The Changing Face of IBD: Beyond the Western World

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The Changing Face of IBD: Beyond the Western World
Author(s)
Gilaad G. Kaplan, MD, MPH
Paulo Kotze, MS, PhD
Siew C. Ng, MBBS, PhD, AGAF

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References
  1. Kaplan GG, Windsor JW. The four epidemiological stages in the global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;18(1):56-66. doi:10.1038/s41575-020-00360-x
  2. Kaplan GG, Ng SC. Understanding and preventing the global increase of inflammatory bowel disease [published correction appears in Gastroenterology. 2017;152(8):2084]. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(2):313-321.e2. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.020
  3. Balderramo D, Quaresma AB, Olivera PA, et al. Challenges in diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in Latin America. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024; 9(3):263-272. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(23)00284-4
  4. Song EM, Na SY, Hong SN, Ng SC, Hisamatsu T, Ye BD. Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease–Asian perspectives: the results of a multinational web-based survey in the 8th Asian Organization for Crohn’s and Colitis meeting. Intest Res. 2023;21(3):339-352. doi:10.5217/ir.2022.00135
  5. GBD 2017 Inflammatory Bowel Disease Collaborators. The global, regional, and national burden of inflammatory bowel disease in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(1):17-30. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30333-4
  6. Chen X, Xiang X, Xia W, et al. Evolving trends and burden of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia, 1990-2019: a comprehensive analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2023;13(4):725-739. doi:10.1007/s44197-023-00145-w
  7. Zhao M, Feng R, Ben-Horin S, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: environmental and dietary differences of inflammatory bowel disease in Eastern and Western populations. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2022;55(3):266-276. doi:10.1111/apt.16703
  8. Lewis JD, Parlett LE, Jonsson Funk ML, et al. Incidence, prevalence, and racial and ethnic distribution of inflammatory bowel disease in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2023;165(5):1197-1205.e2. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2023.07.003
  9. Quaresma AB, Damiao AOMC, Coy CSR, et al. Temporal trends in the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel diseases in the public healthcare system in Brazil: a large population-based study. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2022;13:100298. doi:10.1016/j.lana.2022.100298
  10. Gordon H, Burisch J, Ellul P, et al. ECCO guidelines on extraintestinal manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2024;18(1):1-37. doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad108
  11. Coward S, Benchimol EI, Bernstein CN, et al; Canadian Gastro-Intestinal Epidemiology Consortium (CanGIEC). Forecasting the Incidence and Prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Canadian Nationwide Analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2024 Mar 18. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000002687. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38299598.
  12. Dorn-Rasmussen M, Lo B, Zhao M, Kaplan GG, Malham M, Wewer V, Burisch J. The Incidence and Prevalence of Paediatric- and Adult-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Denmark During a 37-Year Period: A Nationwide Cohort Study (1980-2017). J Crohns Colitis. 2023;17(2):259- 268. doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac138. PMID: 36125076.
  13. Watermeyer G, Katsidzira L, Setshedi M, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease in sub-Saharan Africa: epidemiology, risk factors, and challenges in diagnosis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;7(10):952-961. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00047-4
  14. Stulman MY, Asayag N, Focht G, et al. Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases in Israel: A Nationwide Epi-Israeli IBD Research Nucleus Study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2021;27(11):1784-1794. doi:10.1093/ibd/izaa341
  15. Ng SC, Shi HY, Hamidi N, et al. Worldwide incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in the 21st century: a systematic review of population-based studies [published correction appears in Lancet. 2020;396(10256):e56]. Lancet. 2017;390(10114):2769-2778. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32448-0
  16. Busingye D, Pollack A, Chidwick K. Prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in the Australian general practice population: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2021;16(5):e0252458. Published 2021 May 27. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0252458
  17. Gecse KB, Vermeire S. Differential diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease: imitations and complications. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;3(9):644-653. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(18)30159-6
  18. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): comorbidities. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Last reviewed April 14, 2022. Accessed February 21, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/ibd/data-and-statistics/comorbidities.html
  19. Mosli MH, Alsahafi M, Alsanea MN, Alhasani F, Ahmed M, Saadah O. Multimorbidity among inflammatory bowel disease patients in a tertiary care center: a retrospective study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2022;22(1):487. doi:10.1186/s12876-022-02578-2
  20. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Mayo Clinic. September 3, 2022. Accessed February 21, 2024. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inflammatory-bowel-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353320
  21. Ng SC, Tang W, Ching JY, et al. Incidence and phenotype of inflammatory bowel disease based on results from the Asia-pacific Crohn’s and Colitis Epidemiology Study. Gastroenterology. 2013;145(1):158-165.e2. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2013.04.007
  22. Ng SC, Tsoi KK, Kamm MA, et al. Genetics of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012;18(6):1164-1176. doi:10.1002/ibd.21845
  23. Banerjee R, Pal P, Mak JWY, Ng SC. Challenges in the diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease in resource-limited settings in Asia. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(12):1076-1088. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30299-5
  24. Ng SC, Mak JWY, Pal P, Banerjee R. Optimising management strategies of inflammatory bowel disease in resource-limited settings in Asia. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(12):1089-1100. 10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30298-3
  25. Ng SC. Emerging trends of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2016;12(3):193-196. PMID: 27231449
  26. Ran Z, Wu K, Matsuoka K, et al. Asian Organization for Crohn’s and Colitis and Asia Pacific Association of Gastroenterology practice recommendations for medical management and monitoring of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;36(3):637-645. doi:10.1111/jgh.15185
  27. Liu JZ, van Sommeren S, Huang H, et al. Association analyses identify 38 susceptibility loci for inflammatory bowel disease and highlight shared genetic risk across populations. Nat Genet. 2015;47(9):979-986. doi:10.1038/ng.3359
  28. Yamamoto-Furusho JK, Parra-Holguín NN, Juliao-Baños F, et al; for the EPILATAM study group. Clinical differentiation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Latin America and the Caribbean. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022;101(3):e28624. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000028624
Author and Disclosure Information

