimated hazard ratio for suicide events when taking folic acid was 0.56 (95% confidence interal, 0.48-0.65) – which indicates a 44% reduction in suicide events.
“This is a very large decrease and is extremely significant and exciting,” Dr. Gibbons said.
He noted the decrease in suicidal events may have been even greater considering the study captured only prescription folic acid, and participants may also have also taken over-the-counter products.
“The 44% reduction in suicide attempts may actually be an underestimate,” said Dr. Gibbons.
Age and sex did not moderate the association between folic acid and suicide attempts, and a similar association was found in women of childbearing age.
Provocative results?
The investigators also assessed a negative control group of 236,610 individuals using cyanocobalamin during the study period. Cyanocobalamin is a form of vitamin B12 that is essential for metabolism, blood cell synthesis, and the nervous system. It does not contain folic acid and is commonly used to treat anemia.
Results showed no association between cyanocobalamin and suicidal events in the adjusted analysis (HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.80-1.27) or unadjusted analysis (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.80-1.28).
Dr. Gibbons noted this result boosts the argument that the association between folic acid and reduced suicidal attempts “isn’t just about health-seeking behavior like taking vitamin supplements.”
Another sensitivity analysis showed every additional month of treatment was associated with a 5% reduction in the suicidal event rate.
“This means the longer you take folic acid, the greater the benefit, which is what you would expect to see if there was a real association between a treatment and an outcome,” said Dr. Gibbons.
The new results “are so provocative that they really mandate the need for a well-controlled randomized controlled trial of folic acid and suicide events,” possibly in a high-risk population such as veterans, he noted.
Such a study could use longitudinal assessments of suicidal events, such as the validated Computerized Adaptive Test Suicide Scale, he added. This continuous scale of suicidality ranges from subclinical, signifying helplessness, hopelessness, and loss of pleasure, to suicide attempts and completion.
As for study limitations, the investigators noted that this study was observational, so there could be selection effects. And using claims data likely underrepresented the number of suicidal events because of incomplete reporting. As the researchers pointed out, the rate of suicidal events in this study was much lower than the national rate.
Other limitations cited were that the association between folic acid and suicidal events may be explained by healthy user bias; and although the investigators conducted a sensitivity analysis in women of childbearing age, they did not have data on women actively planning for a pregnancy.
‘Impressive, encouraging’
In a comment, Shirley Yen, PhD, associate professor of psychology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, both in Boston, described the new findings as “quite impressive” and “extremely encouraging.”
However, she noted “it’s too premature” to suggest widespread use of folic acid in patients with depressive symptoms.
Dr. Yen, who has researched suicide risks previously, was not involved with the current study.
She did agree with the investigators that the results call for “more robustly controlled studies. These could include double-blind, randomized, controlled trials that could “more formally assess” all folic acid usage as opposed to prescriptions only, Dr. Yen said.
The study was funded by the NIH, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and the Center of Excellence for Suicide Prevention. Dr. Gibbons reported serving as an expert witness in cases for the Department of Justice; receiving expert witness fees from Merck, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and Wyeth; and having founded Adaptive Testing Technologies, which distributes the Computerized Adaptive Test Suicide Scale. Dr. Yen reported no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
FROM JAMA PSYCHIATRY