Gilaad G. Kaplan, MD, MPH, AGAF
Professor
Gastroenterologist
Department of Medicine
University of Calgary
Alberta, Canada

Disclosures:
Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: AbbVie; Janssen; Pfizer
Received research grant from: Ferring

Paulo Kotze, MD, MS, PhD
Professor
Cajuru University Hospital
Curitiba, Puerto Rico

Disclosures:
Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant, or trustee for: AbbVie; Pfizer; Janssen; Takeda

Siew Chien Ng, MBBS, PhD, AGAF
Professor, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Professor, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Prince of Wales Hospital
Hong Kong

Disclosures:
Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant, or trustee for: The Chinese University of Hong Kong; GenieBiome Limited
Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: AbbVie; Ferring; Janssen;
Menarini; Takeda; Tillotts; Pfizer
Received research grant from: AbbVie; Ferring; Olympus; Janssen
Have a 5% or greater equity interest in: GenieBiome Limited
Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: The Chinese
University of Hong Kong; GenieBiome Limited

Publications
GI and Hepatology News
Topics
IBD & Intestinal Disorders
Author(s)
Gilaad G. Kaplan, MD, MPH
Paulo Kotze, MS, PhD
Siew C. Ng, MBBS, PhD, AGAF
Author(s)
Gilaad G. Kaplan, MD, MPH
Paulo Kotze, MS, PhD
Siew C. Ng, MBBS, PhD, AGAF
Author and Disclosure Information

Gilaad G. Kaplan, MD, MPH, AGAF
Professor
Gastroenterologist
Department of Medicine
University of Calgary
Alberta, Canada

Disclosures:
Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: AbbVie; Janssen; Pfizer
Received research grant from: Ferring

Paulo Kotze, MD, MS, PhD
Professor
Cajuru University Hospital
Curitiba, Puerto Rico

Disclosures:
Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant, or trustee for: AbbVie; Pfizer; Janssen; Takeda

Siew Chien Ng, MBBS, PhD, AGAF
Professor, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Professor, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Prince of Wales Hospital
Hong Kong

Disclosures:
Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant, or trustee for: The Chinese University of Hong Kong; GenieBiome Limited
Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: AbbVie; Ferring; Janssen;
Menarini; Takeda; Tillotts; Pfizer
Received research grant from: AbbVie; Ferring; Olympus; Janssen
Have a 5% or greater equity interest in: GenieBiome Limited
Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: The Chinese
University of Hong Kong; GenieBiome Limited

Author and Disclosure Information

Gilaad G. Kaplan, MD, MPH, AGAF
Professor
Gastroenterologist
Department of Medicine
University of Calgary
Alberta, Canada

Disclosures:
Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: AbbVie; Janssen; Pfizer
Received research grant from: Ferring

Paulo Kotze, MD, MS, PhD
Professor
Cajuru University Hospital
Curitiba, Puerto Rico

Disclosures:
Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant, or trustee for: AbbVie; Pfizer; Janssen; Takeda

Siew Chien Ng, MBBS, PhD, AGAF
Professor, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Professor, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Prince of Wales Hospital
Hong Kong

Disclosures:
Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant, or trustee for: The Chinese University of Hong Kong; GenieBiome Limited
Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: AbbVie; Ferring; Janssen;
Menarini; Takeda; Tillotts; Pfizer
Received research grant from: AbbVie; Ferring; Olympus; Janssen
Have a 5% or greater equity interest in: GenieBiome Limited
Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: The Chinese
University of Hong Kong; GenieBiome Limited

Click here to view more from Gastroenterology Data Trends 2024

Click here to view more from Gastroenterology Data Trends 2024

References
  1. Kaplan GG, Windsor JW. The four epidemiological stages in the global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;18(1):56-66. doi:10.1038/s41575-020-00360-x
  2. Kaplan GG, Ng SC. Understanding and preventing the global increase of inflammatory bowel disease [published correction appears in Gastroenterology. 2017;152(8):2084]. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(2):313-321.e2. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.020
  3. Balderramo D, Quaresma AB, Olivera PA, et al. Challenges in diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in Latin America. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024; 9(3):263-272. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(23)00284-4
  4. Song EM, Na SY, Hong SN, Ng SC, Hisamatsu T, Ye BD. Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease–Asian perspectives: the results of a multinational web-based survey in the 8th Asian Organization for Crohn’s and Colitis meeting. Intest Res. 2023;21(3):339-352. doi:10.5217/ir.2022.00135
  5. GBD 2017 Inflammatory Bowel Disease Collaborators. The global, regional, and national burden of inflammatory bowel disease in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(1):17-30. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30333-4
  6. Chen X, Xiang X, Xia W, et al. Evolving trends and burden of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia, 1990-2019: a comprehensive analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2023;13(4):725-739. doi:10.1007/s44197-023-00145-w
  7. Zhao M, Feng R, Ben-Horin S, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: environmental and dietary differences of inflammatory bowel disease in Eastern and Western populations. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2022;55(3):266-276. doi:10.1111/apt.16703
  8. Lewis JD, Parlett LE, Jonsson Funk ML, et al. Incidence, prevalence, and racial and ethnic distribution of inflammatory bowel disease in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2023;165(5):1197-1205.e2. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2023.07.003
  9. Quaresma AB, Damiao AOMC, Coy CSR, et al. Temporal trends in the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel diseases in the public healthcare system in Brazil: a large population-based study. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2022;13:100298. doi:10.1016/j.lana.2022.100298
  10. Gordon H, Burisch J, Ellul P, et al. ECCO guidelines on extraintestinal manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2024;18(1):1-37. doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad108
  11. Coward S, Benchimol EI, Bernstein CN, et al; Canadian Gastro-Intestinal Epidemiology Consortium (CanGIEC). Forecasting the Incidence and Prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Canadian Nationwide Analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2024 Mar 18. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000002687. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38299598.
  12. Dorn-Rasmussen M, Lo B, Zhao M, Kaplan GG, Malham M, Wewer V, Burisch J. The Incidence and Prevalence of Paediatric- and Adult-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Denmark During a 37-Year Period: A Nationwide Cohort Study (1980-2017). J Crohns Colitis. 2023;17(2):259- 268. doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac138. PMID: 36125076.
  13. Watermeyer G, Katsidzira L, Setshedi M, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease in sub-Saharan Africa: epidemiology, risk factors, and challenges in diagnosis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;7(10):952-961. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00047-4
  14. Stulman MY, Asayag N, Focht G, et al. Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases in Israel: A Nationwide Epi-Israeli IBD Research Nucleus Study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2021;27(11):1784-1794. doi:10.1093/ibd/izaa341
  15. Ng SC, Shi HY, Hamidi N, et al. Worldwide incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in the 21st century: a systematic review of population-based studies [published correction appears in Lancet. 2020;396(10256):e56]. Lancet. 2017;390(10114):2769-2778. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32448-0
  16. Busingye D, Pollack A, Chidwick K. Prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in the Australian general practice population: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2021;16(5):e0252458. Published 2021 May 27. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0252458
  17. Gecse KB, Vermeire S. Differential diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease: imitations and complications. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;3(9):644-653. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(18)30159-6
  18. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): comorbidities. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Last reviewed April 14, 2022. Accessed February 21, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/ibd/data-and-statistics/comorbidities.html
  19. Mosli MH, Alsahafi M, Alsanea MN, Alhasani F, Ahmed M, Saadah O. Multimorbidity among inflammatory bowel disease patients in a tertiary care center: a retrospective study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2022;22(1):487. doi:10.1186/s12876-022-02578-2
  20. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Mayo Clinic. September 3, 2022. Accessed February 21, 2024. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inflammatory-bowel-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353320
  21. Ng SC, Tang W, Ching JY, et al. Incidence and phenotype of inflammatory bowel disease based on results from the Asia-pacific Crohn’s and Colitis Epidemiology Study. Gastroenterology. 2013;145(1):158-165.e2. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2013.04.007
  22. Ng SC, Tsoi KK, Kamm MA, et al. Genetics of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012;18(6):1164-1176. doi:10.1002/ibd.21845
  23. Banerjee R, Pal P, Mak JWY, Ng SC. Challenges in the diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease in resource-limited settings in Asia. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(12):1076-1088. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30299-5
  24. Ng SC, Mak JWY, Pal P, Banerjee R. Optimising management strategies of inflammatory bowel disease in resource-limited settings in Asia. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(12):1089-1100. 10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30298-3
  25. Ng SC. Emerging trends of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2016;12(3):193-196. PMID: 27231449
  26. Ran Z, Wu K, Matsuoka K, et al. Asian Organization for Crohn’s and Colitis and Asia Pacific Association of Gastroenterology practice recommendations for medical management and monitoring of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;36(3):637-645. doi:10.1111/jgh.15185
  27. Liu JZ, van Sommeren S, Huang H, et al. Association analyses identify 38 susceptibility loci for inflammatory bowel disease and highlight shared genetic risk across populations. Nat Genet. 2015;47(9):979-986. doi:10.1038/ng.3359
  28. Yamamoto-Furusho JK, Parra-Holguín NN, Juliao-Baños F, et al; for the EPILATAM study group. Clinical differentiation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Latin America and the Caribbean. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022;101(3):e28624. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000028624
References
  1. Kaplan GG, Windsor JW. The four epidemiological stages in the global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;18(1):56-66. doi:10.1038/s41575-020-00360-x
  2. Kaplan GG, Ng SC. Understanding and preventing the global increase of inflammatory bowel disease [published correction appears in Gastroenterology. 2017;152(8):2084]. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(2):313-321.e2. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.020
  3. Balderramo D, Quaresma AB, Olivera PA, et al. Challenges in diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in Latin America. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024; 9(3):263-272. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(23)00284-4
  4. Song EM, Na SY, Hong SN, Ng SC, Hisamatsu T, Ye BD. Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease–Asian perspectives: the results of a multinational web-based survey in the 8th Asian Organization for Crohn’s and Colitis meeting. Intest Res. 2023;21(3):339-352. doi:10.5217/ir.2022.00135
  5. GBD 2017 Inflammatory Bowel Disease Collaborators. The global, regional, and national burden of inflammatory bowel disease in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(1):17-30. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30333-4
  6. Chen X, Xiang X, Xia W, et al. Evolving trends and burden of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia, 1990-2019: a comprehensive analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2023;13(4):725-739. doi:10.1007/s44197-023-00145-w
  7. Zhao M, Feng R, Ben-Horin S, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: environmental and dietary differences of inflammatory bowel disease in Eastern and Western populations. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2022;55(3):266-276. doi:10.1111/apt.16703
  8. Lewis JD, Parlett LE, Jonsson Funk ML, et al. Incidence, prevalence, and racial and ethnic distribution of inflammatory bowel disease in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2023;165(5):1197-1205.e2. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2023.07.003
  9. Quaresma AB, Damiao AOMC, Coy CSR, et al. Temporal trends in the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel diseases in the public healthcare system in Brazil: a large population-based study. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2022;13:100298. doi:10.1016/j.lana.2022.100298
  10. Gordon H, Burisch J, Ellul P, et al. ECCO guidelines on extraintestinal manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2024;18(1):1-37. doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad108
  11. Coward S, Benchimol EI, Bernstein CN, et al; Canadian Gastro-Intestinal Epidemiology Consortium (CanGIEC). Forecasting the Incidence and Prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Canadian Nationwide Analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2024 Mar 18. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000002687. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38299598.
  12. Dorn-Rasmussen M, Lo B, Zhao M, Kaplan GG, Malham M, Wewer V, Burisch J. The Incidence and Prevalence of Paediatric- and Adult-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Denmark During a 37-Year Period: A Nationwide Cohort Study (1980-2017). J Crohns Colitis. 2023;17(2):259- 268. doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac138. PMID: 36125076.
  13. Watermeyer G, Katsidzira L, Setshedi M, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease in sub-Saharan Africa: epidemiology, risk factors, and challenges in diagnosis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;7(10):952-961. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00047-4
  14. Stulman MY, Asayag N, Focht G, et al. Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases in Israel: A Nationwide Epi-Israeli IBD Research Nucleus Study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2021;27(11):1784-1794. doi:10.1093/ibd/izaa341
  15. Ng SC, Shi HY, Hamidi N, et al. Worldwide incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in the 21st century: a systematic review of population-based studies [published correction appears in Lancet. 2020;396(10256):e56]. Lancet. 2017;390(10114):2769-2778. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32448-0
  16. Busingye D, Pollack A, Chidwick K. Prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in the Australian general practice population: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2021;16(5):e0252458. Published 2021 May 27. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0252458
  17. Gecse KB, Vermeire S. Differential diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease: imitations and complications. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;3(9):644-653. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(18)30159-6
  18. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): comorbidities. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Last reviewed April 14, 2022. Accessed February 21, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/ibd/data-and-statistics/comorbidities.html
  19. Mosli MH, Alsahafi M, Alsanea MN, Alhasani F, Ahmed M, Saadah O. Multimorbidity among inflammatory bowel disease patients in a tertiary care center: a retrospective study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2022;22(1):487. doi:10.1186/s12876-022-02578-2
  20. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Mayo Clinic. September 3, 2022. Accessed February 21, 2024. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inflammatory-bowel-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353320
  21. Ng SC, Tang W, Ching JY, et al. Incidence and phenotype of inflammatory bowel disease based on results from the Asia-pacific Crohn’s and Colitis Epidemiology Study. Gastroenterology. 2013;145(1):158-165.e2. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2013.04.007
  22. Ng SC, Tsoi KK, Kamm MA, et al. Genetics of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012;18(6):1164-1176. doi:10.1002/ibd.21845
  23. Banerjee R, Pal P, Mak JWY, Ng SC. Challenges in the diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease in resource-limited settings in Asia. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(12):1076-1088. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30299-5
  24. Ng SC, Mak JWY, Pal P, Banerjee R. Optimising management strategies of inflammatory bowel disease in resource-limited settings in Asia. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(12):1089-1100. 10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30298-3
  25. Ng SC. Emerging trends of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2016;12(3):193-196. PMID: 27231449
  26. Ran Z, Wu K, Matsuoka K, et al. Asian Organization for Crohn’s and Colitis and Asia Pacific Association of Gastroenterology practice recommendations for medical management and monitoring of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;36(3):637-645. doi:10.1111/jgh.15185
  27. Liu JZ, van Sommeren S, Huang H, et al. Association analyses identify 38 susceptibility loci for inflammatory bowel disease and highlight shared genetic risk across populations. Nat Genet. 2015;47(9):979-986. doi:10.1038/ng.3359
  28. Yamamoto-Furusho JK, Parra-Holguín NN, Juliao-Baños F, et al; for the EPILATAM study group. Clinical differentiation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Latin America and the Caribbean. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022;101(3):e28624. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000028624
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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has become a global disease, with rising incidence in non-Western cohorts such as Asia and Latin America.1 These newly industrialized countries are in an “acceleration in incidence” stage, while Western countries are in a “compounding prevalence” stage as new cases level out, but prevalence climbs steadily.1 Incidence is varied throughout Asia and remains comparatively lower than in Western countries; this discrepancy is influenced by environmental risk factors such as diets high in fat, animal protein, sugar, fast food, and food additives, which are common in the Western world.2 In Latin America and the Caribbean, the incidence of IBD is also increasing, but is still less than in Western countries, and variance between countries depends on the level of urbanization and industrialization.3 Risk factors are like those of Asia, and also include inadequate living conditions, the absence of exposure to infectious diseases, treated water, and a limited ability to differentiate the diagnosis of infectious diseases, representing a key difference compared with the Western world.3 Treatment within these groups seems to be similarly effective compared with the Western world, although some areas of Asia and Latin America face more barriers to accessing healthcare, which is a key area that global health care could target.3,4

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